Sukkos

Hadlakas Neiros

Hilchos Yom Tov โ€“ Part 1

 

The Rema rules, for Ashkenazim, that on Erev Shabbos, the women light Shabbos candles and only afterwards make the brachah, even though generally we have a rule that one must recite a brachah ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ, before doing the mitzvah. Neiros Shabbos is an exception to the rule, because there is an opinion that once a woman makes a brachah on hadlakas neiros, that in itself constitutes kabbalas Shabbos, and she will no longer be able to light the candles; if she does, it would be considered chillul Shabbos.

If, for whatever reason, a man is lighting Shabbos candles, the halachah is different, because there is no opinion lโ€™halachah that his brachah on lighting candles constitutes kabbalas Shabbos. Therefore, a man would follow the principle of ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ and make a brachah before lighting.

There is a discussion in the poskim as to the correct procedure of candle-lighting for Yom Tov, and there are actually two minhagim in this regard. The Smaโ€™s rebbetzin, the famous Rebbetzin Baila, was of the opinion that on Yom Tov, one should first make the brachah and then light the candles. On Yom Tov, one is permitted to light a flame (as long as one only transfers a flame and does not light a new flame), and therefore, even if the brachah on hadlakas neiros constitutes kabbalas Yom Tov, one may still light candles after making the brachah. Accordingly, she said, there is no reason that women should follow the same procedure when lighting candles for Yom Tov as they do when lighting candles for Shabbos, and make a brachah after lighting. Better to follow the rule of ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ, as men do if they light for Shabbos, by making the brachah first and only afterwards lighting the candles.

The Magen Avraham brings down this opinion, and disagrees with it. He argues that if this procedure would be followed on Yom Tov โ€“ especially in Chodesh Tishrei, when there is hadlakas neiros for Yom Tov twice on Rosh Hashanah, twice at the beginning of Succos, and twice on Shemini Atzeres and Simchas Torah โ€“ the result will be that women would likely follow the same procedure on the Shabbosos that follow. If they make the brachah and only afterwards light neiros Shabbos, that would be chillul Shabbos. Therefore, as a safeguard for Shabbos, the minhag is that even on Yom Tov the women first light candles, and only then make the brachah. This is the opinion of the Magen Avraham.

These two opinions have continued throughout the generations until today, and each family should follow their own minhag.

Thereโ€™s a second discussion, also involving Rebbetzin Baila, that relates to the time of lighting. Lighting for Shabbos always has to be done before nightfall. Some communities light 18 minutes before sunset, some 20 minutes before, some 40 minutes before, but everyone lights before sunset, because on Shabbos one may not light candles. The second night of Yom Tov we must light candles after nightfall, because otherwise one would be lighting on the first day of Yom Tov for the second day, which is forbidden. All this is agreed. The question is when to light the candles for the first night of Yom Tov.

On the one hand, on Yom Tov one is allowed to do melachah for ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ โ€“ weโ€™re allowed to cook, weโ€™re allowed to carry โ€“ and therefore, it would stand to reason that one should be allowed to light the Yom Tov candles on Yom Tov itself. However, the Shulchan Aruch says that if a melachah can be done before Yom Tov, and it makes no difference at all whether it is done before Yom Tov or on Yom Tov, then it should be done before Yom Tov. For instance, if a person has to toivel a utensil before he can eat from it, he must do so before Yom Tov, because it makes no difference, in terms of the enjoyment he has when eating from the utensil, whether it was toiveled on Yom Tov or before Yom Tov. In contrast, a person does have a particular reason for cooking on Yom Tov, because he wants to eat fresh food.

Following this line of reasoning, Rebbetzin Baila suggests that if your candles are long enough to burn through the seudah, why should you light them after nightfall of the first night of Yom Tov if you can light them before Yom Tov and have the same pleasure? Her opinion is, therefore, that on the first night of Yom Tov, one must light candles before Yom Tov begins. However, many have the minhag โ€“ and, in fact, she herself agreed that this was the minhag in her town of Lemberg at the time โ€“ to light candles after nightfall even on the first night of Yom Tov. This is, again, a safeguard, to ensure that on the second night of Yom Tov people light candles only when itโ€™s already dark. Indeed, many people have the minhag to light after nightfall on the first night of Yom Tov, and because they have a particular reason for doing so, they are permitted to light candles on Yom Tov.

Again, there are two minhagim in this regard, and everyone should follow the minhag of their family.

Shehecheyanu

The minhag Ashkenaz is that the women make the brachah Shehecheyanu when they light candles for Yom Tov. This Shehecheyanu is really a Shehecheyanu on the Yom Tov, not on the mitzvah of lighting candles. It is the same as the Shehecheyanu that the husband recites later when he makes Kiddush, which is again a Shehecheyanu on the Yom Tov.

The Poskim discuss the question of whether the wife, who said Shehecheyanu when she lit candles, should answer amen to her husbandโ€™s Shehecheyanu later, or whether this constitutes a hefsek between Kiddush and drinking from the cup. Rav Moshe Feinstein says that this is not a hefsek, and she may answer amen to her husbandโ€™s brachah even though she said Shehecheyanu earlier, because whether something is a hefsek is determined not by the person who is being yotzei, but by the person who is making Kiddush. Since the Shehechyanu does not constitute a hefsek for the husband, it is not considered a hefsek even for his wife, who is being yotzei.

Simchas Yom Tov

The Torah commands us: ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืš โ€“ itโ€™s a mitzvah to be happy on Yom Tov. Therefore, men are obligated to drink wine and eat the meat of the Korban Shelamim of Yom Tov, in order to bring themselves to a state of simchah. Today, when we unfortunately do not have a Korban Shelamim, itโ€™s still a chiyuv for men to drink wine, but while it is a mitzvah for them to eat meat, itโ€™s not a chiyuv. Thereโ€™s a discussion among the Poskim as to whether meat in this context means specifically beef or lamb, or if it includes poultry as well.

The Gemara says that a husband must make his wife happy on Yom Tov as well. The Gemara tells us that the correct way to accomplish this is by buying her new clothing or jewelry. There is a machlokes as to whether this obligates women themselves in the mitzvah of simchas Yom Tov โ€“ despite it being a ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื โ€“ or if it is merely part of the husbandโ€™s obligation of simchas Yom Tov to make his wife happy. The big difference between the two opinions manifests itself in regard to single girls or women who do not have a husband. The Mishnah Berurah is machmir on this shailah.

Besides women having the mitzvah of simchah in wearing Yom Tov clothing, there are those who say that women also fulfill the mitzvah of simchas Yom Tov by eating meat.

Seudas Yom Tov

Men have an obligation to eat a seudah on Yom Tov, as part of the mitzvah of simchas Yom Tov. The Gemara teaches that on any day when one is obligated to wash for Hamotzi and eat a seudah, such as on Shabbos and Yom Tov, one must mention the day in bentching by saying Retzei or Yaaleh Veyavo, and if one forgot to say it, one has to repeat Bircas Hamazon. However, on a day when one is not obligated to eat a seudah โ€“ such as Rosh Chodesh (even though it might be a good thing to eat a seudah) โ€“ if one forgets to say Yaaleh Veyavo, he does not need to repeat bentching.

If one is in middle of bentching on Yom Tov and realizes that he has omitted Yaaleh Veyavo, the halachah is as follows. If he has not yet said the Shem Hashem of the brachah of Bonei Yerushalayim, he should go back and say Yaaleh Veyavo. If he already said the Shem Hashem, then he should say ืœืžื“ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืš and go back and say Yaaleh Veyavo. If he already said the word Bonei or finished the brachah of ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื• ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืžืŸ, he should stop right there and say a new brachah, which was instituted specifically for this circumstance: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”’ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ื ืชืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืžื—ื” ืœืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”. This brachah concludes, on Yom Tov, with: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”’ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. On Chol Hamoed, this conclusion is omitted. If he already started the fourth brachah on Yom Tov (i.e., not on Chol Hamoed), he must go back and bentch from the beginning.

General Melachos

When the Torah details the halachos of Yom Tov, the passuk says: ืึทืšึฐ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึตืึธื›ึตืœ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ึผื•ึน ื™ึตืขึธืฉื‚ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื. From this passuk we learn that it is permissible to cook or carry in a ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื on Yom Tov when it is necessary for ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ. It is only permissible to do melachah for the Yom Tov itself, but not for the next day. We learn from the fact that it says ื™ึตืขึธืฉื‚ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื that we are only permitted to do melachah or to cook for the sake of a Yid and not for a goy. Chazal ruled, therefore, that it is forbidden to invite a goy to a seudas Yom Tov, because we are worried that one might come to cook for him when he cooks for a Yid. Even if the Jew has finished all his cooking before Yom Tov, there remains the possibility that he will decide to cook more on Yom Tov for a Jew, and, by extension, might do so for a goy. Therefore, one should not invite a goy for a seudah on Yom Tov. This prohibition does not apply to inviting a goy for a seudah on Shabbos, because on Shabbos one may not cook even for a Yid.

From the fact that the passuk specifies ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึตืึธื›ึตืœ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึถืคึถืฉื, the Chachamim learn that the Torah only allows one to do melachah that is considered ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ, something that everyone considers necessary. For example, some people like to burn incense, but since not everyone enjoys it at all times, it is not permissible to do so on Yom Tov.

One may carry a machzor to shul through a ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, even where there is no eiruv, because it is necessary for davening. One is allowed to carry the machzor back home, even if he will not be using it again on Yom Tov, because it could get lost in shul, and if one would not be allowed to bring it home, then he probably would not bring it to shul in the first place. This is a halachic rule called ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืกื•ืคื• ืžืฉื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœืชื•. Chazal allowed us to bring the machzor home in order to encourage us to bring it to shul in the first place.

One may not light a new fire on Yom Tov, but one may transfer a fire from an existing flame. One should be careful about this when bentching licht โ€“ for those who light candles on the first night of Yom Tov after nightfall, and for everyone on the second night of Yom Tov โ€“ and make sure not to strike a match, but rather to take from an existing flame.

It is permissible to heat water to wash dishes as needed, or to wash oneโ€™s hands and face, as these things are considered ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ. However, the type of boiler that we use today lets out water that was already heated up, and then new water enters the boiler and is heated up. Even if the boiler is off, the new water is heated up by the hot water that is already in the boiler. There is a question whether this act of bishul is, in fact, considered ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ, because the water that is being cooked on Yom Tov is not the water that is actually being used. The minhag is to be lenient and consider this to come under the umbrella of ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ืจ
ืกื™ืคืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ื””ืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ:

“ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืกื•ื›ื•ืช. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืงืจื” ืžืื“, ื“ืื’ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืงื ื” ืกื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื•ืœื. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื ืงืจื ‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื—ืชื ื•’, ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื—ื’ื’ื• ืืช ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”.ืด

ืดืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื—ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืงืคื•ืช. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืฉืืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืขืงื‘ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืคืžื•ื˜ื•ืช (ืขื ื ืจื•ืช) ื•ืงืจื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืจื‘. ืคื ื™ื• ื–ื”ืจื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืœืš ืœืคื™ ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืฉืขื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงืคื”, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกื™ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืคืกืงื• ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจืฅ. ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืชื• ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื—ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.ืด

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคืจ “ื”ืื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื””

ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืš

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ื—ื’ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืดื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืš ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืืš ืฉืžื—ืด.

ื•ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื›ืคืœื™ื.

ื) ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืกืš ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืดืฉืžื—ื ื• ื›ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ืชื ื•ืด, ื•ื›ืŸ ืดืฉืžื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ืšืด, ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ื—ืœื™ื ืดืฉืžื— ืชืฉืžื— ืจืขื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉืžื—ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืšืด ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื” ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืดื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืšืด ื•ื’ื•’?

ื‘) ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืดื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืšืด, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืื™ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื; ืืœื ืื ื–ื›ื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื ื•ื˜ืข ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื ื• ื›ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ืชื ื•, ืฉืžื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ืš ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉืžื— ืชืฉืžื— ื•ื›ื•’. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืžืชืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื• ื™ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื ื”ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื” ืฉืžื—ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช; ื›ื™ ืดืœื‘ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืจืช ื ืคืฉื•ืด, ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืจืง ืฉืžื—ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืžืจื•ื— ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.

ืื ื›ืŸ ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืฉืจ ื›ื–ืืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”?

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ืฉื”ืงืฉื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืงืฉื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืดืœื ืชื—ืžื•ื“ืด, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืžื•ื“? ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจ ืœืœื‘ ื•ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืžื“ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•?

ื•ืชื™ืจืฅ ื”ืดื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ืด: ืžืฉืœ ืœืื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื•ืจืื” ืžืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืžื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื• ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ, ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืฉืจืช ื”ืฉืœื’ื™ื. ืขืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ืงืจื— ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ. ืืš, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื ื”ืจ ื•ื—ืžื“ืชื• ื•ืชืฉื•ืงืชื• ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืงืจื— ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ ื•ืื– ื ืขืœืžื• ื›ื”ืจืฃ ืขื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืฉื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืœื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืœื•ืช.

ื•ื–ื”ื•, ืืžืจ ื”ืดื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ืด, ื”ืœืื• ืฉืœ ืœื ืชื—ืžื•ื“, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื˜ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ืงืจื— ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก ื•ืื– ืžืžื™ืœื ืชืขืœื ื—ืžื“ืชื• ื•ืชืฉื•ืงืชื•.

ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื–ื”, ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืดืœื ืชื—ืžื•ื“ืด ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉืœื ืœื—ืžื•ื“ ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ! ื•ื–ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื ืคืœืื”.

ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื• ื•ืจืง ืื– ื›ืฉื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื• ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืžืชื• ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืื– ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื.

ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืดื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืš” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืดืฉืคืจื• ืžืขืฉื™ื›ืืด, ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ืืช ืœืฉืžื•ื— ืฉืžื—ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.

ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจื™ืดื– ื–ืฆืดืœ ืฉืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืคืงื™ื. ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื ื” ื”ื’ืจื™ืดื– ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืดืืœื•ืงื™ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ืืด, ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ื”ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ืืžืจื ื•, ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืดื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืšืด ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ.

ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืดืœ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืดื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืณ ืืœื•ืงื™ืš, ืฉื’ื ื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™? ื•ืชื™ืจืฅ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืฉืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืณ ื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืœื‘ื•, ืืœื ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื ืขืงืจืช ื ื˜ื™ืขื” ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืณ ื•ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืดื•ืื”ื‘ืชืด ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื™”ืช.

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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉืฉืืœื ื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืดืฉืžื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืชืšืด, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื›ื”ื ื” ื›ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืดื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืšืด ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื”.

ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืืžื ื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืกืš ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœื”. ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืดื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืšืด ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืณ ื•ืชื•ืจืชื•, ื•ืื– ื ื–ื›ื” ืฉื™ืฉืžื—ื ื• ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•, ื•ื ื‘ืืจ ืงืฆืช.

ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืดื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืจ ื”ืณ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื” ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืšืด, ืฉืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืขื ืฉื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”, ืืœื ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื‘ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืื” ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉื‘ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื—ื˜ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื•ืžืกื™ืง ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื”ื• ื”ื—ื˜ื ืฉื—ื˜ื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื›ื™ื•. (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืดืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจืด ืœืื“ืžื•ืดืจ ื”ื’ืจืดื— ื–ืฆืดืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ื–ื”).

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ืœื˜:) ื“ืขืช ืจ’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ืฉื›ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืื™ ืขืœืžื ืœื™ื›ื. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื—ื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืดื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข ืชืฉืžืขื•ืด ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืดื•ื ืชืชื™ ื’ืฉืžื™ื›ื ื‘ืขืชืืด ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื”ื ื” ื•ื›ื”ื ื” ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื˜ืณ ื”ืœื›ื” ืืณ.

ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืžืชืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื. ื›ืฉื ืฉืขื•ื ืฉ ืจืดืœ ื‘ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื•, ื›ืš ืžืชืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื– ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืฉื›ืจ, ืืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื“ื ื™ื•ืฉืจื• ืฉื™ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื™ืœืš ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ื–ื”.

ื”ืงื‘ืณืณื” ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ืขื•ืฉื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœื”ื, ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืฆืขื“ื™ื”ื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื. ืžืฉืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”? ืœืื‘ ืจื—ื•ื ื”ืžืœื˜ืฃ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื•ืžื ืฉืงื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื™ืคื” ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื— ืœืื‘ื™ื•, ืื– ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืจืขื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืื”ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœื• ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ื–ืืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ื’ื ืฉืžื—ื”. ื›ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืชื• ืจื•ืžื– ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื, ืขื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืืชื”.

ื‘ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื’, ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื ืฉื•ืื•ืช ืœืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืคื™ื ื• ืคืจื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ: ืื ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื”, ืฉืžื—ืช ืืžืช, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ืžืข ืœืงื•ืœ ืืœื•ืงื™ื• ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื ืขื ื” ืœื• ื•ืžืžืœืื”ื• ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืจื•ืžื– ืœื• ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืจื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ื•ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ.

ืดื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืšืณ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืžืœืื•ืช ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ื•ืื– ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื ื• ืฉืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืฉืชื ื• – ืดื•ืฉืžื—ื ื• ื”ืณ ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•”. ืžืชืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืืœื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืชื ื” ื ืคืœืื” ื–ื•.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•

ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืข’ ืž”ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืื—ืจ ื™ื•”ื› ืœื™ืœืš ืžืžืฆื•ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ืื• ื™ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ืŸ.

ื•ืข’ ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื”ืจ”ื ื•ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืกื•ื›ืชื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ, ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืืœ ืžื”ืจ”ื ืกื’”ืœ ื•ืืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’ ืขื›”ืœ. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืœื›ื’ ืื ื˜ืขืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ืœื• ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื• ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืื™ ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืก”ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช.

ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ืชื ”ื˜ ื“ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ื›ืฉืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืขืœืžื ืืœื ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื™ื•”ื› ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช. (ื•ืข’ ืžื ื—ืช ืืœืขื–ืจ ื—”ื“ ื ”ื” ืฉื—ื•ืœืง ืข”ืฉ).

ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ื™ื™ืงื• ืžืจืฉ”ื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ื—’, ื•ืข’ ืขืœ”ื  ืฉื ื“ืื™ื›ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื›ื” (ืข’ ื”ืขืžืง ืฉืืœื” ืงืก”ื–, ื•ื—”ืก ื™ื•”ื“ ืกื•ืก”ื™ ืจืข”ื, ื•ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืž”ื’). ื•ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืค’ ืจืื” ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช “ืชืขืฉื”” ืœืš.

ื•ืข’ ืจ”ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ื›ื” ื“ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืžืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ืชื™ืจ ืกื•ื›ืชื• (ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉืžื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื•ื“), ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจ”ืŸ ืคื™’ ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื ืœื• ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื”.

ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ืœื›ื’ ืื—ืจ ืžื ื—ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืข’ ืฉื•”ืข ืจื ”ื. (ื•ืœื›ืชื—ืœื” ืžื ื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืข”ืฉ). ื•ื›”ื› ืคืž”ื’ ืชืจื›”ื” ื‘ื”ื ืกืง”ื. (ื•ื‘ืž”ื‘ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืืกื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ื’ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืžื ื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžื™ื”ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆ”ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืคืž”ื’ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืงื•ืจื• ืžืกื™’ ืจื ”ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืœื ืื—ืจ ืžื ื—ื” ืงื˜ื ื”. ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจ”ื™ ืฉื. ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืž”ื‘ ื‘ืฉืฉ”ื› ืคืž”ื‘ ืกืงืงื™”ื–. ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื” ืข”ืฉ ืกืงืงื›”ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืžื˜”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื’ื ืื—ืจ ืžื ื—ื” ืข”ืฉ).

ื•ืืฃ ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื›ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืช ืœื›ื’ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ืœืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ืช. (ืžื™ื”ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ื”ื ”ืœ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื›ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื”ื› ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืจื™ ื’ื ืื—ืจ ืžื ื—ื”).

ื•ืข’ ืžื—ื–ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืงืž”ื’ ืืœ ืจ’ ื–ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืจืช ื—ืกื“ ืื•”ื— ืœ”ื“ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ืข”ืฉ ืžืชื•ืก’ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืข”ื˜ ืข”ื‘ ื“”ื” ืชื ืŸ. ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืขืจ”ื™ ืฉ”ื’ ืคื˜”ื•. ื•ืข’ ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•”ื˜ ืกื™’ ื“’ ื“ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืจืง ืžืกืœืง ื“ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื”.

ื•ืข’ ืจืข”ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื•”ื— ื™”ื ื“ืžื”ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื• ืœืฉืžื”. ื•ื”ืขื™ืจื• ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจืข”ื ื—”ื“ ืื•”ื— ืก”ื’ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื”. ื•ืข’ ืฉืขืจ”ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—”ืก ืื•”ื— ืงืก”ื— ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืก”ืช ื“ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื•”ื“ ืจืข”ื– ื“ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ).

ื•ืžืกื‘ืจื ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื“ืชื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ืื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืคืฆื ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื. ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื“ืขืช ื”ืจ”ืŸ ื“ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœ, ื•ืก”ืœ ื“ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื› ื›ืžื•”ื› ืœื ื ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืข”ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ืชื•ืก’ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืคืฆื ื‘ื˜ืœ, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื•”ื› ื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืฉืจ.

ืžื™ื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจ”ืŸ ื“ืก”ืœ ื“ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœ. ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื“ื—ื•ื˜ ืฆืžืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืฉืชืŸ, ื•ื›’ ืชื•ืก’ ืข”ื– ืก”ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืขื˜ื ื– ืืกื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจ”ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื ”ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ.

ื•ืข’ ื›ืœืื™ื ืค”ื˜ ื“ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืžืจ ื’ืžืœื™ื ืขื ืฆืžืจ ืจื—ืœื™ื, ื•ืง’ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจ”ืŸ. ื•ืข’ ืฉื•”ืช ืจืข”ื ืœ”ื— ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืœืคื™ ื”ืจ”ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื›ืœืื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขืจื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœืื™ื ื•ื›”ื› ืžื”ืจ”ื— ืื•”ื– ื™”ื—. ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ืœื›ื’ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืืชืจื•ื’ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจ”ืŸ ื”ื•”ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœ. (ื•ืข’ ืฉื•”ืช ื”ืจ”ืŸ ื ”ื˜ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ืžืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืกื—, ื•ื“ืœื ื›ืจืื‘ื™”ื”). ื•ืข’ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ’ ืขื˜ืจืช ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžื–ืงื ื™ ื’ืื‘”ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืกื™’ ื™”ื‘ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžื•ื”ืจ”ืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืฉืœืขื–ื™ื ื’ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื“ื•ืž”ืฆ ืคืคื“”ืž.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืืช”ืœ ื“ืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื, ืœื›ื’ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื™ืคื›ื, ื“ื™ื”ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืชืจื•ื’ ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืคื™ื˜ื, ื•ืœืขืจื‘ื• ืขื ืืชืจื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคื™ื˜ื ื•ื™ืชื›ืฉืจ. ื•ืœื›ื’ ื™”ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ืข’ ืฉื“”ื— ื—”ื– ืคืื””ืฉ ื’ ื–’ ื“”ื” ื•ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื”ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™ ื“ืœื›ื•”ืข ืืกื•ืจ ืžื””ืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืข”ื“ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ื•ื ืคืกืœ, ืขื›”ืค ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ.

ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื“ื ืœืคื™ ืจืข”ื ืกื™’ ืœ”ื— ื“ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืž’ ืœื›ืชื—ืœื” ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ืกื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ืข’ ื˜”ื– ืืžืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืœื ืคืกื•ืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช. ื•ืข’ ืคืž”ื’ ืชืจื›”ื• ืž”ื– ื‘’ ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืจืž”ื˜ ื”ื ื›”ื— ื“ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื’ ื›ืžื•”ื› ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืœื ื“ืฉื™ื™ืš ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ืข’ ืคืž”ื’ ืฆ”ื˜ ื™”ื.

ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ืœื›ื’ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืืชืจื•ื’ ื‘ืœื™ ืคื™ื˜ื ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื•ืฉืจื™ ืœื›ืชื—ืœื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื•. ื•ืข’ ืจืข”ื ื”ื ”ืœ ื‘ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื•”ื— ื™”ื ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื•ื›ืžื• ืกื›ืš.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื•”ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•”ื›, ื›ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืงืœื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื””ื› ืœื”ื•ืฉืดืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืดื› ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืฉืดืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•”ื› ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ! ืื‘ืœ ืฉื”ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื”ืดื› ืขื“ ื”ื•ืฉืดืจ ื”ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืขืฉื™”ืช, ืœื–ื” ื ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ื‘ืขืดื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืจืดื” ืขื“ ื™ื•ืดื›, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืœื• ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื”ืดื› ืขื“ ื”ื•ืฉืดืจ, ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื•.

ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื ืฆื˜ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืข’ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ืขืณ ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœื ื™ืžื—ื• ืžื”ืขื•ืœื. ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ื• ืื™ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขื“ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืืฆืœื™ื ื• ืฉื ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืžื—ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขื“ ืฉื•ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืžื” ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื–ื”. ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขื“ ืงื™ื•ืžื, ืฉืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•.

ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืžื“ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื”ืดื›, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ืงื™ื•ืžื.

ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื“’ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื—ื–ืดืœ ืืžืจื• (ื•ื™ืง”ืจ ืœ,ื™ื‘) ืฉื”ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื“’ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื—, ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉ”ื˜. ืœื•ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืœื ืจื™ื—, ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืžืขืฉ”ื˜. ื”ื“ืก ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจื™ื— ื•ืœื ื˜ืขื, ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืขืฉ”ื˜ ื•ืœื ืชื•ืจื”. ืขืจื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื—, ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืœื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืžืขืฉ”ื˜. ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืื’ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืื ืชื—ืกืจ ืืคื™’ ืขืจื‘ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื•ื”.

ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื, ื‘ืืชืจื•ื’ ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืฉื‘ื ืงื˜ื ืคื™ื˜ืžื• ืคืกื•ืœ ืืขืดืค ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื“ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืจื‘ื” ื›ืฉืจื” ืืคื™’ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžื”ืฉืœื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืื ื—ืกืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืืคื™’ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ, ืืš ืžื”ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ืŸ. ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™.

ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื–ื” ืคืœื, ื“ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืœืžื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจืง ืืชืจื•ื’ ื•ืขืจื‘ื”, ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉ”ื˜ ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื—?

ืžื•ื›ื— ื›ืืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“, ืงืœ ืœืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืœื•ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืžื•, ืืš ืขื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ืดื› ืžืขืœื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื” ืœื•, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื“’ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืกืจ ืžื”ื ื›ืœื•ื.

ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื” ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื–ื”. ื•ืื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ืืคื™’ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจืดื” ื—”ื• ืœืฉื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”, ืงื•ืจืขื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืกืงื•.

ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ื””ืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ
ืฉื ื—ืื™, ืœื™ืœ ื”ื•”ืจ ืชืฉ”ื“

ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืืš

ืžืชื•ืš “ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช” ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืจื””ื™ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืชื•

ื‘ืจืดื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ื• ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ื”ืดื› ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื—ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืฉื™ืดืช. ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื‘ืืจ, ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.

ื“ื”ื ื” ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ืžื“ืดืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื›ืดื’) ืดื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืืš ืžืื–ืด – ืžืฉืขืžื“ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืžืจื ื• ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ืš ื‘’ืื–’, ื ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชืš ื•ื›ืกืืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืืš ืžืื– ื‘’ืื– ื™ืฉื™ืจ’.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืดื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืกืืšืด, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืกื ืžืœื›ื•ืชืš ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืดื”, ืžืื– ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืš, ื”ื›ืกื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื™ื™ื.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื ืืžืจื• ืดืืขืดืค ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืืชื”, ืœื ื ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื›ืกืืš ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ื ื™ืš ืฉื™ืจื”ืด, ื•ืžืคืจืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื” (ื ื›ื“ ื”ืžื”ืจืฉืดืœ) ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื ื“ืœื ื ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื›ืกืืš, ื›ืžื•ืฉืดื› ‘ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืกื ืฉืœื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืžื—ื” ืืช ืขืžืœืง’, ื•ื›ืžื• ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื›ืฉื™ืžื—ื” ืขืžืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืกื ืฉืœื, ื›ืš ื‘ืขืช ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืกื ืฉืœื.

ื•ืœืคืดื– ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืดื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืดื™ ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื” ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืกื ืฉืœื, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื”’ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืœืื™ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ืฆื”ืดืจ ืžืกืชืชืžื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”’ ืžืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืื•ื”ื‘, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ืžื—ื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง ืžืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืขืดื™ ื–ื” ื”ืฉื ืฉืœื ื•ื”ื›ืกื ืฉืœื ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”.

ื™ื”ืดืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืขื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ืขืฉืŸ ืชื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื“’ ืœืžืœืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“’ ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉืžื• ืื—ื“, ืื›ื™ืดืจ.

ื ื“ืคืก ืžื›ืช”ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ืฆ”ืœ

Hold Onto the Rope!

In the process of going from Rosh Hashanah to Yom Kippur, we reach the madreigah of angels, to the point that during Neilah, we call out ื”’ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืœืงื™ื seven times, practically reaching the Kisei Hakavod. The question is, how do we maintain this madreigah, or at least remember it and remain connected to it, throughout the rest of the year?

The passuk in this weekโ€™s parashah says: ื›ึผึดื™ ื—ึตืœึถืง ื”’ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื—ึถื‘ึถืœ ื ึทื—ึฒืœึธืชื•ึน. It is no coincidence that this passuk is found in Parashas Haazinu, and read on the Shabbos between Yom Kippur and Succos. Rashi says that the chevel, the rope, mentioned in this passuk represents the three Avos, who are akin to a rope made of three strands.

Rav Chaim Volozhiner explains the concept of this chevel in a different way. A person is not only a guf, and not only a neshamah โ€“ he is an incredible fusion of both. People erroneously think, however, that a person exists only here in this world. In truth, says Rav Chaim Volozhiner, a person also exists up in Shomayim, and there is a chevel that attaches the person to his higher self in the upper sphere. Any mitzvah that a person does with his body in this world, and any aveirah that he does Rโ€l, has an effect on his parallel self in the heavens. Rav Chaim Volozhiner brings a beautiful proof for this idea from a Midrash.

The Midrash says that on the first day of Creation, Hashem fashioned heaven and earth, so there was equality between the two realms. On the second day, Hashem created the rakia, in the upper world. On the third day, He created vegetation on earth. On the fourth day, He created the luminaries in the heavens. The fifth day, it was the crawling creatures on earth. In order to maintain a balance between heaven and earth, the creation of the sixth day would have had to include aspects of both heaven and earth. And indeed, Hashem created an adam, who is on the one hand made of the dust of the earth, and on the other hand possesses a ื—ืœืง ืืœื•ืง ืžืžืขืœ, forging harmony between heaven and earth in Creation.

Rav Chaim Volozhiner notes, however, that had the adam been placed solely on earth, there would still have been an imbalance in Creation, because although he was made of both heaven and earth, he would inhabit only the earth. But since a person exists in Shomayim as well, there is harmony in Creation after all.

This idea is reflected in the gematria of the word adam, which is 45. Twice adam is 90, which is the gematria of the letter tzaddik โ€“ representing the person who connects to his higher self, through the chevel of ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื—ึถื‘ึถืœ ื ึทื—ึฒืœึธืชื•ึน.

The Aveiros Slide Off

The beginning of the above passuk, ื›ึผึดื™ ื—ึตืœึถืง ื”’ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน, also contains an important message. The Ohr Gedalyahu brings the Midrash that explains the deeper meaning behind Esavโ€™s being an ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉื‚ึธืขึดืจ and Yaakovโ€™s being an ืึดื™ืฉื ื—ึธืœึธืง. When Esav, or any goy, does an aveirah, it gets all entangled into his hair and becomes a part of him. A Yid, however, is โ€œsmoothโ€ โ€“ even after he does an aveirah, he can immerse himself in the cleansing waters of Torah and mitzvos, and the aveirah can slide right off him. This is part of the symbolism of the ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ that is offered on Yom Kippur. The passuk says:ื•ึฐื ึธืฉื‚ึธื ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธืขึดื™ืจ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืขึฒื•ึนื ึนืชึธื, and the Midrash expounds the word ืขึฒื•ึนื ึนืชึธื as ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื: the sins of Yaakov โ€“ the ish tam, the one whoโ€™s smooth โ€“ are erased when the ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ is sent to its death, because a Yid, in his essence, is smooth. He wants to have a connection to Hashem, and even if he does aveiros, they are not part of his core self.

The Baal Haturim on this passuk notes that the words ื›ึผึดื™ ื—ึตืœึถืง ื”’ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน add up to a total gematria of 310, which corresponds to the 310 worlds that a tzaddik is eventually zocheh to, as the Mishnah in Shas teaches. The meforshim on this mishnah explain that a person does mitzvos with his 248 limbs and organs, and in Olam Haba, he receives a reward of keren vโ€™chomesh, which adds up to 310 worlds.

Inside Hashemโ€™s Names

The days between Yom Kippur and Succos are very holy days. The Shulchan Aruch says that we donโ€™t say Tachanun during these days, and according to the one opinion, the reason is that these days bear a resemblance to Yom Kippur, as the Biur HaGra says. During these days, we continue the theme of Yom Kippur. If during Neilah on Yom Kippur we locked ourselves in together with the Ribbono Shel Olam, then Succos is a continuation of that togetherness. The Gemara says in Yoma that the Satan does not prosecute on Yom Kippur, as reflected in the fact that the gematria of ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ is 364, indicating that the Satan has power only 364 out of 365 days of the year, Yom Kippur being the exception. But we are left to wonder why there is the extra hei appended as a prefix to the word Satan; ืฉื˜ืŸ alone is only 359. We can suggest that in truth, the Satan has full power only 359 days of the year, and the five (hei) days between Yom Kippur and Succos (including the first day of Succos, which is ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช) are not really โ€œSatanโ€™dikโ€, because these days are all about connecting to the Ribbono Shel Olam.

The succah is called ืฆื™ืœื ื“ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื, and we connect ourselves to the Ribbono Shel Olam through the succah. The word ืกื•ื›ื” contains the letters chaf vav (26), which is the gematria of the Shem Havayah, as well as the letters samech hei (65), which is the gematria of the Shem Adnus. These two combinations reflect the Name of Hashem as it is written (ื™-ื”-ื•-ื”) and spoken (ื-ื“-ื -ื™). Together, the two Names add up to 91, which is the gematria of ืกื•ื›ื”.

Succah, then, is ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื”. When a person is in the succah, he is connected to the Ribbono Shel Olam. No wonder that we have to learn Maseches Succah with all its guidelines and conditions: how many walls, how much schach, how high, etc. Because if the succah is even one iota deficient halachically, itโ€™s not a kosher succah โ€“ itโ€™s just a hut made of some walls and bamboo, with no connection to the Shechinah or ืฆื™ืœื ื“ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื. But if it meets the halachic requirements of succah, with all the lomdus of lavud and dofen akumah and the like, and according to the Torah it is considered a kosher succah, then itโ€™s ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื”.

The sefarim also note that the mitzvah of succah is unique in that you perform it with your entire body. After we cleanse ourselves on Yom Kippur, weโ€™re able to go into the succah with our 248 limbs and organs. Thereโ€™s only one other mitzvah like that: the mitzvah of yishuv Eretz Yisrael. The Mishnah in Gittin contains a fascinating diyuk in this regard: it delineates the boundaries of Eretz Yisrael as Akko, Rekem, Ashkelon, and Yam, which spell out ืขืจืื™. A succah is a ื“ื™ืจืช ืขืจืื™, so this Mishnah contains an allusion to the two mitzvos that are done with a personโ€™s entire body.

The succah, the sefarim teach, corresponds to Avraham Avinu, whose name has the gematria of 248, like the limbs and organs of a personโ€™s body. Furthermore, the gematria of the letters of the word ืกื•ื›ื” spelled out fully (samech mem chaf, vav yud vav, chaf pei, and hei alef) also add up to 248. The succah is completely 248.

The passuk in Yeshayah (4:6) says: ื•ึฐืกึปื›ึผึธื” ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึฐืฆึตืœ ื™ื•ึนืžึธื ืžึตื—ึนืจึถื‘ ื•ึผืœึฐืžึทื—ึฐืกึถื” ื•ึผืœึฐืžึดืกึฐืชึผื•ึนืจ ืžึดื–ึผึถืจึถื ื•ึผืžึดืžึผึธื˜ึธืจ. The word ื–ึถืจึถื has the gematria of 247, and the word ืžึธื˜ึธืจ has the gematria of 249. The succah, which is 248, protects a person from both of those forces.

Similarly, the dimensions of the succah add up to 248. The minimum size of a succah is 7×7 tefachim, and 10 tefachim high, and it needs two walls plus a third wall of one tefach.ย  The schach, which is the roof of the succah, has to measure 7×7, which is 49. The floor of the succah is another 7×7, which is 49. The two main walls are each 10×7, which is 70, for a total of 140 for both, and the third wall is one tefach in width times 10 tefachim in height, which equals 10. So we have 49 + 49 + 70 + 70 + 10 = 248.

The Gemara tells us that the idea of the succah is to leave our permanent home:ืฆื ืžื“ื™ืจืช ืงื‘ืข. The word ืฆื equals 91: the Ribbono Shel Olam. The gematria of the word ืื™ืœืŸ, a tree, is also 91 โ€“ but we know that weโ€™re not allowed to build a succah under a tree. Why? Because itโ€™s attached to the ground, to Olam Hazeh. We want to connect to the 91 of the tree when itโ€™s detached from the ground, which explains why we have to cut the schach before we put it on the succah โ€“ once itโ€™s cut, it can connect to the higher worlds.

The Gra, in his commentary on Yonah explains that the shade the kikayon provided for Yonah alludes to Olam Haba, while the sun alludes to Olam Hazeh. Indeed, throughout Koheles the sun symbolizes this world: ืžึทื” ื™ึผึดืชึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ืœึธืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืขึฒืžึธืœื•ึน ืฉืึถื™ึผึทืขึฒืžึนืœ ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึถืฉื, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ื—ึธื“ึธืฉื ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึถืฉื, and so on.

In order for a succah to be kosher, and act as ืฆื™ืœื ื“ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื, it has to have more shade than sun: more Olam Haba than Olam Hazeh. Similarly, the person sitting in the succah has to be ืจืืฉื• ื•ืจื•ื‘ื• inside the succah. If his table is attached to the house, thatโ€™s a problem; thereโ€™s a ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉืžื ื™ื™ืžืฉืš. A person has to be entirely in the succah, in a way that he wonโ€™t be drawn after the table thatโ€™s inside the house, in order to attach himself to the Ribbono Shel Olam.

Bringing Back the Aveiros โ€“ as Zechuyos

The ten days from Rosh Hashanah through Yom Kippur are the days of teshuvah meiโ€™yirah, and are followed by another ten days of teshuvah meiโ€™ahavah, from Yom Kippur through Hoshana Rabbah. During these days, we are bโ€™yichud with the Ribbono Shel Olam. Thatโ€™s why specifically during the days of Succos there was the ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”, when they would go and draw the water. On Rosh Hashanah, in the process of doing teshuvah meiโ€™yirah, we threw away our aveiros into the water. Now that we are doing teshuvah meiโ€™ahavah, through which ื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช become ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, we go back and retrieve those aveiros by drawing the water of the ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”.

In fact, the Gemara describes how a woman could be ืžื‘ืจืจืช ื—ื˜ื™ื by the light of the ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”. The word ื—ื˜ื™ื could be read as cheit yam โ€“ the aveiros that were cast into the sea. Through the ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”, those ื—ื˜ืื™ื could be turned into ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. This is the level that a person can reach through the Yom Tov of Succos, and these days of Succos have to propel us through an entire year of galus.

The Rope is Shaking

The passuk in Yeshayah (55:6) says: ื“ึผึดืจึฐืฉืื•ึผ ื”’ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึดืžึผึธืฆึฐืื•ึน ืงึฐืจึธืึปื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืชื•ึน ืงึธืจื•ึนื‘. Chazal explain that this refers to Aseres Yemei Teshuvah; other sources say that itโ€™s a reference to Elul, or to Yom Kippur. The Targum Yonasan, however, takes a startlingly different approach. He renders the passuk as: ืชื‘ืขื• ื“ื—ืœืชื ื“ื™ื™ ืขื“ ื“ืืชื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื• ืžืŸ ืงื“ืžื•ื”ื™ ืขื“ ื“ืืชื•ืŸ ืงื™ืžื™ืŸ โ€“ seek out Hashem as long as youโ€™re alive.

As long as a person is in Olam Hazeh, he has an opportunity to rectify, to do mitzvos, and to connect with Hashem. Olam Haba is the place of sโ€™char, where a person basks in the radiance of the Shechinah, proportional to the efforts he exerted and the preparations he made in Olam Hazeh. In Olam Haba, you canโ€™t do anything anymore. Therefore, the passuk enjoins us to seek out Hashem while weโ€™re alive and in Olam Hazeh. Itโ€™s not just during Elul and Yamim Noraโ€™im โ€“ itโ€™s all year round. We have to strive to remain attached to the chevel of Yaakov as long as we are here on this earth.

It is said in the name of Rโ€™ Elimelech of Lizhensk that in the period of chevlei Moshiach โ€“ which is the era we are living through โ€“ the Eibishter is going to extend a rope from one end of the world to the other, and every person will have to grab hold of the rope. But then, the Ribbono Shel Olam is going to shake the rope and cause tremendous upheaval, and most people will fall off the rope. We can all understand that things are causing people to fall off in our times. But those who hold on tightly to the rope, the chevel, are the ones who will be saved from chevlei Moshiach. What should a person do to be saved from chevlei Moshiach? He should strive to connect to ื›ึผึดื™ ื—ึตืœึถืง ื”’ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื—ึถื‘ึถืœ ื ึทื—ึฒืœึธืชื•ึน.

We should all be zocheh to a gut gebentsht yahr and a year of geulah and yeshuah.

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