Rosh Hashana

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

ืื‘ื ื•ืืžื ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ,

ืžืจื’ืข ื”ืดืืžืŸืด ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืœื™ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ื›ื” ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ื—ื“ืจื• ืœืขืžืงืณ ืœื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™ ื•ื ืคืฉื™. ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืณ ืœื ืจืง ืืช ืื™ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื” ืœื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื— ืฆื“ืงื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.

ื›ืืŸ ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”ึพืขืฉืจื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืขื”. ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœื”. ืชืคื™ืœืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืืจื‘ืข.

ื”ืจื‘ ืงืžื™ื™, ื”ืจื‘ ืคื™ื ืงืœ, ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืจืณ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื•ืจืณ ื—ืฆืงืœ, ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”ึพืขืฉืจื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.

ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉืœื‘ืฉื• ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•’.

ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื ืขืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืžืœืชื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื™ืจ ืชืคืฉื• ืดื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ืืด ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื‘ืฉืขืช ืชืงื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืฆืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื˜ื•ื”ืจืช. ืžื™ ื™ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ ื•ื™ืขื ื™ืง ืœืžืฉื” ื•ืœื™ ืฉื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ืช ืฉืชืฆืขื™ื“ื ื• ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ืขืชื” ืื ื™ ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื. ื™ื—ืกืจ ืœื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืกื•ื›ืชื›ื ื”ืฉื ื”. ืžื™ ืžืžืœื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื™?

ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ืžืฉื” ื•ืจื•ื—ืžื”.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

Hilchos Rosh Hashanah part 1

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlitโ€a

 

The Shulchan Aruch cites the minhag to fast on Erev Rosh Hashanah, which some do until chatzos (see Mishnah Berurah 129:10).

In davening on Rosh Hashanah, as in ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, we conclude the brachah of Kedushah in Shemoneh Esrei with ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ instead of ื”ืงืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ. If one forgot and accidentally said ื”ืงืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, and did not correct himself immediately, he must repeat Shemoneh Esrei. The Mishnah Berurah (in Shaar Hatziyun) quotes the well-known opinion of Rโ€™ Abbaleh Fasveller who says that if one says ื”ืงืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ on the night of Rosh Hashanah he does not need to repeat Shemoneh Esrei, just as one does not repeat Shemoneh Esrei if he forgets to say ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื on the night of Rosh Chodesh. The Mishnah Berurah disagrees with this opinion, however; he holds that one must repeat the Shemoneh Esrei.

The Seudah of Rosh Hashanah Night

The minhag is to eat round challos on Rosh Hashanah. The Chasam Sofer says this is a siman tov for a never-ending, long life. The Magen Avraham writes that it is customary to dip the challah in honey. Nevertheless, there should still be salt on the table, even though we do not dip the challah into it.

The Gemara says that since Rosh Hashanah is the start of the new year, one should eat simanim โ€“ foods commonly referred to by names that hint to a good omen for the coming year. By doing so, we demonstrate our belief in the Yom Hadin, and in this zechus we hope to merit many brachos in the upcoming year.

There are different minhagim as to whether or not to eat the simanim on the second night of Rosh Hashanah as well.

The Gemara and Shulchan Aruch list five foods one should eat on the night of Rosh Hashanah, and specify which simanim they represent, some of them in Aramaic:

ืจื•ื‘ื™ื is fenugreek, although there are those who eat different types of kitniyos On ืจื•ื‘ื™ื one should say ืฉื™ืจื‘ื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•, that our merits should increase.
ื›ืจืชื™ is leek, and we say ืฉื™ื›ืจืชื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื•, that our enemies should be cut off.
ืกืœืงื is either beet or spinach, and we say ืฉื™ืกืชืœืงื• ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•, that our enemies should be removed.
ืชืžืจื are dates, and we say ืฉื™ืชืžื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื•, that our enemies should end.
ืงืจื, according to Rashi is ื“ืœืขืช, which means pumpkin. We say ืฉื™ืงืจืข ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ื ื ื•, that the bad decree against us should be ripped up, ื•ื™ืงืจืื• ืœืคื ื™ืš ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•, and that our merits should be called out before You.

The Tur quotes Maharam Rothenberg, who says that one should eat a ramโ€™s head and say: ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื•ืœื ืœื–ื ื‘, we should be a head and not a tail. If he does not have a sheepโ€™s head then he should eat the head of another animal, a chicken, or a fish. Thereโ€™s an additional siman for fish brought in the Mishnah Berurah: ืฉื ืคืจื” ื•ื ืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื’ื™ื, we should be fruitful and multiply like fish.

The Tur also writes that one should eat a sweet apple with honey: ืœืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืงื”. Thereโ€™s an additional point in eating an apple, because it reminds us of the zechus of Yitzchak and Yaakov. When Yitzchak gave Yaakov the brachos, Yitzchak commented that his son had a scent ื›ึผึฐืจึตื™ื—ึท ืฉื‚ึธื“ึถื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึตืจึฒื›ื•ึน ื”’, like the field that Hashem blessed, which refers to an apple orchard. Some say that this story took place on Rosh Hashanah.

Additional customs include eating pomegranate, according to the Magen Avraham, or quince, as Sefardim do, and to say ืฉื™ืจื‘ื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•. The Magen Avraham says that people should add foods whose simanim correspond to the language that they speak. Thus, many people have a custom to eat carrots because theyโ€™re called mehren in Yiddish, which can also mean to increase, as a siman that their merits should increase.

Throughout the generations, many of the simanim were not available, so the apple and pomegranate became the most common simanim. The other simanim are actually more important, however, since they are mentioned in the Gemara.

Brachos on the Simanim

One must say haโ€™eitz on the fruit, because it is not part of the meal. We do not make haโ€™adamah on the vegetables, however, because they are considered part of the meal. Many people make the berachah of haโ€™eitz on the apple, but according to R’ Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld this practice is incorrect, because fruit from the shivas haminim, such as the date or the pomegranate, take precedence over other fruit. This applies even if the date was cut open to be checked and the apple is still a shaleim.

According to R’ Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld, in days bygone, when people only had the apple, they made the brachah on the apple. Today, if one has both pomegranate and date, they should make the brachah on the date first. If not, he should make the brachah on the pomegranate.

There are poskim who justify the minhag of making haโ€™eitz on the apple and not the pomegranate, for the following reason: on the night of Rosh Hashanah, the apple is chaviv, since it reminds us of the zechus of Yitzchak and Yaakov, whereas the pomegranate does not have such importance on this night. The Rambam holds that a fruit that is chaviv takes precedence over a fruit from the shivas haminim. Even though the general psak does not follow this Rambam, if someone does say haโ€™eitz on this apple instead of the fruit of the shivas haminim, he has upon whom to rely.

This concept of the apple being chaviv was generally applicable in a case where a person had just an apple and a pomegranate. If, however, someone also has a date, then it is harder to accept that the apple is more chaviv than the date, which is mentioned in both the Gemara and the Shulchan Aruch. If one still wants to say haโ€™eitz on the apple specifically, then it is recommended to bring only the apple to the table and leave the pomegranate and date in the kitchen. Then, there is no problem with saying haโ€™eitz on the apple.

Once the person has said haโ€™eitz on the correct fruit, he can then proceed to eat the other fruit in whichever order he chooses, even if he has other fruit from the shivas haminim.

Reciting the Yehi Ratzon

We say a yehi ratzon upon eating each siman. There are different minhagim as to whether or not we should include the Shem Hashem. Some people say Shem Hashem only in the yehi ratzon for the apple in honey; others say Shem Hashem in the yehi ratzon for each siman. Either version is acceptable.

For the first fruit on which one makes a brachah, the correct procedure is to make a brachah, take a bite, say the yehi ratzon, and then take another bite. We do not say the yehi ratzon before we make the brachah because it is inappropriate to express our needs before giving praise to Hakadosh Baruch Hu.

There is no reason to eat a Shehecheyanu fruit on the first night of Rosh Hashanah. If one does have such a fruit, one should ideally have in mind not to include it in the Shehecheyanu recited during candle lighting and Kiddush. Rather, one should recite a separate Shehecheyahu on the fruit.

Foods to Eat and Not to Eat on Rosh Hashanah

The minhag is to eat sweet foods on Rosh Hashanah. The sefarim say that one should not eat sour foods. The Mishnah Berurah writes that one should not cook fish in vinegar. One should also not eat his fish with chrain or lemon. Many assume that this applies not only to sour foods, but also to sharp and spicy foods. Others say that those are permitted.

Some people have the minhag to avoid these foods only on the first night of Rosh Hashanah, but it seems that the Mishnah Berurah is referring to the entire Rosh Hashanah. One should avoid eating walnuts on Rosh Hashanah because the gematria of ืื’ื•ื– is the same as the gematria of ื—ื˜ื. One should avoid eating all types of nuts for another reason: because nuts cause one to have more phlegm, which can interfere with oneโ€™s ability to daven properly. It is permitted to eat a cake that contains ground nuts, since they are mixed in with the other ingredients, and therefore will not cause an increase in phlegm. Nevertheless, there are those who are machmir and do not do so. This minhag applies primarily to Rosh Hashanah, but there are some people who avoid eating nuts until Hoshana Rabbah.

The Mishnah Berurah goes on to write that if we do so much in order to have a siman tov at the beginning of the year, then all the more so we must avoid being angry on Rosh Hashanah, so that this should be a siman tov for the coming year as well.

Davening for Personal Needs on Rosh Hashanah

When the Anshei Knesses Hagedolah formulated the tefillos of Rosh Hashanah, their focus was on davening for kevod Shamayim and not for oneโ€™s personal needs. In fact, the early poskim discouraged the people of their times from asking for personal needs on Rosh Hashanah. However, the Alter of Kelm quoted R’ Yisrael Salanter, who said that this practice was suited for the high level of earlier generations. In our days, however, one must daven for his own needs. One who does so is showing that he really believes and understands that Rosh Hashanah is a Yom Hadin. Both Rav Dessler and the Chazon Ish said this as well, and this is our minhag.

Kiddush on Rosh Hashanah Morning

There are two minhagim regarding Kiddush on a regular Yom Tov morning. Some start with ื•ึทื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืžืฉืึถื” ืึถืช ืžึนืขึฒื“ึตื™ ื”’ and then continue with borei pri hagofen, while others start with ืึตืœึผึถื” ืžื•ึนืขึฒื“ึตื™ ื”’. Both are valid minhagim. Besides the different minhagim regarding Kiddush on a regular Yom Tov morning, there are three different minhagim for the nussach of Kiddush on Rosh Hashanah morning. The first opinion is that one should say whatever he says on a regular Yom Tov. The second opinion is that Kiddush on Rosh Hashanah consists of the passukืชึผึดืงึฐืขื•ึผ ื‘ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ ย followed by the brachah of borei pri hagofen and nothing else. The third opinion is to combine both โ€“ one should say whatever he says on a regular Yom Tov, followed byืชึผึดืงึฐืขื•ึผ ื‘ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ ย and then borei pri hagofen.

ืืžืจื• ืœืคื ื™ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช

Finkel, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Binyomin Shlita

ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื™”ื— ื‘ืืœื•ืœ

 

ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื™ ืจืื•ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื ื“ืื‘ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜”ื ืขื‘ื™ื“ื ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ืœื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.

ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืชื ื™’ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืคืกื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ, ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ “ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื.” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ. ื›”ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื—ืช, ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืจืง ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ, ืžืฆื™ืœ ื•ืžื•ืฉื™ืข. ื•ื›ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜- ืœืคืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื“ื ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืœ ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœืœื ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช. ืฉื”ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืคื˜.

ื”ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

ืขืฆืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื. ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืก”ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืขืฆืช ืคืจืขื”, ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืžืจื“ื• ื‘ื•. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืชื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ื›ืš ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืคื ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ืœืš ื›ื ื’ื“ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงืœื–) ืขื””ืค “ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ”, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ “ืฉื ื™ืฉื‘ื ื•”- ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื“ ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื ื•ื— ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš? ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืžืขื˜, ื™ื”ืจื”ืจื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืื– ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื•ืข”ื› ื”ืžืชื™ื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื ืœื‘ื‘ืœ, ืฉืฉื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”. ื–ื• ืขืฆืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ, ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.

ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื•, ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœืคืช ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื ื•. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘”ื•ื ืชื ื” ืชื•ืงืฃโ€, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘”ืืชื” ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ืœื”, “ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื™ื™ืืžืจ ืื™ื–ื• ืœื—ืจื‘ ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื, ืื™ื–ื• ืœืจืขื‘ ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ืข… ื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื™ืคืงื“ื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื•ื•ืช… ืžื™ ืœื ื ืคืงื“ ื›ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”… ื›ื™ ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ืš ื‘ื ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืฉ ื•ืคืงื•ื“ืชื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ืžืขืœืœื™ ืื™ืฉ”, ื•ืื—”ื› “ืืฉืจื™ ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื›ื—ืš ื•ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ืชืืžืฅ ื‘ืš”. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืจืขื” ื•ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื• ืฉืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื’ืข, ื™ืฉ ืฉืจืขื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื—ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื“ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืข. ื›ืžื” ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื”’ ื™ืจื—ื, ื›ืžื” ืฉืืจ ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืจื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื ื—ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ื””ื›. [ืืžื ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื””ื› ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืข”ื™ ื›ื— ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•’.] ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ื ื• ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜. ื›ืชื•ื‘ “ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืื“ื ืจื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืœื””, ื–ื• ื”ืฆืœื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื”ื™’ ื”ื›ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

 

ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ื›ืžื” ื—ืกื“ ื•ืจื—ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื ื• ื”ืฉื ื”. ื›ืžื” ื—ืชื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืขื•, ื›ืžื” ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื–ืฉ”ืง ื ืคืงื“ื•… ื›ืžื” ื—ืกื“ ื•ืจื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืจื‘ืฉ”ืข ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืื‘ ื”ืจื—ืžืŸ, ื›ืœ ืžื” ื“ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืจื—ืžื ื ืœื˜ื‘ ืขื‘ื™ื“.

ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ืขื” โ€“ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ

ื•ื”ื› ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื—ื“, ื‘ื”ื›ื ืขื” ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืคื—ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืจืชื™: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ื™ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืจ”ื” ื˜ื–. ื”ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืจืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืžืชืขืฉืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ “ืžืจืฉื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ืช ืฉื ื””, ื›ืชื™ื‘ ‘ืจืฉื™ืช’ ื—ืกืจ ื’. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื›ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืจ”ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ “ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืฉ”, ื›ืฉื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื ืขื” ื•ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืžืชืขืฉืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื”. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืข”ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ื™ื—ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”. ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ืจ”ื” (ืœื‘:) “ืืžืจื• ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ืจื‘ืฉ”ืข ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืจ”ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื””ื›, ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืžืœืš ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืกื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืกืคืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ ืžืชื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื””, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืข”ื– ื”ืž”ื‘ “ืืœื ื™ื”ื ื™ืจื ื•ื—ืจื“ ืžืื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื‘ื™ืื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช”, ื”ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ืขื” ืžื‘ื™ืื• ืœืงืจื‘ืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืงื•ื•ื”.

“ืžืžืš ืืœื™ืš ืื‘ืจื—”

ืฉืžื ื™ืืžืจ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ื—ื“ ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืข”ื– ื”ื’ืจื™”ื– ื–ื™ืข”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื”ืœื ืื ื™ืœืš ืื“ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื›ื ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืฉื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื• ื‘ื”’ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœื ื•. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื “ืžืžืš ืืœื™ืš ืื‘ืจื—”. ื›ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜, ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—, ื›ื™ ืื “ืืœื™ืš” ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื›ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉืื ื• ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ืฉ”ืข, ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื‘ื™ืื ื• ืœืจื—ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืขื™”ื– ืื ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื.

ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื”ืงื‘”ื”, ืื‘ ื”ืจื—ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ, ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืฉืช ืœื™ื‘ื•. [ื•ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจ”ื— ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื”, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœืœ ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.]

ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“’ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืงืœืœื•ืช, [ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ.] ืืš ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง “ื•ื™ืงืจื ืžืฉื” ืืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืืชื ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื”’ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•’ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืจืื• ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื”ื…”

ื•ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื ืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื›ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื• ืคื ื™ื”ื, ื—ืฉืฉื• ืื™ืš ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื–ื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ื•ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ืจื•ื—ื. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืœืœื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืืš ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ื›ื ืขื”. ืœืื—ืž”ื› ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืื™ื, “ืคืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ืื™ืฉ ืื• ืื™ืฉื” ืื• ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ืฉื‘ื˜ ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืคื•ื ื” ืžืขื ื”’ ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืžืขื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืœืืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืืœืš…”ย  ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›”ื– ืื ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื™. ื•ืข”ื– ื›ืชื•ื‘ “ื•ืจื‘ืฆื” ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืืœื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื””, ืจื—”ืœ. ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื ืขื”, ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ื•ืกื™ื- ื•ื›ืž”ืฉ “ืชื ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืš ืœื™”, ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื—ื“ ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื›ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ ืื—ื“.

ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื•, ื›ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื”ื•ืœื” ื‘ืคื—ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืขื™ืœื”: “ืืžื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื—ื™ ืื ื™ ื ืื•ื ื”’ ืœื ืื—ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืช ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื—ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืžื” ืชืžื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื•ื—ื™ื•”, ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžืชื—ื ืŸ ืืœื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ื•. ื›ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืš.

“ื ื—ืคืฉื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื• ื•ื ื—ืงื•ืจื” ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื“ ื”'” ืขื™”ื– ืฉื ื›ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืจ”ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื. ื•ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื ื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ื – ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช

ืื™ืชื ื‘ืจ”ื” (ื˜ื–.) “ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืžืจื• ืœืคื ื™ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืžืœื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื›ื ืœืคื ื™ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื‘ืžื”, ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ.” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืžืœื™ื›ื•. ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘’ืืžืจื• ืœืคื ื™ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช’- ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” “ื•ื™ื—ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื• ืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ื””, ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื• ืืžืจ ืจ”ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืงืจื—ื” ืœืžื” ืงื“ืžื” ืฉืžืข ืœื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืื—”ื› ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืย  ืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ื•ื”ื› ืžื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืจ”ื”?

ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” โ€“ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”

ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืขืฉื™ืš. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืจ”ื ืฉื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจ”ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื ื‘ืจื, ืืš ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจ”ื”, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื”ืจ”ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื‘ “ืชื›ืชื•ื‘ ื–ืืช ืœื“ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขื ื ื‘ืจื ื™ื”ืœืœ ื™-ื””. ืžื™ื”ื• ‘ืขื ื ื‘ืจื’? ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜: ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืืžืจื• ืืœื• ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจ”ื” ื›ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื™”ื– ื”ื ‘ืขื ื ื‘ืจื’, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื- ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืจ”ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืž”ืž ื™ืฉ ืจืžื– ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจ”ื” (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื), ืืžืจ ืจ’ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ืงืฆืจืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ืชื ืืฉื” ืขื•ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืจ”ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื ืขื•ืœื”, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื ืœืคื ื™ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืืชื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืื ื™ ืขืœื™ื›ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืฉื™ืชื ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœืคื ื™ื™, ื•ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ: “ื ืขืฉื™ืชื ืœืคื ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื””. ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืข”ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื•ืื™ื•.

ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” “ืื“ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ืžืœืš ื‘ื˜ืจื ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจ ื ื‘ืจื ืœืขืช ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ืคืฆื• ื›ืœ ืื–ื™ ืžืœืš ืฉืžื• ื ืงืจื”. ‘ืืฉืจ ืžึธืœึธืš’ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ – ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™”ืช ืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืืœื ืฉืฉื ‘ืžืœืš’ ื–ื” ืจืง ืœืขืช ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ืคืฆื• ื›ืœ, ืจืง ื”ืขื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืš. ื›ืฉืื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื, ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช- ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™”ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื›ืชืจื”, ืืชื” ืžืœื›ื™ื ื• ื•ืื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš. ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืœื›ื ื• ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”.

ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืงื‘”ื”

ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžืขื˜, ืžื”ื• ืžืœืš ื•ืžื”ื• ืขื‘ื“? ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจ”ื— ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืฆื‘. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืข”ื› ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืคืขืžื™ื ืื“ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืจื•ื—ืง, ืžืœื ื—ื˜ืื™ื… ืื ื™ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“, ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืขื‘ื“ ‘ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ืš ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ืš’? ื•ื”ืœื ืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื! ื™ืœืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืื—”ื› ื™ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืืš ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืขืชื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืžืœื›ื”.

ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืขืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื, ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื “ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื˜ืื• ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื”, ื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ืืช? ืืœื ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืขืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ ื”’, ื•ืืคื™’ ืฉืื—”ื› ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื–ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช- ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ืคื™ืœื” ืจืง ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื•. ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื ื™ืชืขืœื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ. ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื•, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง! ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช! ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”! ืขื“ ืฉืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคืฉื˜ “ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช“.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ืงื‘ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื, ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™. ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”? ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืจื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื•, ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืž”ื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื “ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื™ื ื• ื—ื˜ืื ื• ืœืคื ื™ืš”?

ืืœื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจ”ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื›ื ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช, ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื›ืฉืืžืจ “ื”ืžืœืš” ื‘ื›ื”. ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื”ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื™, ื›ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื’ืž’ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื•. ื›ืฉื‘ื ืจื™ื‘”ื– ืœืืกืคืกื™ื ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืœืžื ืขืœืš ืžืœื›ื,ย  ื”ืœ ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘’ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื™ืชื”: ื”ืื—ื“-ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืœืš, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื™ ืžืœื›ื ืื ื ืขื“ ื”ืื™ื“ื ื ืืžืื™ ืœื ืืชื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ืื™. ื•ืข”ื› ื›ืฉืืžืจ “ื”ืžืœืš” ื—ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื• ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืื™ ืžืœื›ื ืื ืย  ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ื›ื ืขื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.

ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจื—”ื– ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ: ‘ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉืง’- ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ื›ืš ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืœืš.

ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืงืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ.

ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืฉืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื. ย ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™. ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœื™ืช ืœื™ื” ืžื’ืจืžื™’ ื›ืœื•ื. ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื’ื“ื•”ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืฆืœื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืชืคื™ืœื”. ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื—ืœ ื”ื™ืืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•. ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืช”ื. ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“. ื•ืžืขืฉื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกืคืจ. ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืข ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืื•ืช ื•ืœืคืœื ืืฆื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืžื ื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื—ืกืš ืžืื•ื ื• ื•ื”ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืฉื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืœืขืช ืขืจื‘. ื•ื›ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื˜ืจืช ื‘ื•ืื• , ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื”ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ื•ืขื’ืžืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉื ื’ืจืžื”. ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืข”ื› ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืœื– ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื ืื›ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืœืœื•ืŸ ืฉื.(ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื—ื‘, ืจืง ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื“ืขืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืžืขืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”). ื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื•, ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืขืจื™ื‘.[ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•].ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขื ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœื•. ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื”ืœืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื””ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืขืฆืจื• ื‘ืขื””ื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืฉื‘ืช. ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆ’ืง ื•ืจืฉื ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืœืจืžื•ื– ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ืขื ื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืœืชืช ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื•ืงืข ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืžืื“ ื•ื ื™ืคืชื— ืœื™ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื›”ื– ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื ืคืœ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื• ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื•, ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื›ื”ืจื’ืœื• ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœื• ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘.ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืขื‘ื“ ื ืืžืŸ ืœืงื•ื ื•. ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืขืฉื” ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ ืืœืฃ. ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืจ”ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืข”ืขย  ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื•.

ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช โ€“ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืžืœื›ื”

ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืจ”ื” ื›ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื‘ ื”ื‘. ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื”ื’ืจื™”ืก ื–ื™ืข”ื ืฉืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืจ”ื” ืจืง ื‘ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ืกืจ ืœื• ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉ. ื•ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืจ”ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ืจื• ื‘ืจ”ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืžื–ื”. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”’. ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื”ื—ื–ื•”ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ.(ื•ื›ืœื””ืง ืืคื™’ ืขืœ ืœื—ื ื•ื‘ืฆืœ…) [ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื‘’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.] ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ื•ื””ืง ื”ื ”ืœ,

ืืš ื™ืฉ ืขืฆื” ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœ. ืฉืื ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืœืžืœื›ื• ืœื ืืขืฉื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•’ ื›ื•”ื›. ื”ืœื–ื” ื™ืงืจื ืขื‘ื“. ืืš ืื ื™ืืžืจ ืœืจื‘ื• ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืจืขื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ื•ืื ืชื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื“ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ืš ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–”ื ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื•. ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื ื™ืชืคืœืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืจ”ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืช ื•ื›ื•’ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ย  ื™ืช’ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืžืœื›ื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื—ืœื™ืœื” ืื ื‘ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™”ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื “ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืš ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขื ืš ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘’ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื• ืœืžืขื ืš ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื’, ืœืžืขื ืš, ื•ืœื ืœืžืขื ื™ื ื•. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื™ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขื ืš ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ืš ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉื ืชืขืจื‘ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืข”ื– ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื “ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืขืคืจ ืื ื—ื ื•” ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื—ืœืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื›ื ืก ืœืจ”ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืจืฆื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš.

“ื™ื•ื ืชืจื•ืขื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื”

ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ. ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืž”ืข ืฉืœ ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ. ืืš ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืข”ืค ืฉืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืจืžื– ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืจื• ืขื•ืจื• ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžืฉื ืชื›ื ื•ื”ืงื™ืฆื• ืžืชืจื“ืžืชื›ื ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืจืื›ื ื•ื—ื™ื–ืจื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•’. ื›ื“ืื™ ืžืื“ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ. ื•ืื ืื“ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืœืœ ืžื“’ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”’. ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืžื‘”ื. ืฉื–ื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”’ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื•ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื ื™’ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืจื‘ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ ืœืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ ื•ื›ื•’

ื•ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ืจ”ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื— ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื’ื ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ื”ืžืœื›ื”. ื•ื›ืฉ”ื› ื‘ืจ”ืก ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉืžืžืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืœืš ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื”ืžืœื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืื—”ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช. ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืจื™”ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืข ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจ”ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืงื‘”ื”. ืฉืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืœื›ื ื• ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื‘ืกื””ืž ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื• ืœืžืœืš ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืงื‘ืœื• ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืื—”ื› ืื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื›ื ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช. [ ื•ืงื‘ื””ืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื””ื›. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจ”ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืœื” ืžื—ืžืช ื”ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื›ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื.] ื”ื›ืœ ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ “ื™ื•ื ืชืจื•ืขื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื”. ื•ืข”ื– ื ื’ “ืืฉืจื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ืชืจื•ืขื”” ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืื ื‘ืชืจื•ืขื”. ื•ืœื–ื” ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข ืœื”ื™ื“ืžื•ืช [ืœืคืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื.] ื•ืžื”ื• ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื ืงื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืคื™ืชื•ื™.

ื•ืข”ื› ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—”ื› “ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืฉื•ืžืข ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืขื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืš . ื‘ืื™’ ืฉื•ืžืข ืงื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืขืช ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘”ืืจืฉืช ืฉืคืชื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื•ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืงื•ืœ ืชืงื™ืขื•ืชื™ื ื•”. ื•ืžื”ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืื–ื ื” ื•ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”, ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืœื‘ ื›ืื•”ื ื›ืžื” ืœื‘ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ “ืฉื•ืžืข ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ” “ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืš” ืจืง ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืœื‘, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืœื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ย [ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืจื™ืขื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉื•ืคืจ. ืฉื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœื‘. ื”ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืงื‘”ื”.]

ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืื‘ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜”ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื ืžืขืœื™ื, ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ื™ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ื ื• “ืืฉืจื™ื›ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืœื ืฆื— ื ืฆื—ื™ื”.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื: ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ืฆื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ื—ืฆื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ืฆื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ื—ืฆื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื›ื•’, ืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’ ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ืฆื“ื™ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื’ ื–ื” ืฉืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœื• (ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’,ื“).

ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ‘ืฆื“ื™ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื’, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืงื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื›ืจื™ืขื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช.

ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื›ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื” ืฉืจื•ืื” ื”ืื“ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืฆื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื—ืฆื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™, ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”. ื›ืžื” ื”ื› ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื—ื˜ื™ืื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืขื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.

ื•ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืจื™ืฉ ืคืื”) ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื” ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืืžืจ “ืื ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ื—ืงื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ืœื ืฉืžืชื™”, ื•”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœื”.

ืืขืค”ื› ืืžืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ “ืืฉืžืจื” ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืกื•ื” (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืœื˜,ื•)- ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ื ืœืคื”, ืืœื ืืฉืžืจื” ืฉืชื™ืงื•ืชื ืฉืœื ืืชืขืกืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉื•ื—”ื˜ ืฉื). ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื.

ืœืžื“ื™ื ืื ื• ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืคื’ื ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื. ื•ื”ื› ื–ื”ื• ืคืฉื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืž’ (ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื˜:) ื•ื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื, ื‘ื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืžืจืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืชืจืค”ื’.

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