BereishisVayigash

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Eliezer Yehuda ztโ€l

“ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉ”ืก!”
ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ืกื™ืคืจ ืคืขื ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืžืžื ื• ืœืžื“ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื”.

ื›ืš ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืกืคืจ “ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜” ืœื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื˜ื ืจ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืฉื™ืฉื•ืง:

ื”ื’ืจืืดื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ืกื™ืคืจ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืžื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืจืื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ [ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื˜ื ืจ] ื‘ืื™ื™ืฉื™ืฉื•ืง (ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืจืื“ื™ืŸ) ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื˜ื ืจ ืžืฆืื•ื”ื• ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ืžืจื, ืขื ื” ืœื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื• ืžื”ืกืคืจ.

ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื•ืžื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืขื ื” ื•ืืžืจ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืดืก. ื‘ืฉืžืขื• ืฉื”ืื•ืจื— ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืดืก, ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื˜ื ืจ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจื— ื•ืฉืืœ: ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื? ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”, ืขื ื” ื•ืืžืจ: ืื ื›ืŸ โ€” ืžืื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื, ืื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืดืก!

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Shmulevitz, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim ztโ€l

ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ
ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ืช ื‘ืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื:

“ื ืงืจืืชื™ ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื—ืื™. ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช, ืžืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื 350 ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื…?! ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื•, ืžื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื•ืœืฉืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื! ืคื—ื“ ืžื•ื•ืช ื ืคืœ ืขืœื™ ื›ืฉืขืœื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื.

ื‘ืœื›ืชื™ ื”ืชืคืœืœืชื™ ื›ืš: ืจื‘ืฉ”ืข, ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื™ ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื—ื™ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ, ื›ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžื•ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ, ื•ื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:

ื. ืจื‘ืฉ”ืข, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื–ื›ื” ืœืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื ืคื”, ืฉืชืคื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื‘. ืจื‘ืฉ”ืข, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืš ืฉืื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื™ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.

ื’. ืจื‘ืฉ”ืข, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืš ืฉืื–ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.

ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืชืคืœืœืชื™… ืืช ื–ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ืฉืขืœื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื. ืื ืžื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฆื ืืœื ืคื—ื“ ืžื•ื•ืช… ืขืœ ืคื—ื“ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ.

ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ… ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืžืฉื…

ืฉืชื™ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื›ื‘ืจ, ืžืขื•ืœ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืื ื™ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื ื™ืฉืืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื… ื’ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืข”ื”…

ืžืชื•ืš ‘ืžื— ื•ืœื‘’

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ื•ื™ื’ืฉ

ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืงื ื•

ืจืฉ”ื™ ืค’ ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื–ื‘ื— ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืœืืœืงื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืงื ื•, ื•ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื‘”ืจ ืฆ”ื“ ื”’ ืœืจ’ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ. ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืขื›”ืค ื“ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืงื ื• ื•ื›”ื› ืจืž”ื ืจ”ืž ื›”ื“.

ื•ืข’ ืคืจื“ืก”ื™ ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ืฉื ืืจื™ื” ืื•”ื— ื’ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื“ื ื™ืžื ืืชื” ื•ืื‘ื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื›”ื› ืจืข”ื ืกื™’ ืก”ื— ื‘ืฉื ืœื•ื™ืช ื—ืŸ ื“ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื‘ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืชื” ื•ืื‘ื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, (ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” ืงืข”ื— ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœืฉืชืŸ, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืืคื•ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืชื ืœืžื” ืœื™), ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืž”ื.

 

ื•ืข’ ืžื›ื•ืช ื™”ื‘ ื•ื’ื”ืฉ”ืก ืฉื. ื•ืœื›ื’ ื™ื•ืฆื ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื”ืจืฆ”ื— ื‘ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื.

ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืœืคื™ ืจืข”ื ื“ืจืง ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืงื ื•.

(ื•ืข’ ืจืฉ”ื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ืž”ื˜ ื“ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืงื ื• ืื”ื› ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉ ืœืคื™ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื”ื ”ืœ ื“ืื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•).

 

ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืžืกืขื™ ืชืฉืค”ื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืื‘ื™ืš, ื•ื‘ื–ื™ืช ืจืขื ืŸ ืฉื ืื•ืช ื™”ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื“ื‘ื’ืž’ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืงืื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื–ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื•. ื•ืข’ ื–ื™ืช ืจืขื ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ืื•ืœื™ ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืŸ ืืช ืœืจื‘ื•ืช. ื•ืขื›”ืค ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื” ืžื””ืช.

ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืงื ื• ืข’ ืฉื“”ื— ื›’ ืงื›”ื ื“ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื–ื”ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื ”ืž ื‘ืžืช ืื‘ื™ื•. ื•ืข’ ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉ”ืก ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœ”ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•, ื•ืข’ ืฉ”ืš ืจืž”ื‘ ืž’.

ื•ืข’ ื‘”ื— ืจ”ืž ื›”ื“ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืงื ื•, ื•ืจืื™ื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘, ื›”ื— ื™”ื’, ืืœืงื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ืš, ื•ืข”ืฉ ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื”ืจื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ื’’ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื–ืงื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื ื›ืจืขื ื“ืื‘ื•ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ื’ื ื‘ื ื›ื“. ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ื’ื ื–ืงื ื• ืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืื•ืœื™ ืœืคื™”ื– ื”ืฉ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž”ื ื•ืจืฉ”ื™ ื“ืื‘ื™ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื–ืงื ื•, ื›ื™ ื–ืงื ื• ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืฃ.

ื•ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจ”ื ื ืงื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืž”ื ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืง’ ืžืกื•ื˜ื” ืž”ื˜ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ ืืžื•, ื•ืชื™’ ืขืค”ื™ ื‘”ืจ ืฆ”ื“ ื•’ ื“ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ื. ื•ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื. (ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื›ื’ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืงืจื ื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจ ืื‘ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืงืจื ืื—ืจ ืื‘ื™ ืืžื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืกื ื“ืงืื•ืช). (ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘”ืจ ื”ื ”ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืก”ื‘ ืข”ื‘ ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ, ื•ืข”ืฉ ื“ืงืื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช).

(ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ื’ืจ”ื ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช, ืœื›ื’ ืขื•ื™”ืœ ื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืœื•ื™ืช ื—ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืืชื” ื•ืื‘ื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืงื ืš, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช ืื ื ื™ืžื ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืœื’ืžืจื™).

(ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช, ืข’ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื”ื’ืจ”ื. ื•ืข’ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื“ื””ื™ ื’ ื™”ื˜ ื™”ื ื“ื ืงืจื ืื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืงื ื•, ื•ืž”ืž ื‘ืก’ ื“ื””ื™ ื ืงืจื ืื‘ืฉื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื•ืชื• ืœื•. ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืขื›”ืค ื“ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช ื ืจื’ืฉ ื›ื‘ืŸ ืžืžืฉ).

ื•ืข’ ืฉื“”ื— ื‘ืคืื””ืฉ ื‘’ ื™”ื— ื‘ืฉื ืจ’ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืค’ ื•ื™ืฆื ืขื””ืค ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืจ”ื— ืฉื›ื–ื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ืก”ื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื ื™ื“ืข, ื•ืงืื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ืช.

(ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื” ื“ืžื—ืœืง ื”ื’ืจ”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“’ ืข”ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื”, ื“ื–ืจืข ื–ืจืขื” ื”ืฆ ืงืจื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ื).

ื•ืข’ ืืจื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืชื ื ื“ื‘”ื ืคื˜”ื– ื“ื ื— ื ืงืจื ืฆื“ื™ืง ื›ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืื‘ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืฉื”ื› ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื•.

ื•ืข’ ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจ”ื ืœ”ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื ืฉื” ื›ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื™.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืคื’ื ื‘ื—ื˜ืื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื

Levovitz, Moreinu Hagaon Harav Nachman Shlita

ื”ื ื” ืงืจืื ื• ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืœื™ื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•’ ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืฉ”ื› ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™”ื‘, ื•’) ื•ื–”ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ื›ืœืœ ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื•ื”ื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืืžืจื• (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื˜’) ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืจืข ืœืื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืืจื™ื›ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื•ื—ืคื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืขืœืช, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืงืจื ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื’ื–ืจ ืœื–ืจืขื•.

ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ืจื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื”ืื™ ื™ื•ืžื. ื•ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœื—. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืž’ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื™ื™”ืฉ. ื•ืžืขืชื” ื–ื”ื• ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื• – ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘. ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืš, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืื“ื.

ืืžื ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•’, ื•’) ืขื””ืค “ื•ื™ื ื—ื ื”’ ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื™ืชืขืฆื‘ ืืœ ืœื‘ื•” ืคื™ืจืฉ ื•ื™ื ื—ื ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืžื™ื“ืช ืจื—ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื™ืชืขืฆื‘ ืืœ ืœื‘ื• ื ืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื•. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื› ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ืœื ืžื™ืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื•ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื˜ืื™ื• ืžืงืœืงืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืจื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ืืœื ืฉื ื— ืžืฆื ื—ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื—. ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื’, ื›”ื˜) ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืจืง ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืจ ืœืื›ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœื”ืžื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื ื ื— ืื–ื™ ื”ื•ืชืจ ืื›ื™ืœืชื ืœืื“ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื ื— ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ ืžืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžื—ืžืช ื ื— ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืชื™’ (ืฉื) ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ืขืฉื‘ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฅ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ืคืจื™ ืขืฅ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช.

ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืคื’ืžื• ื•ืงืœืงืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืžื ื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื—, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื.

ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ืฉื™”ืช ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ืš ืฉืคื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื–ืš ื•ื ืงื™ ื›ืžืงื•ื“ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืชื•.

ื•ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืขื””ืค ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ืจืข ื•ืงืฆื™ืจ ื•ืงื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื ื•ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืชื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—’, ื›”ื‘) ื•ื–”ืœ ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืชื• ืžืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ืœืš ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ืœ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืžืงื• ืžืฉื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืงื• ืžืฉื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื– ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืข”ื— ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื”ื, ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ืชืงืŸ ื”ื-ืœ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ืงืœืงื•ืœ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืœ, ื›ืืžืจื• ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืก”ื• ื›”ื‘) ื›ื™ ืื– ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืืœ ื”ืงื• ืžืฉื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืื–, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืข”ื— ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ, ืขื™”ืฉ.

ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืขืœื” ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื’ืจืžื• ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืœืงืœืงื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืืžื ื ืฉื ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื— ืฉืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”’ ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืงื™ืœืงื•ืœื•.

ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ื•ืขื ื™ื ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ืฉื™”ืช ื•ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” “ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื.

ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื (ืคืจืง ื’) ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ืืžื ื ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืื“ื ื ืžืฉืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžื‘ื•ืจืื• ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœ ื•ืžืงืœืงืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืžื•. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื• ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื•ืจืื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืœื” ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืขืœื” ืขืžื•. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื™ืช’, ืขื™”ืฉ.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” (ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื•) ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื•ื–”ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืชื“ืžื” ืœืงื•ื ื• ื•ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฆืœื ื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืœื• ื™ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืœื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื–ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื›ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฆืœื ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ืžื” ืœืงื•ื ื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืชื“ืžื” ืืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืชืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™”ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’, ืขื™ื™”ืฉ.

ื•ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘”ื”. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื–ืš ื•ื ืงื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ื ื•ื—ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืงืœืงืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื•ื ืœื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื•ืœื™ ื ื— ืฉืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”’, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืข”ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืฉื™ื”ื ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ื•ืžืฉื•ืœื, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื—ื˜ื ืœืงืœืงืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืขื””ืค ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืฉื›ื‘ืชื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื—ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื•, ื™) ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืืžืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืข ื•ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ืžืœืื•ืช ืื“ื ืœื ืชื‘ืื ื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื™ืงื•. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืงื•ื“ื ื—ื˜ืื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื” ื•ืจืžืฉ ืžืžื™ืช ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื’.) ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ื“ ืžืžื™ืช ืืœื ื—ื˜ื ืžืžื™ืช ื•ื›ื•’, ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช, ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื˜ืื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื”ื ื’ื ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื•, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ืจืคื ื”ืื“ื ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืขืฉื‘ ืœืื›ืœื” ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื›ืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืจืง ืขืฉื‘ ืœืื›ืœื” ื•ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืข ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ื ืœืขื“ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืชืฉื‘ืช ืจืขืช ืžื ื”ื’ื ื•ื™ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื, ืขื™”ืฉ.

ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืข”ื“ ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื›ืœื• ืจืง ืขืฉื‘ ื”ืฉื“ื”, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื—ื˜ืื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ืชืงืœืงืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื.

ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืฉืจืช ื•ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืื– ื ืžืฆื ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื™ืช’ ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืื“ื ืžืงืœืงืœ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื ืœื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ. ื•ื”ื› ื‘ื›ื— ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื• ื—”ื• ืœืงืœืงืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื‘ื—ื˜ืื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ื–ื™ืขืช ืืคืš ืชืื›ืœ ืœื—ื, ืื™”ื– ืขื•ื ืฉ ืืœื ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืœื ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืื“ื ืคืจื ืกืชื•. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื•ื’ื•’, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉืื ืื ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืคื’ื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ื—ื˜ื, ืื™”ื– ืฉื›ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ื ืงื™ ื•ืžื–ื•ื›ืš ืื–ื™ ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื—ื˜ื, ื•ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืคืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื ื—ืชื ื“ื™ื ื ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื–ืœ, ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื•ืข”ื– ื ืื‘ื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื•ืœื™ ืฉื ื— ืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”’. ื•ื”ื› ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืคื’ื.

ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื’ืจ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืชืขื ื” ืฉืจื™ ื•ืชื‘ืจื— ืžืคื ื™ื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜”ื– ื•’) ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืฉืฉืจื” ืขื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื’ืจ ื—”ื•, ืืœื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื ื–ืงืงืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื•ืืขืค”ื› ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืคื™ ื’ื“ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืขื™ื“ ื•ืชืขื ื” ืฉืจื™. ื•ื‘ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื–”ืœ ื—ื˜ืื” ืืžื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื’ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื•ืฉืžืข ื”’ ืืœ ืขื ื™ื” ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื ืคืจื ืื“ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ื–ืจืข ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืขื™ื ื•ื™, ืขื›”ืœ.

ื”ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืฉืืข”ืค ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืจื” ืขืฉืชื” ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ื› ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื’ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื” ืืžื ื• ื•ืชืขื ื” ืฉืจื™. ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื— ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืื•ืชื• ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ.

ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ืชื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื–ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื“ื›ืชื™’ “ื›ืœ ืืœืžื ื” ื•ื™ืชื•ื ืœื ืชืขื ื•ืŸ” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›”ื‘, ื›”ื) ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืืœื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื’ื•’. ื•ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืฉื (ืื•ืช ืง”ืค) ืื™ืชื ืฉืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืืžืจ ืœืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ื ื”ืจื’, ืืžืจ ืœื• ืžื™ืžื™ืš ื‘ื ืื“ื ืืฆืœืš ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœืฉืืœื” ื•ืขื›ื‘ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉืชื”ื ืฉื•ืชื” ื›ื•ืกืš ื•ื ื•ืขืœ ืกื ื“ืœืš ืื• ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ื˜ืœื™ืชืš, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืžืจื” ืื ืขื ื” ืชืขื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืขื˜, ื”ืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื ื™ื—ืžืชื ื™ ืจื‘ื™, ืข”ื›.

ื ืžืฆื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆืขืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื”ื• ืœื–ื•ืœืชื•. ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื• ื—”ื• ืœืงืœืงื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ.

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Friedman, Harav Hagaon Moshe Ahron Shlita

Only on the Tenth of the Tenth

Parashas Vayigash/Asarah bโ€™Teves

Harav Hagaon Moshe Aharon Friedman shlita

The passuk in Zechariah (8:19) says:ืฆื•ึนื ื”ึธืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื•ึฐืฆื•ึนื ื”ึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ืฉืึดื™ ื•ึฐืฆื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ื•ึฐืฆื•ึนื ื”ึธืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ืจึดื™ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืœึฐืฉื‚ึธืฉื‚ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผืœึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื•ึผืœึฐืžึนืขึฒื“ึดื™ื ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึธืœื•ึนื ืึฑื”ึธื‘ื•ึผ. The fasts referred to here are Shivah Asar bโ€™Tammuz (the fast of the fourth month), Tisha b’Av (the fast of the fifth month), Tzom Gedaliah (the fast of the seventh month), and the fast of the tenth month. This is the source, midivrei kabbalah, for these four fasts. At the time when the Beis Hamikdash stood these were days of sasson vโ€™simchah, but now these are days of fasting.

The fast of the tenth month, Teves, is the subject of a discussion and a machlokes in the Gemara. The Shulchan Aruch (580) actually states that there are four days of fasting in Teves: the fifth, eighth, ninth and tenth days of that month. The eighth day of Teves is the day when Talmai Hamelech decreed that the Torah be translated to Greek, which brought three days of darkness into the world โ€” the eighth, ninth, and tenth days of Teves. The ninth day of Teves, the Tur and Shulchan Aruch say, we donโ€™t know what the fast is about.

The Magen Avraham and Taz are puzzled by this, as they note that the Selichos state explicitly that Ezra Hasofer passed away on the ninth of Teves. Yet the explanation is simple: The Ashkenazi Selichos state that Ezra Hasofer passed away on the ninth of Teves, but the Sefardi Selichos say that he passed away on the tenth of Teves. Therefore, the mechaber, leshitaso, says that we donโ€™t know why itโ€™s a fast day.

The tenth day of Teves was the day of the siege on Yerushalayim. Two years later, on the fifth of Teves, was the yom hashemuah โ€” the day when the news of the churban came. So these are the fasts that we have in Teves.

Of course, the main fast is on the tenth of Teves. The Tur and the Beis Yosef note that Asarah bโ€™Teves is the only fast day that we observe even on Friday, which is the case this year. The Avudraham states that even if Asarah bโ€™Teves would fall on Shabbos (which doesnโ€™t happen in our calendar), we would fast on Shabbos. Why is that?

There is actually another source for the fast of Asarah bโ€™Teves:ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจ ื”’ ืึตืœึทื™ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื” ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืึดื™ืขึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ืจึดื™ ื‘ึผึถืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึนืจ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืึธื“ึธื ื›ึผึฐืชึธื‘ ืœึฐืšึธ ืึถืช ืฉืึตื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืึถืช ืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืกึธืžึทืšึฐ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึธื‘ึถืœ ืึถืœ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื ื‘ึผึฐืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” (Yechezkel 24:1-2).

The Minchas Chinuch and others explain that the other fasts are a function of the month: Shivah Asar bโ€™Tammuz doesnโ€™t necessarily have to be on the seventeenth of Tammuz, the main thing is that it has to be in the fourth month. Similarly, Tishah b’Av doesnโ€™t have to be on the ninth day of Av; both Shivah Asar bโ€™Tammuz and Tishah b’Av can be postponed if they fall on Shabbos. Tzom Gedaliah is always postponed, as Gedaliah was assassinated on Rosh Hashanah, and the fast is observed on the third of Tishrei.

Asarah bโ€™Teves is different. While the passuk in Zechariah relates it to the tenth month, the passuk in Yechezkel designates the tenth day of the tenth month specifically and stresses, twice, that itโ€™s ื‘ึผึฐืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”]. But why must Asarah bโ€™Teves be on the tenth of Teves only?

Why This Specific Day?

The Chasam Sofer explains that there are 98 days from Rosh Hashanah until Asarah bโ€™Teves, corresponding to the 98 curses of the Tochachah. Therefore, it is a day of puraniyus.

He adds something fascinating: We know that the months of Kislev and Teves can be either both malei, both chaser, or one malei and one chaser. Depending on the year, then, the 98th day after Rosh Hashanah can fall on either the eighth, the ninth, or the tenth day of Teves. This, he says, is alluded to in the three mentions of ื‘ึผึฐืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” in the passuk in Yechezkel. If both months are chaser, then the 98th day after Rosh Hashanah is the tenth of Teves. If one is malei and one is chaser, then the 98th day is the ninth of Teves, and if both are malei then the 98th day is the eighth of Teves.

But thereโ€™s more to it than that. The Chasam Sofer notes that Yaakov Avinu passed away on Succos, on 15 Tishrei, and then there were 70 days of chanatah, which continued until 25 Kislev. That was followed by seven days of aveilus, and for the next six days his family traveled and buried him in Chevron. According to that calculation, Yaakov Avinu was buried on Asarah bโ€™Teves. Eisav, we know, was also killed on that same day, as Rivka Imeinu predicted: ืœึธืžึธื” ืึถืฉืึฐื›ึผึทืœ ื’ึผึทื ืฉืึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“.

Asarah bโ€™Teves marks the start of the siege, and represents the very beginning of the process of the galus. The sefarim teach that mechiras Yosef happened on Asarah bโ€™Teves as well. So the root of the entire process of galus, which began with Yosefโ€™s descent to Mitzrayim, begins on Asarah bโ€™Teves. Yet on the other hand, Asarah bโ€™Teves holds the seeds and the potential of the geulah. Therefore, the very day of Asarah bโ€™Teves โ€” ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื โ€” is significant, which explains why we would fast even if it would fall on Shabbos.

In this weekโ€™s parashah, Yosef cries when he sees Binyamin:ื•ึทื™ึผึดืคึผึนืœ ืขึทืœ ืฆึทื•ึผึฐืืจึตื™ ื‘ึดื ึฐื™ึธืžึดืŸ ืึธื—ึดื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึผึตื‘ึฐืšึผึฐ . We know that this happened on Shabbos, as the Gemara says that the fact that Yosef prepared the seudah for his brothers proves that Yosef kept Shabbos. Normally, a person is not supposed to cry on Shabbos, but Yosef was crying over the churbanos, especially since he understood that his being sold to Mitzrayim had happened because of sinas chinam, and the churban, too, would be a result of sinas chinam. Accordingly, we, too, would also cry on this day, and Asarah bโ€™Teves would be observed even on Shabbos if it fell on that day.

Many Rishonim disagree, however, and maintain that Asarah bโ€™Teves would not be observed on Shabbos. The Rambam, in Hilchos Taanis, says explicitly all four fasts, even Asarah bโ€™Teves, are postponed to the next day if they fall on Shabbos. Rashi (Megillah 5) is of the same opinion. The Ibn Ezra concurs, as is evident in a zemer he composed โ€” ื›ื™ ืืฉืžืจื” ืฉื‘ืช โ€” in which one of the verses is: ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื• ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื“ ืžื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ื•ื ื™. This expresses clearly that Yom Kippur is the only fast that is observed even on Shabbos โ€” not Asarah bโ€™Teves.

What we are discussing, however, is an explanation of the Avudrahamโ€™s opinion, recorded in the Beis Yosef.

The Ohr Somayach explains a Gemara (Eruvin 40) based on the Avudraham. The Gemara deliberates whether someone who accepted to fast a taanis yachid on a Friday is supposed to break his fast before Shabbos so as not to enter Shabbos hungry. The Ohr Somayach asks: Why does the Gemara pose this shailah only in regard to a taanis yachid and not in regard to a taanis tzibbur? He answers that since the only taanis tzibbur that falls on a Friday according to our luach is Asarah bโ€™Teves, and according to the Avudraham we would fast on Shabbos if it would fall on Shabbos, thereโ€™s no reason to say that we should break our fast before Shabbos.

Bโ€™ezer Hashem we should be zocheh that it should be transformed into ืœึฐืฉื‚ึธืฉื‚ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผืœึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื•ึผืœึฐืžึนืขึฒื“ึดื™ื ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึธืœื•ึนื ืึฑื”ึธื‘ื•ึผ.

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