BereishisToldos

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Aryeh Finkel, ztโ€l

ื•ื™ืขืชืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื”’ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืืฉืชื• ื›ื™ ืขืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ืขืชืจ ืœื• ื”’ ื•ืชื”ืจ ืจื‘ืงื” ืืฉืชื• (ื›ื”, ื›ื)
ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ”ื™: ื•ื™ืขืชืจ – ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ื™ืขืชืจ ืœื• – ื ืชืคืฆืจ ื•ื ืชืคื™ื™ืก ื•ื ืชืคืชื” ืœื•, ื•ื›ื•’.

ืืžืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ืชืคื™ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื ืชืคืฆืจ ื•ื ืชืคื™ื™ืก ืœื• ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืชืคื™ืœืชื•.

ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืื‘ืจื”ื (ืœืขื™ืœ ื›ื, ื™ื˜): ืดื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืงืจื ืœืš ื–ืจืขืด, ื•ื›ืŸ (ื›ื‘, ื™ื–): ืดื›ื™ ื‘ืจืš ืื‘ืจื›ืš ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืจื‘ื” ืืช ื–ืจืขืšืด, ื•ื›ืŸ (ืฉื): ืดื•ื™ืจืฉ ื–ืจืขืš ืืช ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืด, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื ื‘ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื, ื): ืดื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื – ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืจืืฉื™ืชืด, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ. ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืกืชื ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืจ, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืขื ื”, ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื‘ื” ื•ืžืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ื—ืดื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืžื‘ื•ืืจ, ืฉืœืœื ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืœื ื ืขื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื›ืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืกืจื” ืชืคื™ืœื” – ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ืกืชื ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”.

ื”ืจ ื™ืจืื”

ืžืืžืจ ื™ืดื

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Nosson Tzvi Finkel ztโ€l

ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”!
ืกื™ืคืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื™ ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืœื.

ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื ื•ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ, ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืจืื• ืื“ื ื—ื•ืชืš ืขืฆื™ื ืขื ื’ืจื–ืŸ. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืžืœืื›ืชื•.

ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ื”ืื“ื ืฉื—ื•ืชืš ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื˜ืœ. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืคืกืœื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืชืš ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœ.

ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืขืžืœ, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคื•ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื—ืฆืจ ืœืกืงืœ ื•ืœื ืงื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื… ย ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœ.

ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”!

ืขืฉื™ื• ื”ืจืฉืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืฉื“ื” ืœืฆื•ื“ ืฆื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื“ื ื”ื‘ื˜ืœืŸ, ื”ืขื™ื™ืฃ. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• (ืฉื, ื›ื˜): ืดื•ื™ื‘ื ืขืฉื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืฃืด, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืกื’, ื™ื‘): ืดืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื”ื™ืš ืžื” ื“ืดื (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื“, ืœื): ืดื›ื™ ืขื™ืคื” ื ืคืฉื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื™ืืด. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ืขืงื‘, ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขืžืœ.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช

ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”

ืขืฉื• ืืžืจ ื™ืงืจื‘ื• ื™ืžื™ ืื‘ืœ ืื‘ื™ ื•ืื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื—ื™. ื•ืข’ ืื•ื””ื— ื“ืง’ ืืžืื™ ืืžืจ ื™ืžื™ ืื‘ืœ, ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืžืช ื™ืขืงื‘. ื•ืชื™’ ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ ื“ืชื•ืœื” ื“ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืื‘ืœ ืื‘ื™ ื•ืื– ืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“, ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืžืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืจื™ื“, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืคืจืงืช ืขื•ืœื•.

ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืขืค”ื™ ืžื•”ืง ื˜”ื• ืข”ื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืคืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืช”ืช ืžืงืจื ื“ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ.

 

ื•ืข’ ืจืฉ”ื™ ืžื•”ืง ื›”ื ืข”ื ื“”ื” ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื–”ืœ ื•ื”ื ื“ืืžืจ ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคืœื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืžื ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ ืื™ืช ื‘ื”ื• ืฉืžื—ื” ืขื›”ืœ. ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื (ื“ืฃ ืง”ืค) ืขืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ”ืœ ืื™ืš ืืžืจื• ื“ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืช”ืช ื•ื”ืœื ืืžืจื• ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคืœื™ืŸ. ื•ืชื™’ ื”ืชื ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื“ืขืœืžื ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืช ื‘ื”ื• ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ื•ืžืฉื•”ื” ืืกื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื™”ืœ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžืงืจื™ ืง”ืฉ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•.

ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื›ื’ ืืžืื™ ืœื ืชื™ืจืฆื• ื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืช ืช”ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื, ื•ื“ื™ื™ืงื• ืžื–ื” ื“ืก”ืœ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืช”ืช ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืฉื ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.

ืืš ืœื›ื’ ืฆ”ื‘ ืืžืื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืช ืช”ืช, ื•ื“ื•ื—ืง ืœืคืจืฉ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจ’ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื› ื›ืœ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ืœืœ.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜ ืฉืžื—ื•ืช ื›”ื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ื˜’ ื‘ืื‘ ื•ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืื›ืŸ ืชื™ืงืฉื™ ืœื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ ื•ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื”.

 

 

ื•ืœื›ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ืช ืช”ืช ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืงืฉื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืž”ืข ื ืจืื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืก’ ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื™’ ื›”ื– ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื ื ืชื ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืœืžื“ืชื, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื”ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืฉื ื ืชื. (ื•ื”ืจื™ ืžืฉื›ื—ืช ืœื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืžื“ ืฉืืจ ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช, ื•ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜”ื‘, ื•ืข”ื› ืœื ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืงื•’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื).

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืœื ื‘ื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื””ื’ ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื”. ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืคื™ืจ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื•ืœืžื“ืชื, ืืฃ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ ืฉืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืฉื ื ืชื.

ื•ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืจื•ืžื™ื - "ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืคืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืœืœื•"

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Aaron Chodosh, ztโ€l

ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืž’ ื‘ืคืกื—ื™ื (ื’.) ืชื ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืจ’ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืกืคืจ ืื“ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืื•ืžืจ “ื•ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืจื•ืžื™ื”, ื•ืื•ืžืจ “ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืคืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืœืœื•” ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ืื™ืชื ืฉื: ื”ื ื”ื• ืชืจื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืชื‘ื™ ืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘, ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืฉื•ื™ืชื™ื ืŸ ื”ืื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืกื ืงืŸ ื•ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืฉื•ื™ืชื™ื ืŸ ื”ืื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ื›ื’ื“ื™ ืžืกื ืงืŸ, ื•ืœื ืื™ืฉืชืขื™ ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืื™ืš. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ืฉื: ื”ื ื”ื• ืชืจื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืชื‘ื™ ืงืžื™ื” ื“ื”ืœืœ ื•ื—ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื• ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ืืžืจื™ ืœื” ืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื•ื—ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื‘ื•ืฆืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื” ื•ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื‘ื•ืฆืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืืžืจ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืื ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื ื”ื• ืชืœืชื ื›ื”ื ื™ ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ ื•ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื™ ื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื™ ื›ื–ื ื‘ ื”ืœื˜ืื”, ื•ื‘ื“ืงื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื• ืฉืžืฅ ืคืกื•ืœ.

ืœืžื“ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื•.

ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–”ืœ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื™ (ื, ื‘) ืื•ืžืจ: “ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืชื›ื ืืžืจ ื“’, ื•ืืžืจืชื ื‘ืžื” ืื”ื‘ืชื ื• ื”ืœื ืื— ืขืฉื™ื• ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื ืื•ื ื”’ ื•ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืืช ืขืฉื™ื• ืฉื ืืชื™” ื•ื’ื•’.

ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื””ืค “ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืฆืฆื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื”” ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ”ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื“ืจืฉื•ื”ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื™ืฆื”. ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืขื‘ืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจืฅ ื•ืžืคืจื›ืก ืœืฆืืช, ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืขืฉื• ืžืคืจื›ืก ืœืฆืืช”, ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื•. ื•ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืื™ืชื: ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืฆืฆื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื”, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืคืจื›ืก ืœืฆืืช, ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื, ื”): ื‘ื˜ืจื ืืฆืจืš ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ืš, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื™ื• ืจืฅ ื•ืžืคืจื›ืก ืœืฆืืช, ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: ื–ื•ืจื• ืจืฉืขื™ื ืžืจื—ื (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื ื—, ื“).

“ื•ืชืœืš ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”” (ืฉื ื˜ื–) ื›ืš ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœืจื‘ืงื” ื™ื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื›ืจืก ื”ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœืžืœืืช ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื’ื”ื™ื ื•ื ืจืฉืขื™ื.

“ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื”ื ืขืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™: ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื. ื•ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืื™ืชื: ื›ืœ ืฉืœืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื””ืก, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž”ื“ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืชื™ ืข”ื–. “ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฆื™ื“ ืื™ืฉ ืฉื“ื” ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืื”ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™: ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฆื™ื“- ืœืฆื•ื“ ื•ืœืจืžื•ืช ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืชื- ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ื›ืœื‘ื‘ื• ื›ืŸ ืคื™ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืœืจืžื•ืช ืงืจื™ ืชื.

ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื–’ ืื™ืชื: ื›ืฉื”ื™’ ื‘ื ืขืฉื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื™’ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื‘ื™ื•, ืื‘ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžื”ื• ืฉืชื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ, ื•ื”ื™’ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืชืžื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืจืื” ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื•ื”ื™’ ืื•ืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“. ืœื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืžืŸ ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš, ืœื ื›ืš ืื™ืกื•ืจื•, ืœื ื›ืš ื”ืชื™ืจื•, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ื• ื‘ืคื™ื•, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื”ื‘ื•’ ื•ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฆื•ื•ื—ืช “ื›ื™ ื™ื—ื ืŸ ืงื•ืœื• ืืœ ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืชื•ืขื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื•”, ืขื›”ืœ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืงื˜ื– ืืžืจ ืจืฉื‘”ื’ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ืื‘ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืžืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื” ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขืฉื• ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•. ืื ื™ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ืื‘ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉืžืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื•: ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืฉื• ืืœื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ืืžืจ: ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื• ืืœื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื•ืข”ื› ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืœืขืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจื›ื•.

ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” (ืกื’, ื™ื’) “ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื›ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจืชืš ื•ื›ื•” ืžื” ืจืื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•’, ืืžืจ ื™ื”ื ืจืฉืข ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืชืŸ ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”.

ืฉื “ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืฉื•ืžืขืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืœ ืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื• ื•ื’ื•’, ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืืžืจื” ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื’ื•’, ื•ืขืชื” ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืข ื‘ืงื•ืœื™ ื•ื’ื•’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืžื•ืฉื ื™ ืื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžืชืขืชืข ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืขืœื™ ืงืœืœื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื””. ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื˜ื•: ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืœืงื— ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ื•ืืžื• ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœื™ ืœื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื‘ื™ืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืขืฉื™ื• ืจืฉืข”, ื‘ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžื• ื•ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื- ืื ื•ืก ื•ื›ืคื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื•ื›ื”.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื: ื•ื™ื‘ื ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจืช ืืœื™, ืงื•ื ื ื ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืื›ืœื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื™, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื” ื–ื” ืžื”ืจืช ืœืžืฆื, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืงืจื” ื“’ ืœืคื ื™- ืžื” ืื ืœืงืจื‘ื ืš ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืœืš ‘ื•ื™ืจื ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืœ’ืžย ืœืžืื›ืœืš – ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ื•’, ืื ืœื–ื•ื•ื’ืš ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืœืš, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ‘ื”ืงืจื” ื ื ืœืคื ื™’ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ‘ื•ื™ืฉื ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ืจื ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื’ ืœืžืื›ืœืš ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”. “ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืฉื” ื•ืืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื ืืชื” ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื•”, ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™: ืืžืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื™ื• ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืงืจื” ื“’, “ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ื•”, ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™: ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘- ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื ื ื, ื•ืขืฉื™ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงื ื˜ื•ืจ.

ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉื: ืงื•ื ื ื- ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘: ืืชื” ืืžืจืช:ย ืงื•ื ื ื ืฉื‘ื” โ€“ย ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื—ื™ื™ืš, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื ื™ ืคื•ืจืข ืœืšย ‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”’ ื•ื™ืคื•ืฆื• ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ืš’.ย  ื™ืฉ ื ืกืคื” ื‘ืœื ืžืฉืคื˜ –ย ื–ื” ืขืฉื™ื•,
ื”ืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœืขืฉื™ื•: ืืชื” ืืžืจืช ื™ืงื•ื ืื‘ื™ ืืฃ ืื ื™ ื‘ื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื ื™ ืคื•ืจืข ืœืš, ื™ืงื•ื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื™ืคื•ืฆื• ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื•.ย  ื•ื‘ืขืฅ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื‘ื™ื•.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืคื’. ื”ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘- ื”ื ืงื•ืœย ื“ืงืœย ื—ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ื™ื” ื“ืžื—ืœืฉื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชื™ืŸ, ื”ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืืœื ื‘ืงื•ืœื•. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉื: ืื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื”ื’ืจื“ื™, ื ืชื›ื ืกื• ื›ืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฆืœื• ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ืชืืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ื‘ืื•ืžื” ื–ื•? (ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ?) ืืžืจ ืœื”ื: ืœื›ื• ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืื ืžืฆืืชื ืฉื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืฆืคืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื, ืื™ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื. ื•ืื ืœืื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื. ืฉื›ืš ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื ‘ื”ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘’ – ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช – ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช”.ย  ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉื:ื”ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘- ย ื›ื—ืš ืงืฉื” ืžืฉืœ ืขืฉื• [ืขืฉื•] ืื ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื•ืื ื‘ืจื— ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ [ืœืขืฉื•ืช] ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื— ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ืœ ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืžืขืฆืžื•.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืงื˜: “ื”ื’ืžื™ืื™ื ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื ืžื›ื“ืš” ื’ืžื™ืื” ืื—ืช, ื”ื””ื“ “ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื•ื‘ืข ื ืคืฉื•” ื–ื” ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, “ื•ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืจืฉืขื™ื ืชื—ืกืจ” ื–ื” ืขืฉื™ื• ื”ืจืฉืข ืฉืืžืจ “ื”ืœืขื™ื˜ื ื™ ื ื”. ื•ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ “ื›ืกืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืœื‘ ืจืฉืขื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜”, ื•ืืžืจ ืจ”ื™ ืœื‘ ืจืฉืขื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜- ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื–ืงืง ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคืฅ ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ืจื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืœื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืจื’ืข ืงื˜ืŸ.

ื•ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืื ืขืฉื™ื• ‘ื–ื•ืจื• ืžืจื—ื’ ืžื” ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื•? ืืœื ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืฉืืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื•ื‘, “ื‘ืจืืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืช ืจืฉืขื™ื ืžื™ ืžืขื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš”, ืจืื” ืžื” ืขื ื• ืจืขื™ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืข”ื™ ืชื•ืจื” “ื‘ืจืืชื™ ื™ืฆื””ืจ ื‘ืจืืชื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืชื‘ืœื™ืŸ”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื“ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื™’ ืื™ืฉ ืฉื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™’ ืื™ืฉ ืฉื“ื”, ื•ืข”ื› ื™ืฆื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื. ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืชื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆืœืช ืžื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข. ื”’ ื™ื–ื›ื ื• ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื “ื”ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘”.

ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื””ืง ืขืจ”ื— ื›ืกืœื™ื• ืชืฉืข”ื•

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Harav Hagaon Yosef Elefant Shlita

Eisav Earns the Cholent Title

Parashas Toldos

Harav Hagaon Yosef Elefant shlita

 

In this weekโ€™s parashah we find the first encounter between Yaakov Avinu and Eisav, in which Yaakov sells Eisav the bechorah for what is essentially a bowl of cholent.

This happened on the day Avraham Avinu passed away โ€” the day when Eisav wasื™ื•ึนืฆึตื ืœึฐืชึทืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผืช ืจึธืขึธื” and transgressed all the cardinal sins. Yet we find no mention of these sins in the Torah; the Torah tells us only that: ื•ึทื™ึผึนืื›ึทืœ ื•ึทื™ึผึตืฉืึฐืชึผึฐ ื•ึทื™ึผึธืงึธื ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึทืšึฐ ื•ึทื™ึผึดื‘ึถื– ืขึตืฉื‚ึธื• ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืจึธื”. Obviously, the ื•ึทื™ึผึดื‘ึถื– ืขึตืฉื‚ึธื• ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืจึธื” marked a major turning point in Eisavโ€™s life, and characterizes who he is.

Indeed, as a result of Eisavโ€™s sale of the bechorah to Yaakov, he earned the name Edom for himself and his descendants, for all generations. It is puzzling, however, that the name given to Eisav refers specifically to the bowl of cholent that he ate, which was just a minor detail of the story. Why was an entire nation named after that? Apparently, this detail defines the essence of Eisav and the nation that came from him.

The Midrash records a discussion that Eisav and Yaakov had while in the womb. Yaakov said he wanted Olam Haba, and he offered Eisav Olam Hazeh. When Eisav inquired what the two worlds were about, Yaakov explained that Olam Hazeh is a place where people eat and drink and have families, while Olam Haba is purely ruchniyus. Immediately โ€” ืžึดื™ึผึธื“, says the Midrash โ€” Eisav denied techiyas hameisim and chose Olam Hazeh.

The Midrash goes on to describe that when Yaakov met up with Eisav after leaving Lavanโ€™s house, Eisav expressed surprise upon seeing that Yaakov had a large entourage of children and servants. โ€œDidnโ€™t we make up that youโ€™re taking Olam Haba and Iโ€™m taking Olam Hazeh?โ€ he asked. Immediately โ€” ืžึดื™ึผึธื“, the Midrash says โ€” Eisav offered to split the two worlds between themselves, suggesting that Yaakov take half of Olam Hazeh and half of Olam Haba.

This Midrash is puzzling on several accounts. Why does it use the word โ€œืžึดื™ึผึธื“โ€ to describe Eisavโ€™s decisions? And why did Eisav feel a need to deny techiyas hameisim โ€” and, by extension, Olam Haba โ€” when claiming Olam Hazeh as his world? Furthermore, if Eisav denied the existence of Olam Haba, how could he then go and offer Yaakov to split the two worlds?

 

An Ideology of Indulgence

The baalei mussar note that the passuk first says that Eisav got up and went โ€” ื•ึทื™ึผึธืงึธื ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึทืšึฐ โ€” and only then did he deride the bechorah. Eisav didnโ€™t really have an ideology; his ideology is custom-tailored to his taavos and his immediate needs. Eisav was hungry, and when he was hungry, he wasnโ€™t able to see anything else, so he sold his bechorah for a bowl of cholent. Once he finished eating and went out to the street, however, he saw that people were incredulous about the transaction he had just entered. โ€œAre you crazy?โ€ they asked him. โ€œYou sold your bechorah for a bowl of cholent?โ€

To protect himself, Eisav then built an ideology around his choice: ื•ึทื™ึผึดื‘ึถื– ืขึตืฉื‚ึธื• ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืจึธื”.

This explanation answers the famous question of how could Eisav deride the bechorah and claim that itโ€™s worthless, when before and after this incident he attributed value to it. Rashi, citing the Chazal, describes how Eisav negotiated with Yaakov over the bechorah prior to this incident, and later on, Eisav lets out a bitter wail and yells that Yaakov took away his bechorah. Did Eisav value the bechorah or not? The answer is that Eisav knew very well what the bechorah was, but since his ideology was tailored around his taavos of the moment, in a moment of weakness, he was able to exchange the bechorah for cholent. In order to save face, he then had to build a worldview around this decision, so he went and disparaged the bechorah.

This insight explains the emphasis on โ€œืžึดื™ึผึธื“.โ€ Does Eisav believe in Olam Haba? No, he believes in cholent. He has no ideology; his convictions are a reflection of whatever impulse he is experiencing at the moment, be it kinah, taavah, or kavod. Chazal are stressing here that Eisav has no long-term hashkafah, no emes. Rather, his sense of truth and right and wrong is completely a function of his desires. If at one moment it is in his interests to deny techiyas hameisim, he will do that โ€” immediately.

Eisav also had to deny the existence of Olam Haba in order to claim Olam Hazeh for himself, because he wasnโ€™t interested in taking Olam Hazeh with a guilt trip. In order for him to embrace Olam Hazeh, he had to convince himself that thereโ€™s no Olam Haba.

Later, when he decided that he was interested in Olam Haba, he did believe in it โ€” immediately.

The essence of Eisav is living in the desire of the moment. Indulging in a momentary desire is a halbeh tzarah. But when you custom-tailor your worldview, your hashkafah, your sense of right and wrong and emes and sheker around that desire, youโ€™re embracing an existence of sheker.

 

Standing for Nothingness

On the words ื•ึทื™ึผึดื‘ึถื– ืขึตืฉื‚ึธื• ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืจึธื”, the Ramban says:ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ื—ึตืคึถืฅ ื‘ึผึทื›ึผึฐืกึดื™ืœึดื™ื ืจึทืง ืฉืึถื™ึผึนืื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉืึฐืชึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ ื—ึถืคึฐืฆึธื ื‘ึผึฐืขึดืชึผึธื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธื—ื•ึผืฉืื•ึผ ืœึฐื™ื•ึนื ืžึธื—ึธืจ. People like Eisav seek only to eat and drink and indulge their desires right now. They donโ€™t think about tomorrow.

The name ืขึตืฉื‚ึธื•, Chazal note, is related to the word ืฉืึธื•ึฐื, which means nothingness. Yaakov Avinu is emes, while Eisav is the epitome of sheker, and the battle between them throughout the generations is a battle between emes and sheker. The Maharal uses this idea to explain the mitzvah of mechiyas Amalek. You canโ€™t wipe out something that has an existence, the Maharal explains. If thereโ€™s an obligation to wipe out Amalek, that means Amalek doesnโ€™t really exist โ€” it is has no reality.

Eisav is ืฉืึธื•ึฐื โ€” the absence of emes and reality. Heโ€™s not a person who does something wrong and then acknowledges that it was wrong, heโ€™s a person who does something wrong and then bends his hashkafos to support his actions. He canโ€™t say, โ€œI had a bad dayโ€ and move on. Instead, he says, โ€œEverything I do is rightโ€ โ€” and then he finds a reason why heโ€™s right. Thatโ€™s the ultimate sheker, because it means he has no sense of truth. His whole metzius is taavah and Olam Hazeh, with no objective ideology. The ideology goes after the cholent. And thatโ€™s why Eisav is called Edom. He traded in his Olam Haba for a bowl of cholent, a momentary desire, and that was his essence. If youโ€™ll ask what Eisav represents, what the ideology of the nation of Edom is, the answer is: cholent. Itโ€™s not a minor detail โ€” itโ€™s who he is.

The ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ืงึธืจึธื ืฉืึฐืžื•ึน ืึฑื“ื•ึนื wasnโ€™t because Eisav indulged a momentary taavah. That alone would not have justified naming a mighty nation โ€œCholent.โ€ The reason they called him โ€œCholentโ€ was because the bowl of cholent defined his priorities and worldview. Accordingly, ื•ึทื™ึผึดื‘ึถื– ืขึตืฉื‚ึธื• ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืจึธื” was the most critical thing that happened on the day that Eisav was ื™ื•ึนืฆึตื ืœึฐืชึทืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผืช ืจึธืขึธื”.

Today, we are in Galus Edom, a galus in which cholent has become more than a momentary taavah or a passing yetzer hara. Itโ€™s an ideology, around which right and wrong are custom-tailored. When a person crosses over from indulging a temporary weakness to creating an entire worldview out of it, thatโ€™s the world of Eisav and Edom. Often, you hear people talk, and itโ€™s clear that they donโ€™t even realize how theyโ€™re tailoring their hashkafah to their desires.

Yaakov Avinu, on the other hand, inhabits the world of emes. In the ohel of Torah, in the beis midrash, we not only stay away from sheker, we actually develop a sense of emes and right and wrong.

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