ืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื
Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Chaim Zev Finkel, ztโl
ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืชื ืื ืื
ืฉืืคืืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืชืชื ืื ืืื ืฉืขืจืื (ืื, ืื)
ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืขืฆืื, ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืขืฆืื, ืืืืืื ืืืงื”ื ืื ืื ืื, ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืืฉืคื ืืืืื ืื: “ืื ืื ืืืื ืชืฉืคืืื ืื ืื'” (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื, ื). ืืืจ ืจืื ืืื ืืจ ืื ืื ื: ืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืืชืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืจื, ืืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืงื”ื ืืืืื ืื: ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืขืฆืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืชื ืื ืื (ืชื ืืืื ืฉืืคืืื ื).
ืืืืจื ืื”ื ืืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืคืื ืงื ืืฆืืื”ืย ืืงื ื ืฉืื ืืืืืฃ: ืื ืืจืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืืขื ืืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืจืื ืืช’. ืขื ืฉืืขืืืื ืืคื ื ืืฉืืคื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืื, ืืืคืืื ืืฉืืื ืคืจืืื, ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืงื”ื ื ืืืื ืขืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื: ืืฉืืจื ืืืืืจื! ืืืจื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืืื, ืืืชื ืืชื ืื ืื! ืืืืื ืืงืจื ืืชืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืจื”, ืืืืืจ: ืืืื ืงืืข ืื ืืงื”ื ืืชืืจืชื, ืื ืืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืขืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื.
(ืืกื ืืืื, ืืืืจ ื)
ืืืจื ืืืืื
Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Nosson Tzvi Finkel ztโl
“ืืขืฉืืช ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืื”
ืคืขื ื ืฉืื ืืืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืจื ื ืชื ืฆืื ืคืื ืงื ืืฆืืื”ื, ืืื ืืื ืืกืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืื ืื, ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืื ืืจืืื? ืืฉืื ืืืฉืคื ืงืฆืจ: ืดืื ืืฉ ืื ืจืืืด.
ืืื ืื ืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืฆืืืชื ืฉื ืจืืื ื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืง ืืื ืื ืืจืืืชืื ืืืืืจืื ืฉืงืืื ืืื.
ืืคืจื ืื ืื ืืืืืืง ืืจืื ืืืืืืง, ืืืืื ืจืื ืืืื ืงืืื ืืฆืืงืดื. ืืคื ืื ืืื ืืฆืืข ืืช ืื ืกืคืงืืชืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืื. ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืชืืืจืจ ืจืื ืืืื ืืืืคืงืื. ืจืืื ื ืืื ืืชืงืฉืจ ืืงืื ืืช ืืืจืืชื ืื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืคืจืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืืืชืื. ืจื”ื ืื ื ืืงืง ืืืืจืืืช ืืคืืจืืืช, ืืื ืืืข ืืช ืืดืืืื ืืืืด ืฉื ืืืจืดื ืืืืืืื ืงืฆืจืืช, ืืคืขืืื ืืคืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืกืคืืงื, ืืจืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืข ืื ืฉื ืคืกืง ืื.
ืืืืืื, ืืื ืคืขื ืฉืืื ืืืืืจ ืขื ื ืกืืขื ืืื”ื, ืืชืงืฉืจ ืืืจืดื ืืืชืืืขืฅ ืืืืชืืจื. ืื ืืื ืฉืืืจืดื ืืฉืื, ืืฉื ืื ืื ืกืืข? ืื ืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืืงื? ืืื ืฉืืืืชืจ ืืื ืขื ืชืืื ืืชื, ืื ืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืฉืงืขื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืืฆืื.
ืื ืืฉืืชืงืฉื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืฆื ืืกืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืชืืจืชื, ืืชืงืฉืจ ืืืืืจ ืฆืขืืจ ืืจืื ืืงืื ืืช ืืขืชื. ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืฉืืืืจืื ืืื ืฆืจืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืืืคืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืจืืื, ื ืกืข ืืืืืื ืืืืคืงืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืงืืฉืืืชืื ืืฆื ืืืจืดื, ืืืฉืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืชื, ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืื ืกืืขื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืขืืช, ืืฉืืฉื ืืืืืืืกืื, ืืชืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื.
ืืืืง ืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืชืืื ืืืคืืื ืืชืืืืืช ืขืฆืืื. ืืฉืื ืืืืืืขืฅ ืขืืื, ืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืกืคืืง ืจืื ืงื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืขืชื ืืชืื ืืืชืื ืืืืจื.
ืคืขื, ืืืืจ ืฉืงืืื ืชืฉืืื ืขื ืฉืืืชื, ืืืจื ืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืกืืืจ ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืจืืื. ืขื ื ืจืืื ื ืื ืืจืฆืืช: ืืฆืืชื ืืช ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืื ืืขืฉืืช, ืืื ืืขืฉืืชื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืฉืื ืืจืืืจืื.
ืืื ื ืคืฉื
ืืฉืืืื ืืืื
Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita
ืฉืืคืืื
ืงืืืช ืขืืืช ื ืคืฉืืช
ืขื ืคื ืฉื ืื ืขืืื ืื ืฉืืฉื ืขืืื, ืข’ ืจืื”ื ืืฉื ืจื ืกืขืืื ืืืื ืฉืคื’ ืืคื ืคืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืขืืื ืื ืฉืืฉื ืืืื ืื, ืืืง’ ืืจืื”ื ืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืช ืื ืืื ื ื ืคืฉืืช ืืขื ื”ื ืฉื ื”ื. ืืข’ ืคื ”ื ืืืืช ื’ ืข”ื ืืขืช ืจืก”ื ืืงืืืช ืขืืืช ื ืคืฉืืช ืืฉืืฉื, ืืื ืืืกืจื ืื”ื ืฉื ื”ื ืฉืืคืกืงื ืืืื. ืืืคื”ื ืืืืฉื ืื ืงื’ ืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืจืื”ื ืืงืจื ืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืืื ืื, ืืื”ื ืืืื ืช ืืงืจื ืฉืื”ื ืืคืกืงื ืข”ื ืฉืืฉืืขื ืืคื ืฉื ืื ืขืืื ืื ืฉืืฉืืขื ืืคื ืฉืืฉื ืฉืืืจ ืงืืืื ืืขืืืช.
ืืืขื”ื ืข’ ื”ืก ืืืข”ื ื”ื ืฆ”ื ืืืจืก”ื ืืขืืืื ื’ ืืคื ื ื’ ืืื’ ืืื ื”ื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืชื ืื”ื ืฉื ื”ื. ืืืืืืง ืืงืจื ืืืชืื ืขื ืคื ืื’ ืืื ืื’.
ืืข”ืข ืจืฉ”ื ืกื ื’ ื”ื ืข”ื ืืื ืฉืืง’ ืขืืื ืืื’ ืืจ”ื ืฉื ืืข”ืข ืื”ืฉ ืคื”ื ืืกื ื’ ืืจืฉ”ื ืก”ื ืืจืก”ื. ืื”ื ืฉื ืืืขืช ืืจืื”ื.
ืืข’ ืฉื”ื ืืืื”ื ื”ื ืค”ื ืฉืืง’ ืืฉืืขื”ื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืกืจื ืขื ืืขืื ืืื ืย ืื”ื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืคื ื ื”ื ืฉื ื”ื ืืื ืฉื ื’, ืืชื’ ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืกืื ืจืก”ื. ืืข’ ืื ”ื ืงืค”ื ืืงืืืฅ ืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืชื’ ืื ืืืื.
ืืข”ืฉ ืื ”ื ืจืืื ืืจืก”ื ืฉืืฆืื ื ืกื ื’ ืงื”ื ืข”ื ืืงืืืช ืขืืืช ืฉื ืขืืจ ืื ืืืช ืืื ืื”ื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืื”ื ืฉื ืข”ื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืืืง ืืื ืขืืืช ืืืืจ ืืื. ืืืชืื ืืคื ืืจืื”ื ืืื ืคืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืจืืื ืืขืืจ ืื ืืืช.
ืืืคื ืืื”ืฉ ืืืจืื”ื ืืจืก”ื, ืืชืื ืืืจืื”ื ืืฉืืืชื ืืกืคืื”ืฆ ื”ืข ืงืข”ื ืืงืข”ื ืฉืืฉ ืืฆืื ืืืขืื ืืขืื ืืฆืื ืขื ื”ื ืืงืื ืขืืืช. ืืขืคื”ื ื”ืฉ ืืขืช ืจืก”ื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืช ืขืืืช ืืื ืืคืืื ืื’, ืืจืง ืงืืืช ืขืืืช ืืขื ื”ื ืฉื ื”ื.
ืืข”ืข ืืจื ”ื ื”ื ืืขื ืื ืืืืช ืขืืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืงืืืช ืขืืืช ืืืืื. ืืืคื ืืจืื”ื ื”ืฉ.
ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื
Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Refoel Shmulevitz, ztโl
ื) ืืชื ืฉืขืจื ืชืฉืืื ืฉ”ื ืืืช ื”ื “ืืขืืงืจ ืื”ื ืืจืืืฃ ืคืขืืืช ืืืกื ืืืืืช ืืื’, ืืื ืื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืื ืข”ื “ืืืกื ืืืืช ืืืืคืจ ืขืื”, ืขื ืืขื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืจ, ืื ืืฉ ืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืชืฉืืื ืืืื”ื ืชืืืื ืืืกืืจืื ืืืจืงืื, ืืื ื ืืืกื ืืื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืกืืจืื, ืืฉืื ืืฆื ืืฆืื ืื ืืืืช, ืืื ืฉืืชืื (ืืฉืื ื, ื) ืืฆืืงื ืชืฆืื ืืืืช.
ืืืฉืขืจ ื’ ืืืช ื’ ืืชื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืจืืชืืช ืืขื ืืืชืืช ืืืช ืืื ืืขืฉื ืชืฉืืื ืืืจื ืื ืื ื ืจืฆื ืืขืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื, ืื ืืชืฉืืื ืชืืื ืืืกืืจืื ืืืจืงืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืฆืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืกืืจืื ืืื ืืฆืืช ืืฆืืงื, ืื ืืื ืืฆืืช ืื ืื ืืืืช, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืฉืื ื, ื): “ืืฆืืงื ืชืฆืื ืืืืช”, ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืฆืืงื, ืืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืขื ื, ืืืืื ืื ืืคื ืืืงืฉ ืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืขืื. ืืืืจื ืจื”ื ืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืขืืฉื. ืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืฆืืช ืืืืืืช ืืกืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจื ืืขืฆืื ืืืฉืชืืืืชื, ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืจื”ื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืื ืื ืืฆืืงื, ืฉืืฆืืงื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืืืช ืืกืืื ืืื ืืืืคื ืืืื ืืืืื ื, ืืืฆืืงื ืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืกืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืฉืืจืื. ืืื ืืืืจ ืขื ืื ืืขื ื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฆืจืชื, ืืขื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืฉืขืื ื ื, ื): “ืืชืคืง ืืจืขื ื ืคืฉื”, ืืื’ ืื ืืืคืืืกื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืชื ืฆืืงื. ืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืฆืืช ืืงืืจ ืืืืื ืืงืืืจืช ืืชืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืชื ืืืื, ืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืกื, ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฆืืช ืชืืืื ืชืืจื ืืฉื ืฉืืื.
ืืื ืืืืขืฆืืช ืฉืืืจื ื ืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืฉืืื (ืืฉืื ืื, ื): “ืืืกื ืืืืช ืืืืคืจ ืขืื”, ืื ืงื ืื ืืชืืจื ื ืงืจื ืงื ืื ืืืืช, ืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืืฉืื ืื, ืื): “ืืืช ืงื ื ืืื ืชืืืืจ”, ืื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืงืื, ืงืื): “ืืชืืจืชื ืืืช”. ืืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื ืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื (ืืืงืจื ืจืื ืงืืืฉืื ืื, ื): “ืขืฅ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืงืื ืื” (ืืฉืื ื, ืื) – ืขืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืจืืชืืช ืื ืืืชืืช ืืืช ืืื, ืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืงืจืื ืคืจืง ืืื ืืืื ืืงืจื ืฉื ื ืคืจืงืื, ืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืงืจืื ืคืจืฉื ืืืช ืืงืจื ืฉืชื ืคืจืฉืืืช ืืื’, ืื ืืืจื ืจื”ื ืืช”ืช ืื ืื ืืืื.
ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืกื ืจืง ืืืื ืื ืืืกืืจืื ืื ืืืืช, ืื”ื ืืจื ืื ืืชืืคืจ ืื ืขืืื ื ืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืขืฉื ืืืกื ืืืจื ืฉืืชืืคืจื ืขืืื ืชืื ืืื ืืกืืจืื ืื ืืืชื. ืืืืขื ืฉืืชืืคืจ ืืื ื ืืฉืื ืฉืืจ ืืฆืืช ืืืกื, ืฉืื ืืชื ืืจ”ื ืฉื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ื’, ืื ืืชืืคืจ ืขืื ื ืืคืืขื ืืืกื, ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจืื ื, ืื): ืืฉืจ ืื ืืฉื ืคื ืื ืืื ืืงื ืฉืื, ืืคืืจืฉื ืจืืืชืื ื ื”ื ืื ืืงื ืฉืืื ืืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืืืขืืืจ ืขื ืืขืื ืืช”. ืื”ื ืืืื ืืืฃ ืื ืขืฉื ืชืฉืืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืคืจืช ืืื ืข”ื ืืกืืจืื ืื ืืืช, ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืฆืืช ืืืกื ืืืจื ืืืคืจ, ืืขืืืื ืื “ืฉืืื ืืฆืื”, ืืื ืข”ื ืืืกื ืืืืื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืืงืืง ืืืืจืืง ืฉืข”ื ืืกืืจืื ืืืืชื.
ืืื ื ืื ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืขืฉื ืื ืืื ื ืขืืื ืื ืืืกืืจืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืชืืคืจ ืื ืขืืื ื, ืืื ืืืกื ืืืชืืจื. ืืื ื ืืชืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืื, ืื ืชืืืื ืชืืจื ืื ืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืช ืืกื ืืืขืืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืงืื. ืืืืืฆื ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืืคื’ ืืจื”ืฉ ืจืืฉ ืคืื, “ืื ืืงื”ื ืืคืฅ ืืืชืจ ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืขืฉื ืืื ืจืฆืื ืืืจืืืช, ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืงืื ื”.
ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืืชืืืจ ืืคื ืื ื ืงืฆืช ืืืืจ ืืืืจืื.
ื) ืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืฆืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืืขื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืงื ืืช ืื ืคืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืช, [ืขื’ ืืฆืื ืชืข”ื ืืืขื ืืฆืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืกืคืื, ืืืฆืื ืช”ืค ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืข ืืืืืืืช ืืคื ืฉืืืื], ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืืฆืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืขืฉืืช ืืื ืืืืขืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืฉืื, ืขื’ ืจืฉ”ื ืืืจืื ื”ื ื”ื, ืืืขื ืืืจืื, ืืืข”ืค ืฉืืืช ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชืืืื ืง”ื ืืขืืฉื ืืืชืืืื, ืืืืจ ืืขืชื ื ืคืื ืกืืข ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืขื ื ืื ืชืคืจื ืก ืื ืืจื ืืื ืืชืืจื ืขืืื.
ืืื ื ื ืจืื ืืืืจื ืืืืจื”ื ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืงืืื ืืฆืืช ืฆืืงื, ืืื ื ืื ืืืืจื”ื ื”ื ืก’ ืงื”ื ื”ื ืืขืื ื ืจืื ืฉืื ืืื’ ืืืคืืืจืืคืกืื ืฉื ืชื ื ืฆืืงื ืื ืืกื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืื ืฉืืชืจืคืื ืืืืืืื, “ืืื ืชืืื ืคืกืืงื ืฉื ืฆืืงื ืื ืืืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืืชืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืืขืชื ืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืฆืื ืืื”, ืืขื”ืฉ ืืืกืืง ืื”ื ืื ืฉืขื ืืื ื ืื ืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืื, ืืืืชื ืฉืืืจื ืืจื ืฉื ืคืื ืกืืข ืืืืกื ืืืฆืื ืขื ื ืืื’, ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืื’ ื”ื ื’ ื’ ย ืืจืื ืืืคื’ ืืจื ื”ื ืืืืฆืื ืืื ื ื’ ืืืืช ืืื ืืฆืืงื, ืืื’ ืืคื’ ืืืืจื ืืจ”ื ืืืจืืฆื”ื ืืชืืก’ ืฉื, ืืืืื ืฉืืืคืื ืืื ืฉืืงืืื ืืฆ”ืข, ืื ืื ืขืืชื ืื ืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืคื, ืืื ืืืื ืฉืขืืชื ืื ืืฆืื ืืคื’ ืฉืื ืืจืฆืื ื. ืืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืืคื ืื ืงืืืย ืืฆืืช ืฆืืงื, [ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืคืื ืขืืื, ืืขื”ืค ืืชืืก’ ืื ”ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืคืื ืืฉืื ืงืืื ืืฆืื ืฆืืงื].
ืื ืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืงืจื ืงืืืจ, ืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืืฆืื, ืืืืจ ืืฆืืช ืฆืืงื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืขื ื ืื ืืกืื. [ืืืืืืจื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืื, ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืื ืื ืืฆืื ืชืงืฆ”ื ืืืฆืืช ืฉืืื, ืฉืืืฆืื ืืื ืืชืืขืืช ืืขื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืืขืืช ืืขื ืืฉืื ืฉืืงื ื ืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืื ืขื”ืฉ, ืื”ื ื”ื ืืื ืืืฆืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืขื ืืงื ืืช ืืืช ืื ืืืืืช, ืขื ืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืื ืชืืขืืช ืืืืจื].
ื) ืืืฉ ืืขื’ ืืืฆืืช ืืกื ืืืื ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืื ืืืื ืช ืืขืืฉื ืฆืจืืื ืืืืืช ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืฆืื, ืื ืืืืื ื ืฆืจืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจื. ืืืืืืจื ืืืืืงืช ืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืค”ื ืื”ื, ืืจืืข ืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืฉืื. ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืช, ืืืฉ ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืช ืกืืื. ืืืชื ืจ’ ืืื ื, ืื”ื ืืฉ ืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื’ ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืคื’ ืฉืื ืืขืช ืืฆืืงื ืืืช ืกืืื ืืื ืืื’, ืืื ืืืื ืื ื ืืืงื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืฉืืฉื ื ืื ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืฆืืงื ืืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืจืื, ืื ืืืืขื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืฉืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืง ืื ืขื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืื, ืืฉืจ ืืจื ืืช ื’, ืื ืื ื ืืืืืขื, ืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืื. ืืืฉ ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืช ืกืืื ืืื, ืืฉืจืฉื ืจืข ืืื ืขื ืชืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืชืจื ืืช ืืื’, ืืขื”ืฉ ืฉืืชื ืืืขืืฉื ืฆืืงื ืืื ืืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืจืืช ื’, ื ืืืงื ืื ืืืชื ืืื ืื ืืช ืื ืืืช ืกืืื. ืื ื ืืคืืจืฉ ืืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืชืจื ืืช, ืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืฆืืงื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืจื ืืช ืืฉื, ืืืขืช ืืืฉ ืืืืจืื ืืืช ืกืืื ืืื.
ืืืื ืืชื ืืฉืขืจื ืชืฉืืื ืืจืืื ื ืืื ื ืฉืขืจ ื’ ืืืช ื”ื, ื”ื ืืืขืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื ืืงืคืืฅ ืืช ืืื, ืืืืื ืืช ืืขื ื ืืื ืืืจื ืจืืื ืืช ืื’, ืข”ื ืืชืื ืื ืชืืืฅ ืืช ืืืื ืข”ื. ืืจื ืืืคื’ ื ืชื ืฆืืงื ืื ื ืชื ืฉืื ืืืจื ืจืืื ืืช ืขืืืจ ืืื ืชืืืฅ. ืื ืืฆื ืืคื”ื ืืจ’ ืืื ื, ืืื ืฉืืชื ืฆืืงื ืจืง ืืฉืื ืงืืื ืืืฆืื, ืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืื’ ืืืืฅ ืืช ืืืื, ืขืืืจ ืขื ื”ืช ืื. ืืืฆืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืกื”ืง ืืฆืื ื’, ‘ืืื ืชืืืฅ’, ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ื ืืกืืืข ืืคืืื ื, ืื ืืื ืจืืฆื ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืชืจ ืืฆืจืื, ืช”ื ืื ืชืืืฅ, ืฉืืคืืื ืืชื ื ืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืช, ืืชื ืขืืืจ ืืื ืชืืืฅ ืขื”ื. ืืืืืืจื ืื ืืืืจื ืืจ”ื, ืืื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืื, ืืจื ืืื ื ื ืืชื ืืชืื ืจืืื ืืช ืขื ืืขื ื, ืืื ืืฉืื ืงืืื ืืืฆืื, ืืขืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืชืืืฅ.[1]
ืืขื’ ืืืจ”ื ืืืืจ ืืจืื ืฉืืืช ื’ ื”ื ืฉืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืื ืืกืฃ ืชืืื ืืช ืขืื, ืื ืฉืืชืื ืืฉืื “ืื” ืืข”ืค ืืืืื ืืื, ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืงืืื ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืจืฆืื ืืืงื”ื, ืืฆืจืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืจืฆืื ื, ืืื ืืฉืืขืฉื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืื ืืจืืฆื, ืืื ืืืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืื ืืงืืื ืืืืจืช ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืฆืื, ืื ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืื ืืื, ืืืืชืื (ืืืจืื ืื, ื) “ืืื ืืจืข ืืืื ืืชืชื ืื”.
ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืจ”ื (ืืืื’ ืคืืืืค ืืช”ื ืืจืืฉืืื) ืคื”ื ืกืืฃ ืคืกืืง ื’, ืขื ืืคืกืืง “ืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืืืื ืขืืจื” ืื ืืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ื “ืืืื ืขืืจื” ืืคื ื ืืืชื, ืืฉืขื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจ ืื ืืื ื ืืฆืืงื, “ืื ืืืขืื”, ืฉืืื ื ื ืืชื ืืืืื ืขื ืืขื ื, ืจืง ืืคืืืช ื ืคืฉื, ืืคืก ืฆืืงื ืฉื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฆืืืชื ืืืืช, ืขื”ื.
ืืืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืขืฉืืชื ืืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืจืืื, ืืื ืืขืฉืืชื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืืขื ื ืืจืืฆื ืืืืืช ืืืืจื.[2]
ืืจืืืชื ืืืชืื ืืกืื ืืงืื (ืืืื ื ืืจืืื ืกื’ ืค’), ืืืืืจื ื ืืืฆืืช ืฆืืงื ืืื ืืจืข ืืืื ืืชืชื ืื, ืคื’ ืฉืื ืืชื ื ื ืืข”ื ืืืืฃ ืืช ืืฆืจื, ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืื, ืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืืชื ืฆืืงื ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืื, ืฉืืื ื ื ืืชื ืืื ืืืฆืืช ืฆืืงื, ืืื ื ืืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื ื ืืชื ืืชืื ืคืื, ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืช ืื ื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืฉืงื. ืื ืฆืจืื ืืื ืืืชืจืื ืืืืช ืื ืืืืืช, ืขื ืฉืืฉืื ืืคืจื ืก ืืืขืืืจ ืืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืชื, ืืื ืคืืจืฉื ืืช ืื ืฉื ืื ื ืืืืืช “ืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืื ื ืืืชื”, ืฉืขื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืชื. ืืขื”ืฉ ืฉืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืขื ืืืื, ืืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืื ืืืืช ืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืข, ืืื ืืงืจื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจ ืืฆืืชื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืช ืขืฆืื, ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืข, ืื ืชืื ืืืืชื ืฉืืืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืจื.
ื) ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืขืฉื ืจืง ืืฉืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืจื, ืืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืฆืืช ืืฉื, ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืงืื, ืื ืื ืืื ืฆืจืืืืช ืืืื ื, ื”ื ืฉืืืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืฆืื, ืื ืื ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืืืจื ืฉืืฆืื ื ืขืื ืืืืจ ืืจืื ืฉื, ืืืืืืจ ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืชืื ื ืื, ืืฉืื “ืื” ืืืืื ืื ืจืฉืืช, ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืชื ื”ืื ืืื ื ืืืื, ืฉืืื ืขืืืืชื ืืชืืจื ืืืงืจืื ืขืืื, ืืืื ืืงืืื ืืื ืืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืขืืืื, ืื ืืขืืืื ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืจืฆืื ื, ืืื ื ืงืจื ‘ืขืืื’, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจื, ืืื ืื ืขืืื”, ืืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืชืืืื ืืฉื ืืฆืื, ืืื ืืฆืจืื ื”ื ืฉืืขืฉื ืื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืฆืื ืืื, ืืื ื ืื ืืืฆืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืื ืืขืฉื ืืืชื ืจืง ืืฉืื ืืืฆืื, ืืื ืืื ืืฆืื, ืืื ืืฉืขืืฉื ืืืชื ืืฉืื ืฉืจืืฆื ืืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืขืฉื ืืืชื ืืฉื ืืฆืื.[3]
ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื”ืจ ืืฆ”ื ย (ืืฉืืืืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืจ ื’) ืืืืจื ืืจืื”ื (ืืฉืืื ื ืคืจืงืื ืค”ื), ืฉืื ืฉืืืจื ืื”ื: “ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืคืฉื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื, ืืื ืืืืจ ืืคืฉื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืจ ืขืื” (ืจืฉ”ื ืืืงืจื ื ืื), ืืื ืืืช ืืืฆืืช ืืฉืืขืืืช [ืืืงืื], ืืื ืืืฆืืช ืืฉืืืืืช ืฆืจืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืคืฉื ืืขืฉืืช ืจืข ืืื, ืืืขืืชื ืืืืื ืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืจืข ืืืืฉื ืื ืคืฉื, ืืขื”ืฉ, ืืืืืจ ืืืื”ืจ ืืฆ”ื ืื ืืื ื ืืืฆืืช ืืฉืืืืืช ืฆืจืื ืืืืจ “ืื ืืคืฉื”, ืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืจืืฆื ืื ื ืืจืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืฉืืงื”ื ืืืจ ืขืื, ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืืจื, ืืื ืขืชื ืฉื ืฆืืืื ื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืืงื”ื, ืืื ืืขื ืืขืืงืจืืช ืืืจืฆืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืฆืืืืื ืืช’, ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืก ืืฆืืืื ืืงื”ื, ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืคื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืก ืฉืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืกื, ืื ืืืข ืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืืชืืื ืกื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืช, ืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืคืืจืฉ ืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืกื, ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืื, ืื ืืฉื ืืืข ืื ืฉืืขืืจื ืื ืกื ืืืืช, ืคืืจืฉ ืืื ืืืืช ืกื ืืืืช ืฉืื, ืฉืืขืค”ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืกื ืืืืช ืืื ืคืืจืฉ ืื ืืืืื, ื”ื ืขืชื ืืืื ืืืขื ืืขืืงืจื ืฉื ืกืื ืช ืืืืช.[4]
ืื ืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืฆืืจืช ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืชื ืฆืืงื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืชืื ืจืืื ืืช ืขื ืืขื ื, ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืฆืืื ืขื ืื, ืืจื ืขืืงืจ ืชืืืืช ื ืชืื ืช ืืฆืืงื ืืื ืงืืื ืฆืืืืื ืืช’, ืืฆืืจืช ืงืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืฆืืงื ืืชืื ืฉืืจืื ืขื ืืขื ื, ืืืื ืืื ืกืชืืจื.
ื) ืืื ื ืฉืืขืชื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืจืืื ืชืื ืืง ื ืืคื ืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืงื, ืืืืื ืืืืฉ ื ืคื ืขื ืืืจืฅ, ืฉืืจื ืืื ืฆืื ืืืืงืื. ืืืฉ ืฉืคืงืคืงื ืข”ื ืืืืจื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืจืื ืขื ืืชืื ืืง ืืืคืืืกื ืืื ืฉืงื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืื, ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืฉ ืืื ืฆืื ืืืืงืื ืฉื ืคื.
ืืืื ืืชื ืจืฉ”ื ืฉืืืช ื’ ื”ื ืืฉืจ ืื ืชืืื ืขืจืืชื, ืฉืืจืืืช ืืคืกืืขืืช ืงืจืื ืืืืื ืขืจืื ืืื ืืืชื ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืืจื ืืืจืื ืง”ื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืช ืืืงืคืื ืขื ืืืืื ื ืืืจื ืชืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืื ืฆืืจื ืื ืชื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฆืจื ืืืงืคืื ืขื ืืืืื ื ืขื ืืืช ืืื ืืืื. ืืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืฉืืขื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืฆืื ืืืืืงืื, ืื ืืฆื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืฆืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืงืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืคืฉืื ืืืข”ื ืืืฉ ืืจืื ืื ืขื ืืข”ื, ืืืื ืฉืืืื ื ืืืืืืจ ืืจืืืื ืขื ืื ืืขืฉืื, ืฉื ืขื ืฉ ืจืืื ื ืืงืืืฉ ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืกืชืืงื ืืกืืจืื ืข”ื ืฉืจืืื ืขื “ืื ื ืืจืืืฉืชื”, ืื”ื ืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืฉ ืืจืื ืืืชืจ, ืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฆืจื, ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืื, ืืืชืจ ืืฉ ืืจืื ืขืืื.
ืืจืืืชื ืืืขืช ืืืื ืืืืกืจ ื”ื ืืืืจ ื”ื, ืฉืืง’ ืขื ืืืจื ืืื’ ืืจืืืช ื”ื ื’, ืืืจ ืจื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืจื, ืืืืฆื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืคืืฉืื ืืคืืื ืืฉืืง ืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืชืืื ื ืืืื ืขืฆื ืื ืื ื’, ืื ืืงืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืืจื, ืืืฉืืข ืืืกืืจื ืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืคืืฉืื, ืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืงืจื ืืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืืื ืืฉื, ืืื ืชืืื ืืืจื ืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืชืช ืื ืืืื ื, ืืืฃ ืืกืืื ืืืืคื ื”ื ืฉืืื ืคืืงื”ื , ืืืืย ืื ืืฆืืจื ืืคืฉืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืืื ืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืืืช ืชืืจื ืืืืชื, ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืฆืื ืืืืงืื, ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ื’ ืืืื ืืืชืจ.
ืืขื”ืฉ ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืืืืืื ืคื ื ืืืืจื ืืจืืื, ืืข”ืค ืืืฉ ืืืื ืชืืจื ืืืข”ื ืืื ืื ืืืง ืืขืื”ื, ืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืชืจ, ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืงื ืืขืื”ื, ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืืขืืืช ืฉืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืง ืืขืื”ื, ืืื ืืืืื ืคื ื ืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืง ืจืฆืืื, ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืจืฆืืื ืขืฆืื. ืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื, ืฉืื ืืืจืืื ืืื “ืืืืืื ืืจืืชืื”, ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื, ืืืื ืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืขืืืจื ืืืืจื ืืื ืคืืข ืืืืื ืฉืืื, ืฉืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืฆืจื ืชืงืคื, ืืฉ ืื ืืืง ืืขืื”ื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืขืืืช, ืืฃ ืืืขืืืจื ืืื ืงืื, ื”ื ืืืื ืฉืคืืข ืืขื ืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืช ืืืืขืืืช, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืง ืืขืื”ื. ืืื ืืืืื ืคื ื ืืืืจื ืืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืจืฆืืื ืขืฆืื, ืืฉื ืืคืืืขื ืืืืื ืฆืื ืืืืงืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืจ ืื ืืื, ืืขื”ืฉ ืฉืืืจืื ืืื ืืจืื.
ืืืืืจืื ืืคืืจืฉืื ืืชืื”ื ืืืืช ืค”ื ืื”ื, ืฉืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืคื ื ืืืืจื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืืื ‘ืื ืืืจ ืืฉื ืืื’, ืืคื ืฉืืืื ื ืืจื ืืฆืื ืืืงืื, ืืืจื ืืื “ืืืจ ืืฉื”, ืืืืืจ “ืขื ืื ื’ ืืฆืืื”. ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืขื ืขื ืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื (ืฉืืืื ื’ ื”ื), [ืืืืื ืชื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืกื ืืืจืื ืฆ”ื ื’,ืืืจ ื’ ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืชืืจื ืืื’, ืืืจืช ืชืืจืช ืืืจืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืชืืจืช ืืขืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืืืขื ืืืืื ืืช ืืงืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืขืืืช ืืืืคืจ ืืจืืชื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืชืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืคื ื ืืืืจื ืืจืืื ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืชืืจื ืืืขืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืง ืืขืืื ืืื], ืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืื ืคื ื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืงืื.
ืืื ื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืฆืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืื ืฆืื ืืืืงืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืื ืืชื ืืืขืช ืืืื ืืืืกืจ ื”ื ืืืืจ ื”ื, ืื ืื ืขื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ื ืื ืื ืขื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืฆืื ืืืืงืื, ืืื ืืื ืฉืืขืืื ืกืืืจืื ืฉื ืฆืืืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืง ืืืืืฆื ืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืฆืื ืืืืงืื, ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืขืจ ืืืืืฆื, ืืื ื ืืืขืื ืืคืืืขื ืืฆืื ืืืืงืื, ืื ืืฆื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืื ืฉืืื”ื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉ ืืื ื ื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืื ืืืจืืืช.
ืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืขืืืงืื ืขื ืืื, ืืืจืื ืืฉ ืืืชืืื ื ืืืืจืื, ืื ื”ื ืืืื ื ืืขืืงืจ ืืืฆืืช ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืื ืืืืกืืจืื ืืื ืืืฆืืืช, ืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืื ืฆืื ืืืืงืื, ืื”ื ืืื ืื ืกืชืืจื ืืืฉ”ื ืืืฆืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืืจื ืฆืจืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืืชืช ืฆืืงื ืืชืื ืจืืื ืืช ืขื ืืขื ื, ืืืืฉ”ื ืืื ืืื ืฆืืจืช ืืขืฉื ืืืฆืื, ืืขืืืื ืืฉ ืืขื’ ืืจืื ืืืืืจืช ืืืืจืื.
ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืื ืฉื ืชืืืจ ืืขืื ืืืืจื ืืจ”ื ืืฉืข”ืช, ืื ืืกื ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืคืจ ืขืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืงืื, ืืืื ืืฉ”ื ืืจื”ืฉ “ืื ืืงื”ื ืืคืฅ ืืืชืจ ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืขืฉื ืืื ืจืฆืื ืืืจืืืช, ืืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืงืื ื”.
ื) ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื”ืจ ืืฆ”ื ืืืขื ืฉืคื ืื ื ื ืขื ืฉื, ืืข”ื ืืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืขืกื ืืช ืื ื ืื ืชืืืื ื ืืืืืชื ืฉืชืชืคืื ืืชืืืฉืข, ืืฆืืงืช ืืืืจื ืืืชื, ื”ื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืขืจืช, ืืืืื ืืก ืืื ืืืฉ ื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืขืื ืฉ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืฆืืืืช, ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืข, [ืื ืจืื ืืืื ืืืืื ื ื”ืืืข” ืืืฉ, ืฉืืจื ืื ื ืจืืืื ืืจืื ืื ”ื ืคืืืขืื ืืืื ื ื ืขื ืฉืื, ืืื ืกืื ืขืื ืฉ ืืขืื ืืืข, ืืืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืื, ืื”ื ืขืื ืฉ ืืื, ืืืืฆืืข ืืขืื ืฉ ืชืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืฉืืื, ืืื ืฉืืจ ืขืื ืฉื ืฉืืื].
ืืฉืืืชื ืืช ืืืื”ืจ ืืื ืจืืคื ืืงืืืข ืจืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืื, ื ืืฉื ืฉืคืืข ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืขื ืฉ ืข”ื, ืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืืื ื. ืื ื ืจืื ืืืืืืง ืืืื ืืฉ, ืืืื ืืืื ืช ืืจืืคื ืืฆืขืจ ืืช ืืืืื, ืืื ืืข”ื ืงืืืขืช ืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืฆืืขืจ, ืืืืื ืืงืืข ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืืชื, ืื ืคืืข ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื. ืืื ืื ื ืขืืงืจ ืืืจืชื ืืื ืืฆืขืจื, ืืื ืืฆืขืจ ืื ืืืืืชื ืืื, ืืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืข”ื ืืืืื ืชื ืืืืื. ืืืืชืจ ืืื ื ืจืื, ืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืฆืขืจ ืืช ืื ื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืชืืข ืฉืืืืืชื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืื, ืืข”ื ืืื ืฉื ืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืฆืขืจื ืฉื ืืื ืจืคืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืฆืขืจื ืคืืืข ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืจื, ืืืื ืฉืืืืจื ืืืืข ืฉืืืืืชื ืืื ืขืืฉื, ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืข ืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืื ืฆืขืจ ืื, ืืืืื ื ืืื ืขืฆื ืืฆืขืจ ืฉืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืคืืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื, ืืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืืจื, ืืื ืื ืฉืืืืจื “ืืชืขืื” ืื.
[1] ย ืืืฉ ืืขื’ ืื’ ืช”ืง ืฉืกืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืช, ืืืจื ืืคืืฉ”ื ืืฉืข”ืช ืขืืืจ ืืฉืื ืื ืชืืืฅ, ื”ื ืข”ืค ืืฉ”ื ืืจืื”ื ืค”ื ืืชื ื”ืข ื”ื, ืฉืืืื ืื ืฉื ืื ืชืงืคืืฅ ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืขื ื ืืืงืฉ ืขื”ืฉ, ืื”ื ืืื ืก”ื ืืืจ”ื ืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืืฅ, ืืืฉืืื ืขื ื ืืืงืฉ ืืื ื ืขืืืจ ืืืื ืื.
[2] ย ืืืื ื ืืืืจื, ืืืชืื ืืจืง ืืืฆืืช ืฆืืงื ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืื ืชืืืฅ ืืืืฆืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืจืข ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืจืื, ืืฉื”ื ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืจื.
[3] ย ย ืืขื”ืฉ ืืืืจ ืืจืื ืฉืืชื ืื ืื ืืืงืจืืช ืืขืืืจ, ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืชืงืจืื ืื ืืช ืืืืืจืื ืื’ ืืื’, “ืฉืฆืืืืชื ืืชืืจื (ืืืงืจื ืื, ืื) ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืงืจืืช ืืขืืืจ, ืืคืืจืฉื ืจื”ื (ืืืง”ืจ ืื, ื) ืื ืืื ืืชืืจื ืืขืื ืขื ื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืืื ืืืคืจืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืคืืจืืช, ืืื ื ื ืืชื ืื ืื ืฉืืจื ืขืืืจ ืืงืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข ืฉืืื ืืชืืจื ืืฉืจ ืืฆืืื ืื ื ืืคืืจืืช ืื ืชื ืื ื ืืื, ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืื ืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืืืชื, ืืื ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื ื ืชื ืื ื, ืืื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืจืช ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืจื ืขืฉื ืืช ืืื, ืืืคืืื ืฆืจืื ืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืจืฉืืช”. ืืืืื ืฉืื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืื ื, ื”ื ืืืื ืชื ืื ืืงืืื ืืช ืืฆืืช ื’.
[4] ย ืืืืื ืจืืื ืืจืืจื ืืืืจื ืืจืื”ื ืืืืื ืกืค”ื, ืฉืืชื ืฉืื ื ื ืฆืจืื ืืงืืื ื’ ืืฆืืช ืืคื ื ืฉื ืฆืืื ืืื ืข”ื ืืงื”ื ืืชืืจื, ืืื ืื ืขืฉืื ืืคื ื ืืืจืข ืืืขืช, ืืื ืื ืืจ ืชืืฉื ืืื ืืืกืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื”, ืขื”ื. ืืืจื ืื’ ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืืฆืืืช ืฉืืืืืช, ืื”ื ืื ืืืืง ืืจืื”ื ืืื ืืงืืข ืื ืืช ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืคื ื ืฉืฆืืื ืืงื”ื ืืชืืจื, ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืจืข ืืืขืช, ืืื ืื ืืจื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืช ืืื ืืืื
โซโชParshaโฌโฌ โซโชPreview
Harav Hagaon Yosef Elefant Shlita
Teshuvah is Within You
Elul
Harav Hagaon Yosef Elefant shlita
The month of Elul, of ืึฒื ึดื ืึฐืืึนืึดื ืึฐืืึนืึดื ืึดื, is upon us. As we know, the Rambam says (Hilchos Teshuvah 3:4):
ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืชืงืืขืช ืฉืืคืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืฉื ื ืืืืจืช ืืืชืื, ืจืื ืืฉ ืื, ืืืืืจ ืขืืจื ืืฉืื ืื ืืฉื ืชืื ืื ืจืืืื ืืงืืฆื ืืชืจืืืชืื ืืืคืฉื ืืืขืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืื.
Even though blowing shofar is a gezeiras hakasuv, it contains a message: Wake up! Get out of your slumber, and remember that thereโs an Eibishter.
When the Rambam tells us that thereโs something about tekiyas shofar that wakes a person up, he certainly isnโt referring just to the noise of the shofar. He is alluding to something much deeper.
The Torah says, in Parashas Nitzavim:
ืึดึผื ืึทืึดึผืฆึฐืึธื ืึทืึนึผืืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธื ึนืึดื ืึฐืฆึทืึฐึผืึธ ืึทืึผืึนื ืึนื ื ึดืคึฐืึตืืช ืึดืื ืึดืึฐึผืึธ ืึฐืึนื ืจึฐืึนืงึธื ืึดืื. ืึนื ืึทืฉึธึผืืึทืึดื ืึดืื ืึตืืึนืจ ืึดื ืึทืขึฒืึถื ืึธึผื ืึผ ืึทืฉึธึผืืึทืึฐืึธื ืึฐืึดืงึธึผืึถืึธ ืึธึผื ืึผ ืึฐืึทืฉึฐืืึดืขึตื ืึผ ืึนืชึธืึผ ืึฐื ึทืขึฒืฉึถืื ึธึผื. ืึฐืึนื ืึตืขึตืึถืจ ืึทืึธึผื ืึดืื ืึตืืึนืจ ืึดื ืึทืขึฒืึธืจ ืึธื ืึผ ืึถื ืขึตืึถืจ ืึทืึธึผื ืึฐืึดืงึธึผืึถืึธ ืึธึผื ืึผ ืึฐืึทืฉึฐืืึดืขึตื ืึผ ืึนืชึธืึผ ืึฐื ึทืขึฒืฉึถืื ึธึผื. ืึดึผื ืงึธืจืึนื ืึตืึถืืึธ ืึทืึธึผืึธืจ ืึฐืึนื ืึฐึผืคึดืืึธ ืึผืึดืึฐืึธืึฐืึธ ืึทืขึฒืฉึนืืชืึน.
These pesukim describe a mitzvah that one might think is too far away, and the Ramban says that this is referring to the mitzvah of teshuvah. This raises many questions, however.
First, regarding no other mitzvah does the Torah address the issue of it being far away. What is so special about the mitzvah of teshuvah that the Torah goes out of its way to dispel the notion that it might be in the sky or across the sea?
Second, what does the geographical concept of near or far mean in relation to a mitzvah? How can a mitzvah be close? How can a mitzvah be far?
Laziness: The Root of Tumah
In Alei Shur, Rav Wolbe cites a Midrash that expounds these pesukim in a context other than teshuvah, interpreting them as a message to a lazy person. When this person is told that his rav is in his city, he says itโs too dangerous to go to him. When heโs told that his rav is on the next street, he says itโs raining. When heโs told that his rav is next door, he says he canโt go. When heโs told that the rav is in the same house but on a different floor, he finds another excuse. Finally, he is told that the rav, the source of chochmah, is in his own mouth โ just take it out!
Rav Wolbe explains that the rav in this mashal represents chochmah and ruchniyus. The lazy person is not suffering from biological tiredness, but is totally dominated by the yesod of earth, which is gashmiyus. He views himself as an entirely physical being, and he sees chochmah as something external to him.
As long as a person views chochmah as existing on the outside, not as something that is part of his own being, then he finds all sorts of excuses why he canโt access it, whether itโs in his city, on his street, or in his house. A person who sees ruchniyus and chochmah as detached from himself looks at himself as nothing more than earth โ which, the Mesilas Yesharim teaches, is very heavy. Laziness is rooted in the yesod of earth. When a person looks as himself as nothing more than gashmiyus, and he views chochmah as being at the outside, heโs going to be dominated by laziness. Thatโs the real root of laziness: the domination of the guf.
Alei Shur calls laziness โthe fortress of tumah.โ We typically donโt view laziness that way; we think of it as a pretty kosher bad middah. But he describes laziness as the fortress of tumah because laziness represents the domination of the body โ not in terms of physical or biological domination, but in terms of how a person sees himself. When a person views the โravโ โ the chochmah โ as outside of himself, heโs in a state of laziness, because he sees himself as a clod of earth. This attitude, Chazal are telling us, is what Moshe Rabbeinu came to refute. โItโs not across the sea and itโs not in the heavens โ itโs very close to you, in your mouth and in your heart!
โChochmah is inside of you!โ
The Midrash sees in this passuk a remedy for atzlus. Moshe Rabbeinu is telling us that if a person would understand that he himself is fundamentally spiritual and holy โ ืึดึผื ืงึธืจืึนื ืึตืึถืืึธ ืึทืึธึผืึธืจ ืึฐืึนื โ then his laziness would be cured.
Although Chazal did not expound these pesukim in relation to teshuvah, we can apply their teaching to teshuvah as well.
What is a Human?
Chazal are addressing a fundamental question: What is a human being? Is a human nothing more than a blob of flesh and blood โ ืขึธืคึธืจ ืึทืชึธึผื ืึฐืึถื ืขึธืคึธืจ ืชึธึผืฉืืึผื? Or is a human fundamentally spiritual?
The Torah is teaching us that the obstacle to doing teshuvah is the attitude that spirituality is far away, across the sea. When a person feels that heโs distant from ruchniyus, that heโs disconnected from the Eibishter, that he himself is not inherently spiritual, itโs very hard to do teshuvah.
He is being asked to repent and return โ but return to where?
It is specifically the mitzvah of teshuvah that is rendered challenging by geographic distance. Where can I find kedushah? If itโs outside of me, how can I go back to it? Where can I access it?
So it is regarding this mitzvah of teshuvah that the Torah presents a dialogue regarding its proximity. It is not far away. It is not across the sea.
โYou are holy,โ Moshe Rabbeinu was telling us. โYou are intrinsically connected to Hakadosh Baruch Hu.โ
If you understand that you are fundamentally holy, then you can access that point of spiritually within yourself and reignite it. When you do teshuvah, then, you are not creating something from nothing, but merely expanding the holiness within you.
The obstacle to teshuvah, then, is the failure to recognize that even after we sin, some part of the neshamah inside you is pure, and always remains untarnished and unpolluted. It is that untouched part of the neshamah that enables the person to do teshuvah. The Sfas Emes says that this pinteleh within a person maintains a constant connection with Hakadosh Baruch Hu โ ืึดึผื ืงึธืจืึนื ืึตืึถืืึธ ืึทืึธึผืึธืจ ืึฐืึนื. Youโre not expected to reach for something that you donโt have or create something new; youโre merely retrieving the kochos that are there inside you.
Itโs who you are.
We can now understand why the Rambam considers the sounds of the shofar a wake-up call. Heโs not referring to a person whoโs physically asleep, but to a person whoโs in a spiritual slumber.
Sleep represents the total domination of the guf. When a person sleeps, his intellectual faculties are shut down.
Activating the Voice of the Neshamah
The Pachad Yitzchak notes that one of the reasons we blow shofar is because people used to blow the shofar when they crowned a king, so when we coronate Hashem on Rosh Hashanah, we blow the shofar as well.
But why, he asks, was there a custom to blow the shofar when crowning a king?
He explains that Hakadosh Baruch Huโs malchus was revealed in this world through the creation of Man โ and Adam Harishon was fashioned through an act of blowing: ืึทืึดึผืคึทึผื ืึฐึผืึทืคึธึผืื ื ึดืฉึฐืืึทืช ืึทืึดึผืื. Hakadosh Baruch Hu blew from Himself into Adam โ ืืื ืื ืคื ืืืืืื ื ืคื โ imbuing him with a holy neshamah, the chelek Eloka mimaal that exists within a person.
When we blow the shofar, we activate the voice of the neshamah, as we draw upon our pnimiyus, the essence of who we really are. A person might be fast asleep, completely sunk into his guf, but the shofar comes and awakens the neshamah within him. It wakes us up because its sound is the voice of the neshamah, the kol kol Yaakov, which Hashem blew into us. The shofar reminds us that our fundamental essence is ืึฐึผืคึดืืึธ ืึผืึดืึฐืึธืึฐืึธ ืึทืขึฒืฉึนืืชืึน. We carry this chelek Eloka mimaal, which always remains unsullied, and that spark can always be reignited.
This is the avodah and opportunity of Elul. The obstacle to teshuvah is that a person forgets this, thinking that ruchniyus is across the sea, but Elul reminds us that we have it inside ourselves, and we just need to access that spark and expand it.
We may be fast asleep, dominated by the guf, but the neshamah that Hashem blew into us is always alive and awake: ืึฒื ึดื ืึฐืฉึตืื ึธื ืึฐืึดืึดึผื ืขึตืจ. The sound of the shofar wakes us up, reminding us who we really are, and that the ruchniyus we seek is already inside of us: ืึดึผื ืงึธืจืึนื ืึตืึถืืึธ ืึทืึธึผืึธืจ ืึฐืึนื.
A gut gebentcht yahr.