DevarimRe'eh

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yechezkel Levinshtein, ztโ€l

ื•ืฉืžื—ืชื ืœืคื ื™ ื”’ ืืœืงื™ื›ื (ื™ื‘,ื™ื‘)
ื‘ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ืคื™’ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” “ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื• ื›ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืข”ืž ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจืก, ืืœื ื”ื•ื• ื›ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื ืข”ืž ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจืก” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”: ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”’ ืข”ืž ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจืก, ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืฆื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ. ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืืช ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืชื• ื•ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืชื•, ืืœื ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื.

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื ื“ืžื” ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื•, ืื™ืœื• ื™ื‘ื ื”ื’ืจ”ืข ืื™ื’ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื—ื“ ืžืืชื ื• ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉืžื— ื•ื™ืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœืฉืžืฉ ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ื•ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืœืฉืžืฉื•. ื•ืง”ื• ืื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืจืžื‘”ืย  ืื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืชื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืื ื• ืœืฉืžืฉื ื•ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื. ื•ืง”ื• ืื ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชื•ืงืง ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืฉืžืฉื• ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื—ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.

ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืœื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™”ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื›ืจ ืข”ื›, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ื•ืฉืžื— ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื‘ืชื• ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืช’.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Hagaon Harav Moshe Finkel zt''l

ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ
ื›”ื— ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉืก”ื“
ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืกื™ืคืจ ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื”ื‘ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ ืืฆืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจื™”ื– ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืจื™”ื– ืžืขืจื›ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืกื•ืคื• ืœื ื•ื—, ื•ืžืจืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืืฃ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื“ืคืกื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™’ ื”ื’ืจื™”ื– ืขืœ ื”ืฉ”ืก.

ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ืช ื‘ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ื’ืจ”ืž ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื–ื• ืœืžื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื ืขื” ื•ื‘ื”ืกืชืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืžื• ืืช ืฉื ืชื ื•ืœื ื ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœืขื–ืจืชื•, ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ืจ”ืž ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื”ืชืคื ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.

ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจื™”ื– ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ื• ืžืื•ื“. ื™ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ื ื• ื”ื’ืจื”ื‘ ื–ืฆ”ืœ: ื ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื™ ืคืขื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืืžืจ ืชื•ืจื ื™ ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืชื™ ืื‘ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™.

ืœืฉืืœืชื™ ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื ืื—ืจืช, ืขื ื” ืœื™ ‘ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจื™”ื– ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ’. ืชืžื”ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจื™”ื– ืœืคืจื˜ ืฉื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ืขื ื” ืœื™ ืื‘ื: ‘ื›ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืฆืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจื™”ื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื, ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื—ื“ื ืขื ื‘ื ื• ื”ื’ืจื™”ื“ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื™ืžื“ื ื™ ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจื™”ื– ื›ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœืš ืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื”.

ืกื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ื’ืจื”ื‘ ื–ืฆ”ืœ: ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืฉืื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืจืš ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจ”ื— ื–ืฆื•ืงืœืœ”ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.

ืชื ืฆื‘”ื”

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ืจืื”

ืคืจื•ื–ื‘ื•ืœ

ืฉืžื•ื˜ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ื™ื“ื•, ืœื ื™ื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืจืขื”ื•, ื›ื™ ืงืจื ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืœื”’. ื•ืžืจื‘ื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœ”ื— ืข”ื‘ ื“ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจื‘ื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ืงืจื ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืœื”’.

ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืก’ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืก’ ืจื™”ื“ ื“ืชื™ืงื ื• ื–ื›ืจ ืœืฉืžื™ื˜ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื–ื””ื– ืจืง ื‘ื”ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ, ื•ื”ืง’ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืจื‘ื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœ”ื— ืข”ื‘ ื“ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจื‘ื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ืงืจื ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืœื”’.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืก’ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ืžืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื’ืž’ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ืจืื™ื ื“ืœื ืคืงืข ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืžืฉืžื˜ ืื ื™, ื•ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื“ืคืงืข ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•”ืœ ื•ื”ื™. ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืขืค”ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื‘ืกืคื”ืž”ืฆ ื“ื‘ืž”ืข ืงืž”ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื‘ืžืœ”ืช ืจ”ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืœืื• ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื”ื™ ืืœื ื“ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ.

ื•ืขืคื™”ื– ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื“ืขืช ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื ”ืœ.

(ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืก’ ืจื™”ื“ ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ืคืจื•ื–ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ. ื•ืข’ ืจืž”ื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืชืจื•ื””ื“ ืกื™’ ื“”ืฉ, ื•ื”ืชืจื•ื””ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืœื ืชื™ืงื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™. ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ื””ื“ ื“ืœื ืชื™ืงื ื• ื–ื›ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืืœื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืืข”ื’ ืฉืชื™ืงื ื• ื–ื›ืจ ืœื—ืœื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืž”ืž ืฉืื ื™ ืฉืžื™ื˜ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ื“ืืชืงืฉ ืœืฉืžื™ื˜ืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื•ืœื ื ืชืงืŸ ืืœื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื“ืžื™ื ื˜ืคื™ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืช ืงืจืงืข ืžื—ืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื”ืชื ืค”ืง ื“ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ื”ื ืื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื” ืงืจื ื”ื•ื™ ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืŸ ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื˜ืช ืงืจืงืข ืœื ืชื ื”ื•ื’ ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืืœื ื‘ื”ื™ “ื•ื”ืฉืชื ื ืžื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ื” ืงืจื ืž”ืž ื“ืžื™ื ื ืžื™ ืœื—ื•ื‘ืช ืงืจืงืข ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ื ื”ื™ื”. ื•ื”ื’ืจ”ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื ื“ื—ืง ืžืื“. ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืก’ ืจื™”ื“ ืœื ืชื™ืงื ื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ื‘ื–ื””ื–.

ืขื•ืจื• ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžืฉื ืชื›ื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Aryeh Finkel, ztโ€l

ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ (ืจื™ืฉ ืกื™’ ืชืงืคืดื): ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื‘ืจืดื— ืืœื•ืœ ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœืžืฉื” ืขืœื” ืืœื™ ื”ื”ืจื” ืฉืื– ืขืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื•ื›ื•’, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ืดืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืดื— ืืœื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืขืžื•ืก ื’, ื•) ืื ื™ืชืงืข ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื ืœื ื™ื—ืจื“ื•ืด.

ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืจื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืืžื ื ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ืจื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืคืœื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื“’ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจืดื”, ื•ื–ืดืœ (ื”ืœ’ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืดื’ ื”ืดื“): ืดื•ืืขืดืค ืฉืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ื‘ืจืดื” ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจืžื– ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื•ืจื• ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื ืชื›ื ื•ื ืจื“ืžื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื• ืžืชืจื“ืžืชื›ื ื•ื—ืคืฉื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื›ื ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื•ืจืื›ื, ืืœื• ื”ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ื”ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชื ื‘ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ืจื™ืง ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืœื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื›ื, ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื›ื ื•ืžืขืœืœื™ื›ื, ื•ื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืจืขื” ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ืืฉืจ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•’ืด ืขื›ืดืœ. ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื•ืื’ ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื•ืฉื•ื›ื— ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžืชืจื“ืžื” ื–ื• ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื•.

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื• ืชืดื— ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ืžื•ืคืœื’ื™ื, ื™ืจืื™ื ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™’ ื”ืฉืจืฉื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืดื“, ื ื›ื“ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžื ื•ื‘ื”ืจื“ื•ืง. ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉืดื™ ืขื”ืดืค ื‘ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• (ืœื‘, ื—-ื™ื) ื›ื™ ื—ืœืง ื“’ ืขืžื• ื•ื›ื•’ ื™ืžืฆืื”ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื•’ ื™ืกื‘ื‘ื ื”ื• ื™ื‘ื•ื ื ื”ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื•ื›ื•’ ื›ื ืฉืจ ื™ืขื™ืจ ืงื ื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื• ื™ืจื—ืฃ ื•ื›ื•’. ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืœื™ื ื›ื ืฉืจ ื™ืขื™ืจ ืงื ื• ื•ื›ื•’, ืžื‘ืืจ ืจืฉืดื™ (ืœื‘, ื™ื) ื ื”ื’ื ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืžืœื” ื›ื ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืจื—ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงื ื• ืคืชืื•ื [ื”ื ืฉืจ ืขื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืื‘ืœ ืจื—ืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื•, ื•ืื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืชืข ืœืงืŸ, ื”ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืขื ืง, ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืคืชืื•ื] ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืฉืงืฉ ื•ืžื˜ืจืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืœืŸ ืœืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ื— ืœืงื‘ืœื• ื•ื›ื•’. [ื•ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”] ื›ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื ื’ืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืจื•ื— ืื—ืช ืืœื ืžืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’. ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื— ืื—ืช, ืืœื ืžื›ืœ ื“’ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืžืœืชื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืš ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ. ืขื•ืจื• ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœ’

ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขืดื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.

ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืœื”ืชื™ืจื ื•ืœืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜, ืงื›) ืกืžืจ ืžืคื—ื“ืš ื‘ืฉืจื™ ืžืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืš ื™ืจืืชื™. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื—ืžืœืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืฉื ื‘ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื, ื›ื ืฉืจ ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ื‘ื•ืื•.

ืืš ืื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื”, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืœื• ื›ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ืจืื” ื”ื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืจืง ื›ืฉื’ื’ื•ืช (ื™ื•ืžื ืคื•, ื‘).

ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื”ื‘ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“’ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื”) ืดื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื“’ ืืœื•ืงื™ืš ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืคืจืฉืดื™ ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื›ื•’, ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ืžื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืืœื ืฉืขืดื™ ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื•, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื”, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื“’ ืืœืงื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš.

ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืจืื”, ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจืื” ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืจืื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื“’, ื•ื›ืžืฉืดื› ื”ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›, ื—) ื›ื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืขืœืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื”ื™ืจืื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืฃ ืžื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ื (ืกื•ืฃ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื™, ื): ืดื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื ืžื ื—ื” ื•ืœื ืืฉืืด, ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืืžืจ ื’ื ืจื‘ื (ืจืดื” ื™ื—, ื) ืขื”ืดืค (ืฉืžื•ืดื ื’, ื™ื“) ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืขืœื™ ืื ื™ืชื›ืคืจ ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœื™ ื‘ื–ื‘ื— ื•ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื – ื‘ื–ื‘ื— ื•ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ืคืจ ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื›ืคืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืžื‘ืืจ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืขืจ ื“), ืฉื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื•, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื, ื˜): ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื“ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื›ื™ ื—ื˜ื ืœืืœืงื™ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉื•, ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉืคืš ื“ืžื• ื•ื™ืฉืจืฃ ื’ื•ืคื• ืœื•ืœื ื—ืกื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉืœืงื— ืžืžื ื• ืชืžื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืคืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื”ื ื“ืžื• ืชื—ืช ื“ืžื•, ื ืคืฉ ืชื—ืช ื ืคืฉ ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืชื›ืคืจ. ืืš ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืดื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื“’, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืชื ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช (ืคืดื• ืžืดื): ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื ืงืจื ืจืข, ืื”ื•ื‘, ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื›ื•’. ืื”ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื™ืืชื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ืดื”, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืžื›ืคืจืช ืืฃ ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื“’ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื” ืœื ืžื›ืคืจื™ื.

ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืขืคืžืฉืดื› ื”ื’ืจืดื ืขืœ ื”ืคืก’ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™, ื™ื‘) ืดืฉื ืื” ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื“ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื ืชื›ืกื” ืื”ื‘ื”ืด – ืฉื ืื” ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื“ื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืงื•ื˜ื˜ ืžื—ืžืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœ ื•ืžื•ืขื˜, ืืš ื ื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื• ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื– ืชืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉื ืื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื•ื˜ื˜ ืขืžื• ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืœ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืžื—ืžืช ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ืื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื“ื ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื ืชื›ืกื” ืื”ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืื– ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื ืชื›ืกื” ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, [ืฉื”ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžื‘ืœื™ื’ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื].

ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื’ืจืดื: ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’ ื“ืœื ืžืขื ืฉื™ื ืŸ ืืขืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืจื™ืชื—ื ืžืขื ืฉื™ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื ืชืขืฉื”, ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ืขืก, ื›ืฉืžืขื ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื ืชืขืฉื”, ืื– ืžืขื ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ื’ื ืืขืฉื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืื”, ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื ืชืขืฉื”, ืžื—ืžืช ื–ื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉื•ื ืื•, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืฉื” ื•ื“ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ืืขืฉื”, ืดื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื ืชื›ืกื” ืื”ื‘ื”ืด ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ืืžืช ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื”, ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžื›ืกื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื• ื•ื›ื•’, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” ืื– ื”ื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“’ ื—ืœืงื™ ื›ืคืจื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื ืชื›ืกื” ืื”ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืคืš ืœืจืข, ืื”ื•ื‘, ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื.

ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื ืคื—ื“, ื™ืจืืช ื“’ ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืขื“, ื•ื™ืจืื” ื–ื• ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืื”ื‘ื”. ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื• ื”ื’ืœื•ื™’ ื•ื”ื ืกืชืจืช, ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื”, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื›ื•’ ืขืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš, ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ืกื“ ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืืฃ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื›ืš. ื›ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืคื•ื ื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“, ื) ืดื‘ื ื™ื ืืชื ืœื“’ ืืœืงื™ื›ืืด, ื›ืžื” ืื”ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื”, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื ืคื•ื ื” ืืœื™ื ื• ืดื‘ื ื™ืืด, ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื•. ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ืื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืื”ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ืจืื” ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ืืš ื‘ืœื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื—ืกืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืจ’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืœืื–ื™ืŸ (ื ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืจ ื“ ืคืœืดื), ืฉื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืืดื ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืžื•ืจื”: ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื”ื‘ื”, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืขืดื™ ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื›ืžืดืฉ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ื• ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืชื•ืจืชืš ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืœืคื ื™ืš.

ื‘ืœื ืชื•ืจื” ืืดื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื, ื•ืจืง ืขืดื™ ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื›ื•’ ืขืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื“’ ืืœืงื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš.

ื•ืืฃ ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืื ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ ืชืœื›ื•, ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ืืš ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื”ืขืžืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื ืชื›ืกื” ืื”ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” ืžื›ืคืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžืฉืดื› ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” (ืฉืขืดืช ืฉืขืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืกื™’ ืžื–) ืฉืขืดื™ ื—ืกื“ ืžืชื›ืคืจ ืืฃ ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืœ ื“’ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืคืจื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืชื”, ื•ื–ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื˜ื–, ื•) ืดื‘ื—ืกื“ ื•ืืžืช ื™ื›ืคืจ ืขื•ื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจืช ื—ืกื“, ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื•ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื” (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื“, ื).

ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืขืฆื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืžืš ืื”ื‘ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื—ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื“ืช, ื›ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืดื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืดื›ื ืฉืจ ื™ืขื™ืจ ืงื ื•ืด. ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ืืœื•ืœ, ื™ืžื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืื”ื‘ืช ื“’, ืื ื™ ืœื“ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืœืฉืžื•ื—, ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืดื›ื™ ื—ื“ื•ืช ื“’ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื–ื›ืืด (ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื—, ื™).

ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืืš ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ื ืืชื ืœื“’ ืืœืงื™ื›ื, ื•ืขืดื™ ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืงื‘ืดื”.

ื•ืื•ืชื• ืขืกืง ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืดืขืดื™ ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ืด, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืดืœืฉืžื”ืด, ืฉื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืืฃ ืžืชื•ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืดืœื ืœืฉืžื”ืด ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ืืจ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ืคืดื’): ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื”, ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœืžื•ื“ ืขื›ืดืค ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ ื›ื•ื ื” ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื”, ื•ืžืขืชื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ ื”ื ื” ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื”, ื ืชืงื“ืฉ ื•ื ื˜ื”ืจ ืขืดื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืœืฉืžื”.

ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ื”ื’ืจืดื ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืœืžืฉืœื™ (ื˜ื•, ื˜ื–) ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื“’ ืžืื•ืฆืจ ืจื‘ ื•ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื‘ื• – ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจืช ื“’ ืชืžื™ืžื”, ื›ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืœืžื“ ืื“ื ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื’ืื•ื” ื•ืžืจืžื•ืช ื•ืงื ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ืงืจื” ืฉืœืžื“ ืดืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื“’ืด, ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืงื‘ืฅ ื•ืœืžื“ ืดื•ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื‘ื•ืด.

“ืขื•ืจื• ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžืฉื ืชื›ืืด, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืฃ ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืจื•ืขื“ื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ ืžื™ ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืคื—ื“ ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืื”ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืื ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื–ื• ื ื“ืข ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“, ื”ืŸ ืขืดื™ ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืดื™ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืœื”ื—ืชื ื‘ืกืคืจื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื“ื•ืช ื“’ ืžืขื•ื–ื›ื ืืžืŸ.

โ€ซโ€ชParshaโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชPreview

Harav Hagaon Shmuel Friedman Shlita

Change Yourself, Change the World

Parashas Reeh / Rosh Chodesh Elul

Harav Hagaon Shmuel Friedman shlita

The mefarshim teach that what happens during the week, and during the overall period, all lies within the parashah. Parashas Reeh begins:

ืจึฐืึตื” ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื‘ึฐึผืจึธื›ึธื” ื•ึผืงึฐืœึธืœึธื”. ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึฐึผืจึธื›ึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืžึฐืขื•ึผ ืึถืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•โ€ึนืช ื”’ ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ื›ึถื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึถึผื” ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื•ึฐื”ึทืงึฐึผืœึธืœึธื” ืึดื ืœึนื ืชึดืฉึฐืืžึฐืขื•ึผ.

This passuk seems puzzling on several counts. Why does the Torah use the unusual word ืจึฐืึตื”, see, instead of the more standard word ื”ึดื ึผึตื”? It could have said ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื, similar to the wording used elsewhere. Furthermore, why does the passuk switch from singular (ืจึฐืึตื”) to plural (ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื), in the phrase ืจึฐืึตื” ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื?

The word ืจึฐืึตื” connotes hisbonenus, and by using this term, in the singular, the Torah is instructing every individual to think and contemplate. Both the Kli Yakar and the Chasam Sofer explain that a person must contemplate what the Gemara (Kiddushin 40) teaches: ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืจืื” ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ืฆื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื—ืฆื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ … ืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช ืืฉืจื™ื• ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืื•ื™ ืœื• ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื›ืฃ ื—ื•ื‘ื”. Through a personโ€™s actions, he can sway the entire world in a positive direction, or, chas vโ€™shalom, the opposite. This potential impact on the whole tzibbur is reflected in the plural word ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื.

Similarly, the Alshich explains that thereโ€™s a hanhagah for the whole Klal Yisrael together and thereโ€™s a hanhagah for each individual. Just as all of Klal Yisrael stood at Har Sinai together, but the Ribbono Shel Olam addressed each individual personally, so, too, when the Ribbono Shel Olam gives us goodness and blessing โ€” or the opposite chas vโ€™shalom โ€” we shouldnโ€™t think that this because of Klal Yisrael as a whole. To dispel any thought a person might have that perhaps my own actions donโ€™t have much of an effect on all of Klal Yisrael, the passuk tells us, in the singular, that all the berachos and klalos depend entirely on each individual โ€” and they affect all of Klal Yisrael.

This is our introduction to Chodesh Elul, and to the hisbonenus thatโ€™s required at this time of the year. Perhaps this is why the passuk uses the term ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื โ€” ืจึฐืึตื” ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื. A person might think to himself, how can I influence the world for good or for bad? How can I make such changes? The chizuk thatโ€™s needed at this point is: look just at today, each day for itself. Thatโ€™s how itโ€™s possible for us to change our behavior and affect all of Klal Yisrael. But if a person looks at everything as a result of the entire Klal Yisrael โ€” not just his own actions โ€”it will be very hard for him to make changes.

Unconditional Brachah

The mefarshim also note that regarding the berachos, the passuk says ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืžึฐืขื•ึผ, you will listen, while regarding the klalos it says ืึดื ืœึนื ืชึดืฉึฐืืžึฐืขื•ึผ, if you will not listen. Why is the word โ€œifโ€ used in connection with the klalos and not with the berachos? The simple explanation is that the Torah did not want to speak badly of Klal Yisrael. But some mefarshim explain that a Yid, by nature, is a shomeiโ€™a โ€” he wants to listen. In contrast, regarding the kelalos, the Torah uses the conditional if โ€” itโ€™s not something thatโ€™s comes naturally to a Yid.

The Arvei Nachal notes that the term shmiyah โ€” hearing โ€”is generally followed by a term of asiyah โ€” doing, as in the passuk: ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืขึตืงึถื‘ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืžึฐืขื•ึผืŸ ืึตืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืืคึธึผื˜ึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึถึผื” ื•ึผืฉึฐืืžึทืจึฐืชึถึผื ื•ึทืขึฒืฉึดื‚ื™ืชึถื ืึนืชึธื. Thatโ€™s because the idea of shmiyah is to be mekabel something intellectually, but thatโ€™s not enough; it has to be followed by asiyah. Why, then, does the passuk here say ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึฐึผืจึธื›ึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืžึฐืขื•ึผ without following that with any mention of asiyah?

He explains that the Torah is conveying that the berachah comes even if the person did not actually fulfill a mitzvah, but merely thought about doing it. Every member of Klal Yisrael, even the greatest rasha, thinks about fulfilling mitzvos. In this context, conditional language is not appropriate, so the Torah uses language of certainty: ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึดึผืฉึฐืืžึฐืขื•ึผ, you will listen. In contrast, regarding the klalah, just thinking about doing an aveirah does not, in itself, bring the klalah, unless that aveirah is ย avodah zarah. Only if a Yid actually does an aveirah does he receive the klalos, but if he even thinks about doing mitzvos he receives the berachos.

Deserving Good

Later in the parashah the Torah discusses another mitzvah that could help us work on ourselves during this time. The Torah commands us to give gifts to an eved Ivri when he goes free, and not to send him away emptyhanded: ื”ึทืขึฒื ึตื™ืง ืชึทึผืขึฒื ึดื™ืง ืœื•ึน ืžึดืฆึนึผืื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดื’ึธึผืจึฐื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดื™ึดึผืงึฐื‘ึถืšึธ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึตึผืจึทื›ึฐืšึธ ื”’ ืึฑืœึนืงึถื™ืšึธ ืชึดึผืชึถึผืŸ ืœื•ึน. The master might think to himself, I gave this eved so much, I helped him out all these years, I gave him more than he deserves, I paid him a salary โ€” now I have to give him gifts?

A superficial reading of this mitzvah would lead us to believe that it is for the benefit of the eved. Yet the Sefer Hachinuch paints this mitzvah in a very different light:

ืžืฉืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื ืงื ื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื ื• ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืขื ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืžืขื•ืœื” ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘. ื•ื”ืืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืขืžื•. ื•ื”ื•ื“ื ื• ื•ื”ื“ืจื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืจื—ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื—ืกื“, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื ื™ื ื• ืขืžื• ืœืชืช ืœื• ื‘ืฉื›ืจื•.

The root of this mitzvah, he says, is that the Ribbono Shel Olam wants us to refine our middos so that we can be zocheh to good. How do we come closer to the Ribbono Shel Olam and earn the reward He wants to bestow upon us? Our โ€œglory and splendorโ€ is that we should have compassion on someone who worked for us and give him gifts as a chessed โ€” in order for us to perfect ourselves and become more refined. Through that, weโ€™ll merit more goodness and greater connection to the Ribbono Shel Olam, since improved middos translate into greater closeness to Him.

The Rambam conveys a similar idea in his Peirush Hamishnayos, in Perek Chelek, in his explanation of why one who humiliates a person publicly has no share in Olam Haba. It would seem that there are worse aveiros than that, so why is a person punished so severely for it? The Rambam explains that this is not a function of punishment, as he writes:

ื”ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ื•ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœึทื—ึฒื‘ึตืจื•ึน ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™, ื•ื”ืžืชื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ืžืืœื”, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ึตืจื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืืœื ื‘ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉืœึตืžื•ึผืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื.

Someone who has a lowly nefesh cannot connect to Olam Haba; heโ€™s simply not compatible. This can be compared to someone with a cellphone who is going through a tunnel, and inside the tunnel there is no reception. Similarly, a person with a lowly nefesh โ€” as reflected by his humiliating another person publicly โ€” has no reception for devarim shebikedushah.

The Chinuch is telling us that when someone gives you some benefit, then you should go out of your way to do good for him โ€” not only for his sake, to make him feel good and restore his dignity, but for yourself, to perfect your middos and connect you more to kedushah and to the Ribbono Shel Olam. The Chinuch concludes:

ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ื•ื”ื’, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงื“ื. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉืžืข ื—ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงื—, ืฉืื ืฉื›ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขื‘ื“ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ืขื˜, ืฉื™ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื‘ืฆืืชื• ืžืขืžื• ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื›ื• ื”ืฉื.

Technically, this mitzvah applied only during the time of the Beis Hamikdash, but the Chinuch is saying that the spirit of the mitzvah applies even today. I heard that Rโ€™ Elyashiv used to say, perhaps not as halachah but as proper behavior, that when someone works for you and leaves, thereโ€™s an idea of giving a pension or a present.

The Chinuch teaches a similar lesson regarding the mitzvah to love the ger, in last weekโ€™s parashah. Besides the rachmanus we should feel for a ger or for someone who is going through a difficult time and has no family, it is a tremendous benefit to us to have rachmanus on such a person, and helps us to perfect our own middos.

An Opportune Time

Let us end with the words of the Chayei Adam (Klal 138):

ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืช ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•, ื•ืฆื•ื ื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉื ื—ื˜ื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช, ืž”ืž ื—ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืžืฉืืจ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื ื™ืžื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืขืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืœืขื. ืฉื›ืฉื—ื˜ืื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื’ืœ, ื•ื ืฉืชื‘ืจื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื–, ื•ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืขืœื” ืžืฉื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืคืกืœ ืœืš, ื•ื ืชืจืฆื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื– ืขืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ, ื•ื ืฉืชื”ื” ืฉื ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ืžืจ ื›ืคืจื”.

Even though teshuvah is good at any time, Chodesh Elul is the optimal time for teshuvah, and at this time teshuvah is more readily accepted than the rest of the year. Why? Because after Klal Yisrael sinned with the eigel, Moshe Rabbeinu went up to Shomayim for forty days, beginning on Rosh Chodesh Elul, and just as those days were yemei ratzon, every year those same days are yemei ratzon.

We see from the Chayei Adam that Chodesh Elul is a unique time not only because it immediately precedes the Yamim Noraโ€™im, but also because these days are essentially yemei rachamim vโ€™ratzon, and indeed, Chazal revealed to us that during these days we can attain things that we cannot attain the rest of the year. R’ Chatzkel Levenstein brought proof of this from Moshe Rabbeinuโ€™s requesting of Hashem, after the eigel, ื”ึทืจึฐืึตื ึดื™ ื ึธื ืึถืช ื›ึฐึผื‘ึนื“ึถืšึธ, about which Rashi comments: ืจืื” ืžืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืชื• ืžืจืื™ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•. Moshe Rabbeinu desired to perceive the glory of Hashem, and he waited for an auspicious time to make this request. So, too, we can use this time to attain spiritual achievements that we cannot attain the rest of the year.

The Alter of Kelm used to say that along with the cheshbon hanefesh weโ€™re supposed to perform during Elul, we should feel a sense of simchah, as though we are going to a resort to regain our spiritual kochos and revitalize ourselves.

We have to try our best to do the necessary hisbonenus, not with sadness, chas vโ€™shalom, but with simchah at this opportunity. As the words ืจึฐืึตื” andืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ย imply, every individual has an effect upon himself and on all of Klal Yisrael.

Gut Shabbos, and kesivah vโ€™chasimah tovah.

  • SEARCH BY PARSHA

  • โ€ซโ€ชSEโ€ฌโ€ฌARCHโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชBYโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชRโ€ฌโ€ซโ€ชABBONIMโ€ฌโ€ฌ