VayikraVayikra

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yechezkel Levinshtein, ztโ€l

ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื˜ื (ื”,ื›ื)
ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื”: ืชื ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ืฉื” ืคื–ื•ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืžืฉืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื” ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ืื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื˜ื ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื•’.
ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื: ื‘ืขืฉื™ื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืฉ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ‘ื•ื™ืงื— ืขืฉื• ืืช ื ืฉื™ื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ืชื™ื• ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื•’, ื•ื‘ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื ืคืฉ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ื ืคืฉ ืื—ืช, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ‘ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื™ืจืš ื™ืขืงื‘’ ื•ื›ื•’? ืืœื ืขืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืืœื”ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืืœื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ื ืคืฉ ืื—ืช.

ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืื—ื“ืช ืื•ืชื. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”’ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืžื™ืœื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื›ื ืคืฉ ืื—ืช.

ืืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืงื‘”ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืžืžื™ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ืจื ืื—ื“ ืžืื—ื“ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืื—ื“. ื›ืฉื ืฉืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื ืื—ื“, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืืฉ ื‘ืืฉ, ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื™”ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื—ืœืง ืืœื•ืง ืžืžืขืœ, ืžืžื™ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.

ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืชืžื™ื”ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื ืคืฉ ืืœื•ืง ืžืžืขืœ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื ืื—ื“ ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืœืื—ื“, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ ืื—ื“? ื›ืฉื ืฉืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืžืื‘ ืื—ื“ ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื›ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื ื ืคืฉ ืื—ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.

ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Nosson Tzvi Finkel ztโ€l

ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื””ื–
ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”ย ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืฉื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช “ื”ื–ืžืŸ” ืœื™ืžื™ “ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ืช, ื—ื’ ื•ื—ื•ื””ืž.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ืฃ “ื–ืžืŸ” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื›ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืกื›ืช ืฉืœ “ื–ืžืŸ” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ “ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื”.

ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืžื“ ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืจืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ื•ืœื ืžืฆื ืœื” ืžื–ื•ืจ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ืขื˜ื• ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ืชื•ืก’ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื›ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืžืฆื ืžื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืชื•, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ืดื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืืด ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ื–ื• ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—. ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ืกื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืืฆืœื• ื›ื“ื‘ืขื™. ืœืžื—ืจืช ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืคืœื ื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœืชืœืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ. ื›ืฉืฉืืœื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืชื™ ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจื” ืืฆืœื• ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืขืžืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืจืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ื•ื™ืงืจื

ื™ืงืจื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื›ืืŸ ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ื“ื•ืงื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืื ื™. ื•ื””ื” ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื˜. ื•ืคื™’ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืค”ื‘ ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื””ื› ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื’ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.

ื•ืืžืจื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื ืจื‘ื ืœืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื. ื•ืข’ ื—”ืก ืื•”ื— ืงืค”ื” ื“ืฆ”ื‘ ื“ื”ืจื™ ื›’ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื“ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื”. ื•ืข”ืฉ ืฉื›’ ื“ืข”ื› ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืจืง ืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžืขืช ืฉืืžืจื• ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข.ย  ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ืค’ ื•ื™ืจื ื›’ ื“ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืงื™ื“ื”. ื•ืข’ ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ืจ”ืคย  ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘.

ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืง’ ืงื•’ ื”ื—”ืก, ื•ืชื™’ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ื””ื— ื“ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืœื‘ื™”ื ืค’ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืคืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•”ื› ืขื””ืค ืœืจืฆื•ื ื›ื, ื“ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืื ื™. ื•ื›”ื› ื”ืจ”ืฉ ื‘ื’’ ืžืงื•ืžืช ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื•ืื›ืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื. ื•ืœื›ื’ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ื”ื˜ืขื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืข”ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืข”ื– ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื.

ื•ืข’ ืฉ”ืž ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืข”ื’ ืข”ื‘ ืื•ืช ื“’ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืœืขื›ื•”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื ืกื›ื™ื ื•ืœื›ื’ ื”ื˜ืขื ื›ืจืžื‘”ื ื”ื ”ืœ. ื•ื›”ื› ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ื›ืืŸ.

ื•ืข’ ืžื›ื•ืช ื™’ ืข”ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืœืš ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ืŸ, ื•ืจืื™ื” ืฉื”’ ืืžืจ ืœื‘ืœืขื ืงื•ื ืœืš ืืชื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืื™ื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื ืœืœืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื™ืฅ ื•ืœืขื ื•ื™ื ื™ืชืŸ ื—ืŸ.

ื•ืข’ ืžืจืคื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืจ’ ืจืคืืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื“ืง’ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ืœ”ื— ืข”ื‘ ื“ืจืฉื• ืžืื•ืชื• ืงืจื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื ืœืœืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื™ืฅ ื•ืœืขื ื•ื™ื ื™ืชืŸ ื—ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื‘ื ืœื˜ืžื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ืŸ ืœื•. ื•ืข”ื› ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืœืš ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืชื™ืงืฉื™ ื”ื› ืื™ืš ื“ืจืฉื• ื›ืŸ ืžืžื” ืฉื”’ ืืžืจ ืœื‘ืœืขื ืงื•ื ืœืš ืืชื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื‘ื ืœื˜ืžื ืืžืจื• ืจืง ืคื•ืชื—ื™ืŸ ืœื•. ื•ืชื™’ ื›ื™ ืจืง ื‘ื‘ืœืขื ืืžืจื• ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขื›ื•”ื ื–ื”ื• ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ื‘ื ”ื™ ืฉืจืง ืคื•ืชื—ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช.

ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืข’ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื“ื•ื‘ื ื ืจื™ืฉ ืฉื””ืฉ ืฉืคื™’ ืžืฉื›ื ื™, ืื—ืจื™ืš ื ืจื•ืฆื”, ื•ืœื›ื’ ื”ื•ื ืกืชื™ืจื”, ื•ืชื™’ ืฉื”ื™ืฆื””ืจ ืžื•ื ืข, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืฉื›ื ื™, ื•ืื—ืจ ื–ื”, ื ืจื•ืฆื”.

ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืข’ ื‘ื””ืœ ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื˜”ื• ื“ืžื””ื˜ ืืžืจื• ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื” ื‘ื ืœืฉืžื”. ื•ืข’ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืค’ ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืคื™’ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื ”ื’ ืข”ื‘ ื‘ื ”ื™ ื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืฉืžื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื•ืชืฉ ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ”ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”’. ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืž”ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื.

ื•ืข’ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ”ื• ืข”ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื•ืฉืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื ”ื™. ื•ืข’ ื‘”ืจ ืก”ื” ื›”ื‘ ืขื””ืค ื•ื™ืจื— ืืช ืจื™ื— ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉื ืจื™ื— ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื™ื•. ื•ืข’ ืฉื””ืฉ ื’ ื•’ ืืœ ืชืจืื•ื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื—ืจื—ื•ืจืช, ืฉืฉื–ืคืชื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.

ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Aaron Chodosh, ztโ€l

ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข (ืชื›ื—): ืจื‘ื™ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืคืชื— ‘ื™ืฉ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืจื‘ ืคื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ ืฉืคืชื™ ื“ืขืช’ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื), ื‘ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืžื“ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื•, ืžื” ื”ื ืื” ื™ืฉ ืœื•. ืžืชืœื ืืžืจ ื“ืขื” ืงื ื™ืช ืžื” ื—ืกืจืช, ื“ืขื” ื—ืกืจืช ืžื” ืงื ื™ืช.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื (ืชื›ื˜): ื–ืฉ”ื” ‘ื”ื‘ื™ืื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื“ืจื™ื•’ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ืžืฉื”’, ืžื›ืืŸ ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ืช”ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ืขื” ื ื‘ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื ื•. ืชื“ืข ืœืš ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฆื ื•ืœืžื“ ืžืžืฉื” ืื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืื‘ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ืขืฉื• ื ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ื ื•ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ืขืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ ืžืจื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืืขืค”ื› ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืงืจื ืœื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ืžืฉื”’, ืขื›”ืœ. ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœืœื ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื•, ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืจื ‘ื—ืกืจ ื“ืขื”. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆ”ื‘.

‘ืืœื” ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช’, ืคื™’ ืจืฉ”ื™: ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช – ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื’ืœ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉืจื” ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื (ืฉืžื•”ืจ ื ื, ื”), ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงืจืื ืžืžืœื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ื—ื˜ืื•. ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืืžืจื• ืขื›ื•”ืž ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ื“ ืกืœื— ืœื”ื ื”ืงื‘”ื”. ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ืžืคื•ื™ืก ืฉืžื—ืœืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืœื ื”ื•ื“ืข ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื—ื™ื™ืš, ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืจื” ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื.

ื•ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื–: ืืœื” ืคืงื•ื“ื™ – ื‘ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ. ืืจ”ืฉ ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื“’ ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืŸ’, ื‘ื ืื“ื ื•ื—ื˜ื ื ืกืชืœืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืฉืžื™ื, ืขืžื“ ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœ ื ืกืชืœืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืจืงื™ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™, ืขืžื“ ื“ื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื›ืขื™ืกื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื›ื•’, ืขืžื“ื• ืืžืจืคืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืกืชืœืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ืขืžื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืกื™ื’ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœืฉื™ืฉื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืฉื›ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ืขืžืจื ืžืฉื›ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื”.

ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืข”ื”.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื™ื) ืขื”ืค”ืก ‘ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืืœ ืžืฉื”’: ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืžืจื• ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฆืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืชื™ ืชื‘ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ืชืฉืจื” ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ืฉืจืชื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื•. ืžื” ืขืฉื•, ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื”ื ืืฆืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืœื‘. ืืžืจื• ืœื”ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืชื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืชืฉืจื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•. ื•ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ. ืžื™ื“ ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื”ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื•ืื”ืœื™ืื‘, ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื•ืื• ืืชื ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืขืฉื™ืชื ืื•ืชื•, ืฉืžื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื›ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“. ืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื•, ื•ื›ื•’. ื ื›ื ืกื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฆืœ ืžืฉื”, ืืžืจื• ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืขืฉื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ืชืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื ืชื ื ื• ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ืš, ืฉืžื ื—ืกืจื ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ื•ื™ืชืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืช ืœื ื•, ืจืื” ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื™ืš, ื•ื›ื•’. ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืžื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื• ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื•ืื”ืœื™ืื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืœื‘ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืžื™ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฉื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“, ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื™ื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื• ื”ืงืžื”, ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื™ืงื ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ’.

ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืืช ืข”ืฉ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืข”ื”.

ืืžืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืฉื›ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืฉื—ื˜ื ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื’ืจื ืžื™ืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื•ื›ืš ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ืฉืžื•”ืจ ื ื, ื—): ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืœื•ื˜ ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘, ื˜ื–): “ื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช”, ืžื”ื• “ื—ืจื•ืช”, ื•ื›ื•’ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช. ื”ืจ ืคื ื—ืก ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื ื‘ืฉื ืจ”ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจ”ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืื ื™ื‘ื ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืœืžื” ื ื‘ืจืืชื™, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื•ื ืจ ื‘ืจืืชื™ืš ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™, ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื–ื™ื• ื”ื“ืจื•, ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื›ืฉื—ื˜ืื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื”ื ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉื, ื•) “ื•ื™ืชื ืฆืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืขื“ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘”.

ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื›ืฉื—ื˜ืื• ื‘ื ”ื™ ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ืกืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื ื”ืžื™ืชื”, ืืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืข”ื™ ืžืฉื” ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื.

ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ืฉืžื•”ืจ ื ื, ื): ื›ืš ืคืชื— ืจ’ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ‘ืื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื’, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•, ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืืฅ ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื ืงื”. ืื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื” ืžืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื ืืžืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ‘ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช’ – ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™’ ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืžืŸ, ‘ื•ืืฅ ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ’ – ื–ื” ืงืจื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคื•, ื•ืชืคืชื— ื”ืืจืฅ ืืช ืคื™ื”.

ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ืื‘ื•ืช ื, ื•): ื•ื”ื•ื™ ื“ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื’ืž’ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื–.) ืช”ืจ ื”ื“ืŸ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืจื“ ืžื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขื””ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื””ื› ื”ืœ ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื›ืจื™ ื•ืืœืš ื•ืื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืฉืชื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™, ื”ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืช, ื”ืœ ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื•ื›ื•’, ื”ืคืฉื™ืœ ื›ืœื™ื• ืœืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ืœืš ื‘ืคื—ื™ ื ืคืฉ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื ื˜ืœ ื‘ืขื””ื‘ ืฉื›ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืขืžื• ืžืฉืื•ื™ ื’’ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื•, ืื—ืจ ืฉืื›ืœื• ื•ืฉืชื• ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืฉื›ืจื•. ื”ืœ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ื—ืฉื“ืชื ื™, ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืžื ืคืจื’ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืืชื” ื›ืฉื ืฉื“ื ืชื ื™ ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื™ื“ื™ื ืš ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช.

ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืงืœื™ื ื’, ื‘: ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื ื‘ืคืจื’ื•ื“ ื—ืคื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื ืขืœ ื•ื›ื•’, ืฉืžื ื™ืขื ื™, ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืžืขื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืขื ื™, ืื• ืฉืžื ื™ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืžืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื“’ ื•ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ’, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ‘ื•ืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื•ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ื•ืื“ื’.

ืœืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืœื“ื•ื ื• ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืฉื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื™ ืžืืœืงื™ื.

ื•ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื—. ื–ืฉ”ื” ‘ื•ืชืคืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขืžื™’ ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ‘ืชืคืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขื’, ‘ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขื’ ืืœื• ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ‘ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขืžื™’ ืืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืจื‘ืฉ”ืข ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื—ื• ืื—ืจื™, ‘ืชืฉื‘ ื‘ืื—ื™ืš ืชื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืืžืš ืชืชืŸ ื“ื•ืคื™’ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืจื™ื‘”ืœ ืืžืจ ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืื ื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื™ืš, ืกื•ืคืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืืžืš ื–ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ืข”ื– ื ืืžืจ ‘ืชืคืœื˜ื ื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขืžื™’.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ืฉื ืขืœ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•: ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืžืฉื” ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื ืืœืฃ ื•ื›ื•’, ืืžืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื” ื ื˜ืœืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ืื™ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืขืžื”ืŸ, ื•ืœืžื” ืขืฉื” ืขืžื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžืืžื™ื ื•, ืืœื ืฉืฉืžืข ืœื™ืฆื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ื›ื•’. ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื“’ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–”ืœ ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืก’ ‘ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ืžืฉื”’ – ืžื›ืืŸ ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ืขื” ื ื‘ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื ื•. ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืคืก’ ื”ื–ื”.

ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืข”ืค ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื“. ื—ื™ืชืš ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื” ืชื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืชืš ืœืขื ื™ ืืœืงื™ื, ืื ืื“ื ืžืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื—ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉื“ื•ืจืกืช ื•ืื•ื›ืœืช, ื•ืื™ื›ื ื“ืืžืจื™ ืฉืžืกืจื—ืช ื•ืื•ื›ืœืช, ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™: ืžืกืจื—ืช- ืฉืžื ื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื”ื› ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™”ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”’ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืฉื”ื™’ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื› ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™’ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืข”ืค ืฉืœื ื ืงืจื. ืืœื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืœื ืฉื™ืงืจื ืœื• ืฉื”ืฉื™”ืช ื™ืงืจื ืœื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืชื ื‘ืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ืกืจ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘’ื—ืกืจ ื“ืขื”’, ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, ืข”ื› ืœื ื ื›ื ืก.

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Harav Hagaon Binyomin Cohen Shlita

Parashas Vayikra/Pesach

Harav Hagaon Binyomin Cohen shlita

This year, when Erev Pesach falls on Shabbos, we read the haftarah of Shabbos Hagadol next Shabbos, and the minhag to read the Haggadah is next Shabbos as well. But the minhag to have the drashah of Shabbos Hagadol, says the Mishnah Berurah, is this Shabbos, two Shabbosim before Pesach. The Pri Megadim explains that next week itโ€™s too late for the rav to tell the tzibbur to be careful regarding certain halachos related to Pesach and to change the way they prepare for Pesach.

We can extend this idea to our own preparations for Yom Tov: When preparing ourselves for the tremendous Yom Tov of Pesach, we have to start two Shabbosim earlier.

This weekโ€™s parashah, Parashas Vayikra, begins by discussing the korbanos, starting with the korban olah, about which the passuk says: ืึถืœ ืคึผึถืชึทื— ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ ื™ึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ืึนืชื•ึน ืœึดืจึฐืฆึนื ื•ึน ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”’. Rashi, citing the Gemara, highlights an inherent contradiction in the phrase: ื™ึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ืึนืชื•ึน ืœึดืจึฐืฆึนื ื•ึน. Chazal teach that the words ื™ึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ืึนืชื•ึน imply that the person should be compelled to bring the korban even against his will, while the word ืœึดืจึฐืฆึนื ื•ึน implies that he must offer it willingly. To reconcile this contradiction, Chazal say: ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืื ื™ โ€” we force him to the point that he says, โ€œI want.โ€

The Chasam Sofer, in Toras Moshe, offers another approach based on a mashal. A Jewish peasant, perhaps a wagon driver, lives in a small village and is busy from morning to night with his parnassah. He has no concept of learning Torah and no appreciation for spiritual matters. Letโ€™s say that someone approaches this peasant and ask him, โ€œWould you like to take off some time during the day and go learn? Maybe just for an hour?โ€ He would look at the person strangely, as no one he knows occupies himself with such matters; theyโ€™re all busy, like him, with earning parnassah.

But letโ€™s say, the Chasam Sofer continues, that this peasant comes to Yerushalayim, where he sees great people who are busy all day only with Torah and avodah. He goes a little further, to the Beis Hamikdash, and sees the kohanim performing their avodah all day, and he perceives the Shechinah resting there. This Yid is going to be nispaโ€™el, and his heart will start craving a closer connection to Hakadosh Baruch Hu, to the Torah, to avodas Hashem. At that moment, if you were to go over to him and ask, โ€œWould you like to take off some time during the day to learn? Maybe for an hour?โ€ he would answer, โ€œWhat? One hour? I want to learn at least three hours a day!โ€

When the passuk says ืึถืœ ืคึผึถืชึทื— ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ ื™ึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ืึนืชื•ึน, explains the Chasam Sofer, it means that before the person reaches the entrance to the Ohel Moed, he has to be forced to go. But when he comes before Hashem, suddenly heโ€™ll want to do it: ืœึดืจึฐืฆึนื ื•ึน ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”’.

The Chasam Sofer notes that a similar idea applies to the mitzvah of maaser sheini. Maaser sheini is eaten by the owner, who must go to Yerushalayim and eat it there. Heโ€™s supposed to come ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”’, to acquire a new understanding. When a person enters a different environment, where heโ€™s surrounded by Torahโ€™dike people, his values and priorities in life change.

***

I saw from R’ Asher Chaim Lieberman shlita that this dichotomy of ื™ึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ืึนืชื•ึน ืœึดืจึฐืฆึนื ื•ึน can be applied to the Yom Tov of Pesach as well. On one hand, we could view the mitzvah of Pesach as in the category of ื™ึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ืึนืชื•ึน โ€” even ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื•, against our will. Making Pesach involves tremendous pressure and a lot of hard work, but if a person takes a deeper look into the pnimiyus of the Yom Tov, heโ€™ll do all that work willingly: ืœึดืจึฐืฆึนื ื•ึน ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”’.

When we describe our departure from Mitzrayim, we donโ€™t say โ€œYetziah MiMitzrayimโ€ โ€” an exodus from Mitzrayim โ€” but rather โ€œYetzias Mitzrayim,โ€ the departure of Mitzrayim. Mitzrayim is going out of us.

Leil HaSeder is a night when we ascend from the forty-ninth level of tumah and transcend the timtum halev that holds back a Yid from feeling a true geshmak in avodas Hashem, in davening, in an act of chessed. This is a time for every Yid to merit his personal geulah, so that his pure neshamah can shine through.

When a person puts himself into the mindset that heโ€™s preparing for a Yom Tov of lifnei Hashem, a time of geulah, then all petty arguments over trivial things โ€” arguments that could easily arise during the hectic days before Pesach โ€” will automatically fall away, because weโ€™re preparing for a Yom Tov of lifnei Hashem.

One of the powerful eitzos for adopting this mindset of preparing to be lifnei Hashem โ€” besides taking time to learn about Pesach and the Haggadah โ€” is to daven. During these days before Pesach, we can ask Hakadosh Baruch Hu, perhaps at the end of Shemoneh Esrei, to allow us to fulfill all the mitzvos of the Yom Tov optimally, to merit to receive all the tremendous gifts and hashpaโ€™os that this special Yom Tov has to offer, and not to be distracted by all the superficial things that can take us away from the essence of the Yom Tov. The more we focus and prepare ourselves, the more we become a kli kibul to be able to internalize the power of the Yom Tov.

We should all be zocheh to truly be mekabel the Yom Tov willingly, lirtzono, lifnei Hashem.

Gut Shabbos and gut Yom Tov.

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