Vayikra

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ืžืฉื” (ื, ื)

ืขืฉืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืงืจืื• ืœื• ืœืžืฉื”, ื™ืจื“, ื—ื‘ืจ, ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ, ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ, ืื‘ื™ ืกื•ื›ื•, ืื‘ื™ ื–ื ื•ื— ื•ื›ื•’, ื™ืจื“ – ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”, ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ – ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจ – ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ืื‘ื™ ืกื•ื›ื• – ืื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื›ื•’. ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ืš ืžื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจื ืœืš, ืื™ื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืื•ืชืš ืืœื ื‘ืฉื ืฉืงืจืืชืš ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” “ื•ืชืงืจื ืฉืžื• ืžืฉื”” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘, ื™), ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ืžืฉื””. (ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ื, ื’)

ื”ืงืฉื” ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ, ืื™ื–ื• ืžืขืœื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื “ืžืฉื”” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ืืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”, ื•ื›ื’ื•ืŸ “ื—ื‘ืจ – ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื”, ืื• “ืื‘ื™ ืกื•ื›ื• – ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื”. ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืžื•ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื“ืœื•ืชื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ืžืฉื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื” ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื”, ื•ื›ื ืืžืจ “ื•ืชืงืจื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืžืฉื” ื•ืชืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ืžืฉื™ืชื™ื”ื•”.

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ, ื›ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืžืฉื” ื‘ืฉืžื•, ืขืœ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ื™ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ืข”ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื”, ื•ืื•ืœื ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ื‘ื›ืš, ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืคืจื” ืืช ื’ื–ื™ืจืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฉื”.

ื›ื— ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืฆืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”, ื ื‘ืœืข ื‘ื“ืžื•, ื‘ืจืž”ื— ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื‘ืฉืก”ื” ื’ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ื”ื• ื—ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืœื ืฉื™ื•ืจ, ื ืžืฆื ืื™ืคื•ื, ืฉื›ื— ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉื”, ืžืงื•ืจื• ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื”.

ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืœืžืฉื” ืœื ืงืจืื• ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืœื ื‘ืฉื “ืžืฉื”” ืฉืงืจืืชื• ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื”, ื›ื™ ืฉื ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื ื•ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ืขืฆื ืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื— ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื–ื›ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Nosson Tzvi ztโ€l

ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื””ื–
ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืฉื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช “ื”ื–ืžืŸ” ืœื™ืžื™ “ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ืช, ื—ื’ ื•ื—ื•ื””ืž.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ืฃ “ื–ืžืŸ” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื›ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืกื›ืช ืฉืœ “ื–ืžืŸ” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ “ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื”.

ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืžื“ ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืจืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ื•ืœื ืžืฆื ืœื” ืžื–ื•ืจ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ืขื˜ื• ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ืชื•ืก’ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื›ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืžืฆื ืžื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืชื•, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ืดื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืืด ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ื–ื• ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—. ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ืกื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืืฆืœื• ื›ื“ื‘ืขื™. ืœืžื—ืจืช ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืคืœื ื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœืชืœืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ. ื›ืฉืฉืืœื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืชื™ ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจื” ืืฆืœื• ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืขืžืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืจืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ื•ื™ืงืจื

ืžื ื•ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืœืฉืœื™ื— ืœืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืžืฅ

ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืชื•ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืœืžื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœื™ื— ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืžืฅ, ื•ื”ืขื™ืจื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžืฅ ืื—ืจ ืžื ื•ื™ ื–ื”, ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ื’ื ื—ืžืฅ ื”ื ืงื ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื™, ื•ื‘ื ื–ื™ืจ ื™”ื‘ ืข”ื ืืžืจื• ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืžื ื” ืฉืœื™ื— ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื.

ื•ืข’ ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•”ื˜ ืœ”ื— ืฉืžืชื™ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžื”ื ื™ ื‘ื“ืฉืœื‘”ืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื ื™ื—ื ืœื™ื” ื“ืœื™ืงื• ื‘ื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืžืฅ ืœื’ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืชืคื™ืกื”. ื•ืข’ ืขืจื•ื””ืฉ ืชืž”ื— ื›”ื— ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื’ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืช ืžื”ื ื™ ื‘ื—ืžืฅ ื“ื‘ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื›ืž”ืฉ ื”ืจ”ืŸ ื•ื‘”ื™. (ื•ืœื›ื’ ืฆ”ื‘ ื“ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื‘ืœ ืž”ืž ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืื• ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ืืžื ื ื ืžืฆื ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ื‘ืžื’”ื ืชืž”ื— ื”’ ื‘ืฉื ืžืฉืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืžื””ื˜ ืžื”ื ื™ ืงื ื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืœื›ื•”ืข, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืชืžื” ื”ืžืงื•”ื— ืฉื ืกืง”ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื ”ืœ ื“ื”ืจ”ืŸ ื•ื‘”ื™ ื”ื ”ืœ ืื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ื•ืขืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืžืง”ื).

ื•ืข’ ืฆืžื— ืฆื“ืง ืื•”ื— ืกื™’ ืž”ื• ื“ืžื”ื ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ื•. ืื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื”ืงืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ื. (ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘ืฆืžื— ืฆื“ืง ื•ืฉื“”ื— ื“ืืฃ ืœืž”ื“ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ื ืž”ืž ื›ืืŸ ืข”ื™ ื’ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืชื• ืขื“ื™ืฃ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืืžืื™, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื”ืจื™ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ื—ื–ื™ื ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”).

ื•ื’ื ืื ืžื”ื ื™ ื–ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ื, ื™ืฉ ืžื—’ ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ืฉืž”ื– ื•ื‘ืืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ ื’’ ื‘ืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื—ืœ, ืื™ ืžื”ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื™ืŸ, ื“ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืชื•ืก’ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›”ื’ ืข”ื‘.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื™ ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื“ืฉืœื‘”ืœ. (ื•ืข”ืข ื‘ื–ื” ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•”ื˜ ืกื•ืก”ื™ ืง”ื˜ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•”ืž). ื•ืฆ”ื‘ ื“ืืข”ื’ ื“ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื™ืžื›ื•ืจ, ืž”ืž ืื™ืš ืžื”ื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”. ื•ืข”ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ื—”ื“ ื›”ื‘ ื™”ื–.

ื•ืข”ืข ืžืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืค”ื• ืžื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื””ื’ (ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื ืงืžื ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืกืคืจ) ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื—’ ื‘ื’ื˜ ื‘ื—ื›ืžื™ ืงื•ื ืฉื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื ืข”ืฉ. ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ื ื–ื™ืจ ื™”ื‘ ืข”ื ืื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื“ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื• ืฉื”ื ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื— ืข”ื– ื›ืž”ืฉ ืชื•ืก’ ืฉื. ื•ืข”ืข ื”ื’ื”ืช ืžืœ”ืž ืค”ื˜ ืžืื™ืฉื•ืช ื””ื•.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืžืจื›ื””ืž ื“ืื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฉืœื‘”ืœ ื”ืจื™ ื—ืชื™ืžืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืžื”ื ื™ ืžื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื. (ื•ืข”ืข ื“ืจืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืค”ื˜ ืžืžืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืก”ืง ืง”ื› ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื ื•ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงื ื” ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจื™”ืฉ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื™ื— ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ื“ืฉืœื‘”ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืื ื™, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืœืคื™ ืžืจื›ื””ืž ื”ื ”ืœ ืื ืžืžื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ืžื”ื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื“ืฉืœื‘”ืœ). (ืžื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•”ื˜ ืœ”ื— ื‘ื”ื’”ื” ื‘’ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื” ื“ืœื ืžื”ื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื“ืœื ื›ืžืจื›ื””ืž).

ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

Chodosh, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Aaron ztโ€l

ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข (ืชื›ื—): ืจื‘ื™ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืคืชื— ‘ื™ืฉ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืจื‘ ืคื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ ืฉืคืชื™ ื“ืขืช’ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื), ื‘ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืžื“ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื•, ืžื” ื”ื ืื” ื™ืฉ ืœื•. ืžืชืœื ืืžืจ ื“ืขื” ืงื ื™ืช ืžื” ื—ืกืจืช, ื“ืขื” ื—ืกืจืช ืžื” ืงื ื™ืช.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื (ืชื›ื˜): ื–ืฉ”ื” ‘ื”ื‘ื™ืื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื“ืจื™ื•’ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ืžืฉื”’, ืžื›ืืŸ ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ืช”ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ืขื” ื ื‘ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื ื•. ืชื“ืข ืœืš ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฆื ื•ืœืžื“ ืžืžืฉื” ืื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืื‘ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ืขืฉื• ื ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ื ื•ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ืขืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ ืžืจื•ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืืขืค”ื› ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืงืจื ืœื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ืžืฉื”’, ืขื›”ืœ. ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœืœื ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื•, ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืจื ‘ื—ืกืจ ื“ืขื”. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆ”ื‘.

‘ืืœื” ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช’, ืคื™’ ืจืฉ”ื™: ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช – ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื’ืœ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉืจื” ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื (ืฉืžื•”ืจ ื ื, ื”), ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงืจืื ืžืžืœื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ื—ื˜ืื•. ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืืžืจื• ืขื›ื•”ืž ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ื“ ืกืœื— ืœื”ื ื”ืงื‘”ื”. ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ืžืคื•ื™ืก ืฉืžื—ืœืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืœื ื”ื•ื“ืข ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื—ื™ื™ืš, ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืจื” ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื.

ื•ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื–: ืืœื” ืคืงื•ื“ื™ – ื‘ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ. ืืจ”ืฉ ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื“’ ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืŸ’, ื‘ื ืื“ื ื•ื—ื˜ื ื ืกืชืœืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืฉืžื™ื, ืขืžื“ ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœ ื ืกืชืœืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืจืงื™ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™, ืขืžื“ ื“ื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื›ืขื™ืกื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื›ื•’, ืขืžื“ื• ืืžืจืคืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืกืชืœืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ืขืžื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืกื™ื’ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœืฉื™ืฉื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืฉื›ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ืขืžืจื ืžืฉื›ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื”.

ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืข”ื”.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื™ื) ืขื”ืค”ืก ‘ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืืœ ืžืฉื”’: ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืžืจื• ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฆืคื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืชื™ ืชื‘ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ืชืฉืจื” ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ืฉืจืชื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื•. ืžื” ืขืฉื•, ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื”ื ืืฆืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืœื‘. ืืžืจื• ืœื”ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืชื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืชืฉืจื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•. ื•ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ. ืžื™ื“ ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื”ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื•ืื”ืœื™ืื‘, ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื•ืื• ืืชื ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืขืฉื™ืชื ืื•ืชื•, ืฉืžื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื›ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“. ืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื•, ื•ื›ื•’. ื ื›ื ืกื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฆืœ ืžืฉื”, ืืžืจื• ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืขืฉื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ืชืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื ืชื ื ื• ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ืš, ืฉืžื ื—ืกืจื ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ื•ื™ืชืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืช ืœื ื•, ืจืื” ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื™ืš, ื•ื›ื•’. ืืžืจื• ืœื•: ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืžื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื• ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื•ืื”ืœื™ืื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืœื‘ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืžื™ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฉื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“, ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื™ื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื• ื”ืงืžื”, ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื™ืงื ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ’.

ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืืช ืข”ืฉ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืข”ื”.

ืืžืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืฉื›ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืฉื—ื˜ื ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื’ืจื ืžื™ืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื•ื›ืš ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ืฉืžื•”ืจ ื ื, ื—): ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืœื•ื˜ ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘, ื˜ื–): “ื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช”, ืžื”ื• “ื—ืจื•ืช”, ื•ื›ื•’ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช. ื”ืจ ืคื ื—ืก ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื ื‘ืฉื ืจ”ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจ”ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืื ื™ื‘ื ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืœืžื” ื ื‘ืจืืชื™, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื•ื ืจ ื‘ืจืืชื™ืš ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™, ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื–ื™ื• ื”ื“ืจื•, ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื›ืฉื—ื˜ืื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื”ื ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉื, ื•) “ื•ื™ืชื ืฆืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืขื“ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘”.

ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื›ืฉื—ื˜ืื• ื‘ื ”ื™ ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ืกืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื ื”ืžื™ืชื”, ืืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืข”ื™ ืžืฉื” ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื.

ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ืฉืžื•”ืจ ื ื, ื): ื›ืš ืคืชื— ืจ’ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ‘ืื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื’, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•, ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืืฅ ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื ืงื”. ืื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื” ืžืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื ืืžืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ‘ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช’ – ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™’ ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืžืŸ, ‘ื•ืืฅ ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ’ – ื–ื” ืงืจื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคื•, ื•ืชืคืชื— ื”ืืจืฅ ืืช ืคื™ื”.

ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ืื‘ื•ืช ื, ื•): ื•ื”ื•ื™ ื“ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื’ืž’ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื–.) ืช”ืจ ื”ื“ืŸ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืจื“ ืžื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขื””ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื””ื› ื”ืœ ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื›ืจื™ ื•ืืœืš ื•ืื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืฉืชื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™, ื”ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืช, ื”ืœ ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื•ื›ื•’, ื”ืคืฉื™ืœ ื›ืœื™ื• ืœืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ืœืš ื‘ืคื—ื™ ื ืคืฉ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื ื˜ืœ ื‘ืขื””ื‘ ืฉื›ืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืขืžื• ืžืฉืื•ื™ ื’’ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื•, ืื—ืจ ืฉืื›ืœื• ื•ืฉืชื• ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืฉื›ืจื•. ื”ืœ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ื—ืฉื“ืชื ื™, ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืžื ืคืจื’ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืืชื” ื›ืฉื ืฉื“ื ืชื ื™ ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื™ื“ื™ื ืš ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช.

ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืงืœื™ื ื’, ื‘: ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื ื‘ืคืจื’ื•ื“ ื—ืคื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื ืขืœ ื•ื›ื•’, ืฉืžื ื™ืขื ื™, ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืžืขื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืขื ื™, ืื• ืฉืžื ื™ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืžืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื“’ ื•ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ’, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ‘ื•ืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื•ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืืœืงื™ื ื•ืื“ื’.

ืœืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืœื“ื•ื ื• ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืฉื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื™ ืžืืœืงื™ื.

ื•ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื—. ื–ืฉ”ื” ‘ื•ืชืคืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขืžื™’ ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ‘ืชืคืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขื’, ‘ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขื’ ืืœื• ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ‘ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขืžื™’ ืืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืจื‘ืฉ”ืข ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื—ื• ืื—ืจื™, ‘ืชืฉื‘ ื‘ืื—ื™ืš ืชื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืืžืš ืชืชืŸ ื“ื•ืคื™’ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืจื™ื‘”ืœ ืืžืจ ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืื ื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื™ืš, ืกื•ืคืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืืžืš ื–ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ืข”ื– ื ืืžืจ ‘ืชืคืœื˜ื ื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขืžื™’.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ืฉื ืขืœ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•: ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืžืฉื” ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื ืืœืฃ ื•ื›ื•’, ืืžืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื” ื ื˜ืœืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ืื™ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืขืžื”ืŸ, ื•ืœืžื” ืขืฉื” ืขืžื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžืืžื™ื ื•, ืืœื ืฉืฉืžืข ืœื™ืฆื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ื›ื•’. ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื“’ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–”ืœ ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืก’ ‘ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ืžืฉื”’ – ืžื›ืืŸ ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ืขื” ื ื‘ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื ื•. ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืคืก’ ื”ื–ื”.

ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืข”ืค ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื“. ื—ื™ืชืš ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื” ืชื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืชืš ืœืขื ื™ ืืœืงื™ื, ืื ืื“ื ืžืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื—ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉื“ื•ืจืกืช ื•ืื•ื›ืœืช, ื•ืื™ื›ื ื“ืืžืจื™ ืฉืžืกืจื—ืช ื•ืื•ื›ืœืช, ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™: ืžืกืจื—ืช- ืฉืžื ื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื”ื› ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™”ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”’ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืฉื”ื™’ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื› ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™’ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืข”ืค ืฉืœื ื ืงืจื. ืืœื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืœื ืฉื™ืงืจื ืœื• ืฉื”ืฉื™”ืช ื™ืงืจื ืœื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืชื ื‘ืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ืกืจ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘’ื—ืกืจ ื“ืขื”’, ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, ืข”ื› ืœื ื ื›ื ืก.

โ€ซโ€ชParshaโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชPreview

Friedman, Harav Hagaon Moshe Ahron Shlita

Offer Yourself!

Parashas Vayikra/Hachodesh

Harav Hagaon Moshe Aharon Friedman Shlita

 

Weโ€™re starting Sefer Vayikra, which is also known as Toras Kohanim. Each of the five Chumashim has another name: Bereishis is called Sefer Hayetzirah, Shemos is called Sefer Hasheini, and so on.

 

Sefer Hasheini might sound like a technical name, but I once heard that the significance of this name is that Shemos is actually the Sefer Hayetzirah Hasheini. Bereishis discusses the creation of the world, while Shemos discusses the creation of Klal Yisrael.

 

In Shemos, we have the mitzvah of ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, the first mitzvah given to Klal Yisrael, which represents the yetzirah of Klal Yisrael. As we know, there are different levels in Creation: domem, chai, tzomeiโ€™ach and medaber. The creation of Klal Yisrael went beyond that, establishing a new level of creation, because a Yid is on a different level.

 

Sefer Vayikra is all about korbanos, and the Arizal notes that the korbanos represented all facets of creation. From the world of tzomeiโ€™ach, we had oil, flour, and wine. From the world of chai, we had animals. From the world of domem, there was the salt brought with the korbanos. And from the world of medaber there were the kohanim and the people bringing the korban.

 

Pesach is called Pesach al sheim hadilug, because Hashem skipped over the houses of the Yidden during Makkas Bechoros and spared the Jewish firstborn. Yet we know that the mashchis did not differentiate between good and bad, so how could it have killed only the Egyptian firstborn? Because at the moment of chatzos, Klal Yisrael was born and reached a new level of existence. The mashchis had been granted permission to kill regular human beings, but not members of Klal Yisrael. They might have been on the forty-ninth level of tumah, but now they were a new creation: Yidden, ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ืขึธืฉื‚ึทื ึดื™ ื’ึผื•ึนื™.

 

Parashas Hachodesh is about renewing our awareness that a Yid is different and reinforcing the commitment that comes along with that. And thatโ€™s also what Sefer Vayikra is about.

 

In the yotzros of Shabbos Hachodesh, the piyut says: ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ื—ึธืจึธืฉืึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐื‘ึทืžึผึทื—ึฒื–ึถื”. These four charashim (builders), says the Gemara (Succah 52) based on a passuk in Zecharyah, are: Moshiach ben Yosef, Moshiach ben Dovid, Eliyahu and Kohen Tzedek.

 

What is the connection between these four individuals? Moshiach ben Yosef, Moshiach ben Dovid, and Eliyahu represent the building of the Beis Hamikdash. The fourth builder, Kohen Tzedek, Rashi says, is Sheim the son of Noach, who built the teivah.

 

Thereโ€™s a famous letter from Rav Hutner in which he writes that there are two places where the Torah describes a building in detail. One was the Mishkan, and the other is Noachโ€™s teivah. Rav Hutner goes on to explain that a yeshiva serves the functions of both a Mishkan and a teivah. A yeshiva has to be a teivah, a place of refuge, because thereโ€™s a spiritual mabul outside. At the same time, it is place of spiritual elevation, avodas Hashem, hashraโ€™as haShechinah, and closeness to Hashem. Maintaining a connection to a yeshiva is important the whole year, but certainly now, as we approach Chodesh Nissan and weโ€™re starting the parashiyos of korbanos and preparing for Pesach, part of renewing our commitment to being a Yid is ensuring that we are connected to a yeshiva.

 

A Time for Renewal

The first mitzvah given to Klal Yisrael, ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, represents Klal Yisraelโ€™s renewal. Every month, the moon waxes until it is full, and then wanes until it disappears completely. Then, once again, the new moon reappears. The sefarim explain that the new moon represents the pinteleh Yid thatโ€™s in every Jew, which at times may seem to be totally gone, but can suddenly reappear and spark a renewal. Thereโ€™s always an opportunity to reconnect and grow again โ€“ and if you fall again, thereโ€™s another chance for renewal.

 

Rashi says as much in the beginning of Parashas Vayikra when he explains that โ€œVayikraโ€ is a lashon of kriyah, a lashon of chibah. Itโ€™s not mikreh, not a coincidence. With regard to goyim, such as Bilam, the word used is โ€œvayikar.โ€ True, Bilam was a medaber, and he experienced nevuah, which is a very high level of dibbur and interaction with the Ribbono Shel Olam, but it was still vayikar, by chance. With a Yid, the connection to Hashem is not by chance. He wants a connection of chibah and heโ€™s searching for it.

 

Rashi says that Hashemโ€™s voice would emanate from between the two keruvim, but when it came to the outer chatzer it stopped. The voice was tremendously loud and powerful, but it remained contained within the Mishkan. Similarly, thereโ€™s a tremendously resounding kol haTorah, but itโ€™s inside the beis midrash; you wonโ€™t feel it outside. Thatโ€™s why a person has to be connected to Torah and maintain that connection to a yeshiva.

 

The Ideal Korban

The second passuk in Parashas Vayikra says: ืึธื“ึธื ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ืžึดื›ึผึถื ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึผึธืŸ ืœึทื”’ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื”ึตืžึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึผึธืงึธืจ ื•ึผืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฆึผึนืืŸ ืชึผึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ื•ึผ ืึถืช ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึผึทื ึฐื›ึถื, and the Nesivos Shalom notes a distinction between the two parts of the passuk. The ideal level of a korban is: ืึธื“ึธื ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ืžึดื›ึผึถื โ€“ when the person is really offering up himself along with the korban. That is truly a ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึผึธืŸ ืœึทื”’. There is another, lower level of bringing a korban, which is when a person understands that thereโ€™s an avodah of korbanos, which are brought ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื”ึตืžึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึผึธืงึธืจ ื•ึผืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฆึผึนืืŸ. That is also acceptable, but itโ€™s ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึผึทื ึฐื›ึถื, not a ืงึธืจึฐื‘ึผึธืŸ ืœึทื”’.

 

The Sfas Emes writes that when the Torah says ืึธื“ึธื ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ืžึดื›ึผึถื, it means that a person is offering up his pnimiyus, his innermost desires, and is submitting his own wishes before those of the Ribbono Shel Olam. Thatโ€™s what a korban is.

 

The Sfas Emes adds a beautiful insight, based on the famous Gemara that says: ื›ึผื•ึนืคึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึนืืžึทืจ ืจื•ึนืฆึถื” ืึธื ึดื™. The true meaning of the expression, โ€œWhere thereโ€™s a will thereโ€™s a wayโ€ is that if a person really wants, then Hashem will put him in a situation of ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช, compelling him in the manner of ื›ึผื•ึนืคึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึนืืžึทืจ ืจื•ึนืฆึถื” ืึธื ึดื™. Sometimes, a person canโ€™t do something unless heโ€™s forced. If you really want, if itโ€™s ืœึดืจึฐืฆึนื ื•ึน, then youโ€™ll get to the ื›ึผื•ึนืคึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน โ€“ Hashem will put you into the situation and force you.

 

We know that ืงึธืจื•ึนื‘ ื”’ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืงึนืจึฐืึธื™ื• ืœึฐื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึดืงึฐืจึธืึปื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึถืึฑืžึถืช. If a person calls out and he truly wants that kriah, that call of connection and interaction with the Ribbono Shel Olam, then he gets close to Ribbono Shel Olam. Thatโ€™s what korbanos and Sefer Vayikra are about, and thatโ€™s what Parashas Hachodesh is about.

 

A Family Korban

The Korban Pesach had certain unique aspects, one of which was that it was the first korban brought by Klal Yisrael, and it represented Hashemโ€™s skipping over the Jewish homes and differentiating between a Yid and a goy. Another unique aspect of the Korban Pesach, which was especially relevant to Pesach Mitzrayim but remains relevant to all generations, was that the blood of the original Korban Pesach was placed on the doorframe. The Jewish home was differentiated from the non-Jewish homes, and the head of the household became a kohen gadol of sorts.

 

Even in subsequent years, Korban Pesach was always eaten in a chaburah, which was usually a family unit. Pesach, then, was a time of renewal among families. In the time of Gidon, for instance, Rashi notes that Gidon said, โ€œYesterday our father recited Hallel,โ€ indicating that he was sitting at his fatherโ€™s table. His father wasnโ€™t the gadol hador, and we would have thought that Gidon would have spent the Seder with his rosh yeshiva or rebbi, but no, he was home with his father.

 

The Leil Haseder is a night of transmission from father to son, and itโ€™s carried out in a family setting: ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉื‚ึถื” ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ืึธื‘ึนืช. As we go into Nissan, with all the work of cleaning and preparation, letโ€™s try to do this avodah in the right way, family style, with achdus. Instead of being avodas perach, this could enhance the family flavor of the Jewish home and spark a renewal.

We should be zocheh to be makriv ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื.

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