BereishisVayigash

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ื•ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืจื™ื ืžืงืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืงืฆื”ื• (ืžื–, ื›ื)
ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขืš ืฉื‘ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื ืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื—ืจืคื” ืžืขืœ ืื—ื™ื•, ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื’ื•ืœื™ื (ืจืฉ”ื™).

ื”ืงืฉื” ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืœื• ื”ื ืื—ื™ื•, ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืฉื ื”ืจืขื‘, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื ืคืฉื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื• ‘ื’ืจื™ื ืืชื’, ื”ืœื ืจืง ื—ืกืจ ื“ืขื” ื™ื’ื™ื“ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”?

ืืœื, ื–ื”ื• ืฉื‘ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืœื‘ื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื• ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื ืœื”ื, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืžื”ื ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืขื•ืœ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”, ื”ื›ืœ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื• ืื—ื™ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ื“ืฉื”.

ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ืกืจ ื“ืขื” ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ‘ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืืชื’, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื ืžืงืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืงืฆื”ื•, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื—ื™ื• ืœื ื™ืกื‘ืœื• ืกื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื”ื•! ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื ืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yeruchem Levovitz, ztโ€l

ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืจืกืŸ ืืช ื””ืกื•ืก”
ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื”ื” ืคืขื ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ื””ืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืคืฆื™ืจื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืืš ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘. ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคื ื” ืืœื™ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืžื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื•, ื ื™ืื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช.

ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืชืืกืคื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื“ืจืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชืžืœื ืžืคื” ืืœ ืคื” ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื—ืฆืจ, ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื’ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.

ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ื” ืขืœื” ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืชื. ืื˜ ืื˜ ื”ืœื›ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืจื™ืง ืžืื“ื. ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ื ื™ื›ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ื•ื˜ืขื ืชื ื‘ืคื™ื”ื “ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื ื•”.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืคืจ ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—, ืฉืืœ: ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื˜ื™ื ืื–ื ื ื‘ืงืฉื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื, ืฉืœืžืขื ื ืืฃ ืžื™ืชื ืชื™ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข?

ืžืฉืœ ืœืžื””ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื ื“ื”ืžื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื™ืชื ื—ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืš ืœื—ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ืื“ื. ืืš ืœืคืชืข ื–ื™ื ืง ื”ืคืจืฉ ืžืขืœ ืกื•ืกื• ื•ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื“ื”ืžื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืกื•ืก ื•ืจื•ื›ื‘ื• (ืขื“ ืื– ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื).

ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“’ ืžืฉืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืื“ื. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืก ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ืจื•ื— ืžืžืœืœื. ืืš ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื˜ืขื• ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื“ื ื•ืกื•ืกื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ืืช ืกื•ืกื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื•, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืœื”ืจืข ืœื”ื. ืขืœ “ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™” ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœืจืกืŸ ืืช ืกื•ืกื ื”ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœ ื•ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจ.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ื•ื™ื’ืฉ

ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช

ื›ืชื‘ ื‘”ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื™ ื”’ ืืžืจ ืœื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืš ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ื•ืข’ ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื–’ ืื“ืจ (ืื—ืจ ืค’ ื•ื™ืงืจื ืขืž’ ื™’) ืืžืื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืž”ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืžื˜’ ื‘ืื‘. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื’ื–ื””ื› ืž”ืž ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจืฉ ื˜ืขื ื”ื’ื–ื””ื›. ื•ืชื™’ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘”ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ื•ื’ื‘ืจื• ื”ืžืฉืžืื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื™ืคืกืงื• ื›ืŸ. ื•ืชืขื ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืฆืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ื ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื˜’ ื‘ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื“ื—ื• ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืช.

ื•ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”’ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื™ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืข’ ืื™ื›”ืจ ืคืชื™ื—ืชื ื›”ื’ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ื™”ื— ืฉื ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื ื‘ื™ืฉื ืกื•ืง ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืž”ืง, ื•ืข”ืฉ ืฉืกื™ืจื‘. ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™”ื— ืฉื ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืืœื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—”ืก ื“ืื– ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืื– ืกืžืš ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ.

(ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื—”ืก ืœื›ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื—ื”, ื›ื™ ื™ืคืกื•ืง ืื– ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื—)

ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืชืœืงื— ืืกืชืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื›ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืช. ื•ืข’ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™”ื’ ืืžืื™ ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช. ื•ืข ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืกืžืš ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช, ื•ืืžืจื• ืขื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ื•’ ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื ื’ื•ืืœ ืžื–ืจืข ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื” ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืœื ืจืง ื•ืชืœืงื— ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื ืฉืกืžืš ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ. ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—”ืก ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”’ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื•ืชืœืงื— ืืกืชืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช.

ื•ืข’ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื—”ืก ืœื—’ ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืงืค”ื– ื“ืฃ ืค”ื” ืข”ื‘ ื“”ื” ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื›”ื” ื›ืกืœื•, (ื•ืก”ืœ ื›ื™ ืข’ ื™ืžื™ื ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืž’ ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืคืกื•ืง. ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’ ื“ืกื•ื›ื•ืช), ื•ื ืžืฆื ื”ืขืœื•ื”ื• ื‘ื›”ื” ื›ืกืœื•. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ ื–’ ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืงืจื. ื•ืข’ ืชื•ืก’ ืžื•”ืง ื›’ ืข”ื ืฉืœื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืืŸ ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื—”ืก ื‘ืฉื ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•’ ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื”ื› ื–’ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•’ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืงื‘ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช.

ื•ื ืžืฆื ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ืขืฉื• ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช. ื•ื”ืฉ ื—”ืก ื”ื ”ืœ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•. ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืข’ ืฉื•”ืข ืชืง”ืค ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืขื ื™ืชื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื—’ ื•ื˜’ ื˜ื‘ืช, ื›ื™ ื—’ ื˜ื‘ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื˜’ ื˜ื‘ืช ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืื™ื–ื• ืฆืจื” ืื™ืจืข ื‘ื•. (ื•ื‘ืž”ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืช ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืฉื ืจ’ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืก’ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื™ืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜’ ื˜ื‘ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื›ืชื‘ื•ื”ื• ืžืคื•ืจืฉ).

ื•ืข’ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื—”ืก ื—”ื ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื–’ ื˜ื‘ืช (ื“ืฃ ืข”ื— ืข”ื ื“”ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘) ื”ืงืฉื” ืž”ืฉ ื˜”ื‘ ื•ื™”ื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืจืขื• ื‘ื—’ ื˜’ ื•ื™’ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช. ื•ืชื™’ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืจ”ื” ืขื“ ื™’ ื˜ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช ื—ืกื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฆ”ื— ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืกืคืจ ืงืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืื– ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืฆืขืจ ื”ื–ื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื›ืกื“ืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜’ ื˜ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืœืื” ื”ื•ื ื—’ ื˜ื‘ืช.

ื•ื ืžืฆื ื“ื”ืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜’ ื˜ื‘ืช ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื™’ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช. ื•ืœืคื™ ืก’ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืื™ ืขืœ ืœื™ื“ืช ื™ืฉื•, ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช. ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื”ืž”ืง, ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื—”ืก ื”’ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช.

ื•ืข’ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืขื‘”ืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืค’ ืœืš ืœืš ื›ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช, ืจ”ืช ืชืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืขื‘”ืฅ ืžืจ”ื” ื™’ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”’ ืžืžืœื ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ืข’ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจ”ื” ืฉื. ื•ืขื›”ืค ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื›ืžื•”ื› ืขืฉื• ื™ืฆื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืจืขื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช. ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืž”ืง.

ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ืดื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืืชื• ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื”ืœื• ืžืคื ื™ื•” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื” ื’). ื•ืคื™ืจืฉืดื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื”. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืจืžื– ืงื ื‘): “ืืžืจ ืจืณ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื˜ื ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื”ืœื• ืžืคื ื™ื•, ืœื›ืฉื™ื‘ื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืœืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”ืด.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื—ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื): ืดืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืขื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืด, ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื—”ื› ื›ืชื•ื‘: ืดื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื”ืœื• ืžืคื ื™ื•ืด, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื• ืžืคื ื™ ืชื•ื›ื—ืชื•, ื•ืžืžื” ื ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื• ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื ื›ืœืœ.

ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœื ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ื•ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ื›ื—ื”.

ื•ื›ืฉืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืดืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃืด, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืื—ื™ื›ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื›ืจืชื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื“, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืžืœืš ื•ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื—ืœื, ื•ื”ืจืื” ืœื”ื ืฉืืฃ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ื ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœย ย ย ย ย ย  ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื•, ื“ื•ืงื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืกื ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•, ืžื–ื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื ื›ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื™ืจื—ื™ืงื• ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืœื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื ืงื™ืจื‘ื• ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืงืฆื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืดื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชืด ื‘ืขืœืžื, ืืœื ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืืžืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืคื™ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืชืงืคื” ืื•ืชื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื”ืœื• ืžืคื ื™ื•.

ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืืžืจ ืจืดืฉ ื‘ืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืดืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื”ืด, ืฉืื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื—ื™ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช ื ื’ืจืžื” ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื”ืœื” ื›ื–ืืช ืœืื—ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ึพื”, ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืœื›ืฉื™ื‘ื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืชื•, ืžื™ ื™ื›ื™ืœื ื•.

 

ืขืดืค ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืืžืจื ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: ืดื•ื™ื—ืจื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืžืื“ืด (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื– ืœื’), ื•ื‘ืจืฉืดื™ (ืฉื): “ืจืื” ื’ื™ื”ื ื ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•ืด, ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืคืกืดื– ื‘ ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืคืดืช ืฉื): ืดืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื, ืžืื“ – ืžื—ืจื“ื” ืฉื—ืจื“ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ืด, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืจื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ืขืงื“ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื–ื•, ื•ืฆืดืœ ืฉื ื–ื“ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื• ื›ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืชื• ืืช ืขืฉื™ื•, ื›ื™ ืขื“ ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืœืขืฉื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ื”, ืœืคืชืข ื ืชื’ืœืชื” ืœื• ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื•, ืฉื’ื™ื”ื ื ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื• ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•, ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ืจื›ื”, ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืจืฉืช ืืฆืœื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ – ื”ื•ื ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืžืื“.

ื•ืขื•ืžืง ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื•ื‘ืกื‘ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ืฉืื“ื ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ืขืคืดื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื›ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื›ืฉื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืืœื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ: ืดืœื›ืฉื™ื‘ื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืœืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”ืด, ืดืœืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืด ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืื” ื”ืื“ื ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžืžืฉ, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ืจื™ืง, ืื•ื™ ืœืื•ืชื” ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืดืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸืด ื”ื•ื ืดืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื””.

 

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื•ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื›ืฉื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืฉืกื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืชื™ืจื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•. ืืš ืื•ื™ ืœื• ื‘ืจืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืฉืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืืฉืจ ืืฃ ืœื“ืขืชื• ืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื•ื. ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื ืจืฆื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืžืœื ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื›ืœื™ืžื”.

ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื”ืื—ื™ื (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื– ื›): ืดื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื•ืด, ืขื™ื™ืดืฉ ื‘ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ ื•ืกืคื•ืจื ื•, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืืฃ ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืืžืจื• ืฉืชื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ – ืดืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃืด, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš “ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื”ืœื• ืžืคื ื™ื•ืด, ื•ื›ืคื™ืจืฉืดื™ – ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื”.

 

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ืื›ืŸ, ืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื, ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื‘ื“ื•. ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืื•ืžืจ ืดื›ื•ื—ื™ ื•ืขื•ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”” (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื— ื™ื–), ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขืกืงื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื’ืฉื, ืืœื ืืฃ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช.

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื• ื‘) ืดื™ื’ืขืชื™ ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ืด, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื” ืืœื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืฆื™ืื” ืฉื‘ืื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื— ื”ื“ืขืช, ื•ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื™ื›ื• ืœืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื’ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื’ื™ืขืชื•. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ืจืณ ื ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื ื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื— ื‘): ืดืื ื™ ืขืžืœ ื•ื”ื ืขืžืœื™ื, ืื ื™ ืขืžืœ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื•ื”ื ืขืžืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื›ืจืด, ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ืงื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืขืžืœ ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืงื ื” ืžืชื ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ. [ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ, ื•ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืคืขืœ ื•ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืขืดื™ ืขืžืœื•].

 

ื•ื‘ื’ืžืณ ื ื“ืจื™ื (ืœื— ื) ืื™ืชื: ืดืืžืจ ืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืฉืจื” ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ืืœื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื—ื›ื ื•ืขื ื™ื•, ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืžืฉื”, ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ย ย  (ืฉืžื•ืช ืž ื™ื˜): ืดื•ื™ืคืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื”ืœ ื•ื›ื•ืณืด ืขื™ืดืฉ, ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืดืฉ ืฉื ื”ืงืฉื”: “ืชื™ืžื”, ืืžืื™ ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืžืงืจืฉื™ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉื ื™ื—): ื•ื™ืงื ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื™ืฉื ืืช ืงืจืฉื™ื•ืด, ื™ืขื•ืดืฉ. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขืดื– ื”ืžื”ืจืฉืดื ื“ืœื ืงืฉื™ื, ื“ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉื ื™ื–): ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ – ืฉืงื ืžืืœื™ื•, ื›ืžืดืฉ ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ืื•ืช ื™ื): ืดืืžืจ ืžืฉื”, ืจื‘ืฉืดืข ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•, ืืดืœ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืš ื•ืืชื” ืžืจืื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืืœื™ื•, ื•ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ืš ืฉืืชื” ื”ืงืžื•ืชื•ืด, ื•ืืดื› ืœื™ื›ื ืจืื™ื” ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ืขืฉื” ืžืื•ืžื”, ื™ืขื•ืดืฉ.

ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืจืืดืฉ ืฉืคื™ืจ ื”ืงืฉื”, ืฉื”ื ื” ืืžืจื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ืฉื): ืดืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœืžืฉื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื™ื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื• ื”ืงืžื” ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืงื ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸืด. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืืœื• ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืดื•ื™ืงื ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ”, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืœื ืžืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืงื, ื›ืžืดืฉ ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื”ื ืดืœ, ื•ืžืฉื” ืจืง ืขืกืง ื‘ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ืžื•, ื•ืืดื› ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ.

ื•ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ืœืžืขืœื”, ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช, ืืœื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื”. ื•ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืžืฉื” ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”, ืžืฉื” ืขืกืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืขืฉื” ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ืžืืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ – “ื•ื™ืงื ืžืฉื”ืด, ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ืื“ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืืœื ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ืขืฉื™ื”, ื•ื”ื’ืžืจ ื•ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื•: ืดืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืฉืจื” ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ืืœื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•”, ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืขืœ ื›ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืœื ืดื’ื‘ื•ืจืด ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžื ืฆืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ื ืฆืจื›ืช ืœื ื‘ื•ืื”. ื•ืœืคืดื– ืฉืคื™ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืจืืดืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื” ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืดืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื”ืงืžืชื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” “ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืš”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•, ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืขื“ ืงืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” “ื•ื™ืงื ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ”, ืืขืคืดื™ ืฉืงื ืžืืœื™ื• ืขืคืดื™ ื ืก.

ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื–ื• ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• (ืื‘ื•ืช ืคืดื“ ืžืดื): “ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฆืจื•” ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืืœื ื”ืขืžืœ ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืืช ื”ืงื‘ืดื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื–ืดืœ (ืกื•ื›ื” ื ื‘ ื‘): ืดืืœืžืœื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขื•ื–ืจื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืด, ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืจืง ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืชื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื™ืฆืจื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื›ืš, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื’ื‘ื•ืจ.

 

ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื ื™): “ื•ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื—ื™ื•ืด, ื•ืื—ื–ืดืœ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ืคื›ืดื• ื˜): “ืœืžื” ื ืงืจื ืฉืžื• ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืžืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ื›ื— ื•ื›ื•’. ื‘ื›ื— – ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื•ืจืื” ืื”ืจืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ืดื‘ ืืœืฃ ื”ื ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื™ืคื, ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื—”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืคืจืฉ ืฉืดื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ืด ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืช-ืœืขืช ืฉืœื, ืื›ืชื™ ืงืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžืขืช-ืœืขืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœืฃ ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืจื’ืขื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ื™ืคื ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืคืกืง ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžืžื”, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืœื•ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืคื” [ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“], ื•ืื “ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“” – ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืดืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืขื™ืณ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื— ื›) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืชื ื•ืคืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ืก.

ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืžื ื ืœืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื”ืจืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืคื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืจืง ืขืดื™ ื ืก ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ. ืืœื ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจื ื•, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืก, ืž”ืž ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื”ืจืŸ ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื›ืš, ื•ื”ืชืืžืฅ ื•ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•: “ื•ื™ื ืฃ ืื”ืจืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•ื’ื•'”, ื•ืœื–ื” ื™ืงืจื ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”.

ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื™ืคื” ืชืืจ ืฉื, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ืดื‘ื›ื—ืด ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฆืจื•. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืชืžื•ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืชื ื•ืคืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ. ืืš ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื, ื“ื’ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืคืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืขืดื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ืฉืžื™ืช, ืืœื ืขืดื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื ืขื“ ืงืฆื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ืดืื™ื–ื”ื• ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฆืจื•ืด, ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ.

ื•ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืœื ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื ืžืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ืช’, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื ืื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื, ื•ืื– ืชืฆื ืžื”ื ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื ืจืฆื™ืช.

 

ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช, ื•ืจืง ืขืดื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืชืืžืฅ ื•ื™ื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืดื› ืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื” ื•ื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื” ืžื›ื— ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืžื” ืื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. [ื•ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืก ืฉืœ ืดื•ืชืฉืœื— ืืช ืืžืชื”” (ื•ืขื™ืณ ืžืฉืดื  ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืœื‘)].

ื•ื›ืš ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: “ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืณ ืืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœืืžืจ, ืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื’ื•ืณืด (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ ืžื—-ืžื˜) – ืดื‘ื’ืณ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื ื— ื•ื›ื•ืณ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื– ื™ื’), ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•ืณ, ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘ ืžื), ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืฆืืช ื•ื›ื•’, ืืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืชืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืงืจืข ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืณ, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ืžื—ื”” (ืจืฉืดื™ ืฉื).

ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืชืžื•ื”, ื‘ืฉืœืžื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื™ื—ื ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื ื— ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ื ื˜ื•ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืชืช ืžืฉื”, ืžื” ืกื‘ืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืฉืืžืจื• ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืดื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื””, ื”ื™ื• ืื›ืŸ ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ืชืชื•, ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“? ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืžื™ืชืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื? [ื•ื“ื•ื—ืง ืœืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœื”ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืžื™ืชืชื•].

ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจืฉ ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ืดืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืงืจืข ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืŸืด, ื‘ื›ื— ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ืฉืžื•ืดืจ ืคืดื“ ื‘): ืดื”ืคื•ืชื— ืคืชื— ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื ืคืฉื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•”, ื•ืขืดืฉ ื‘ื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉื‘ื›ื— ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ื• ืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ืืœื™ืฉืข ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ “ื ืคืฉื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืด – ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื ืขืœ ืืฃ ืจืฆื•ื ื, (ื•ื ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืขื’). ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืณ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช (ืงื“ ื): ืดืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ืจื‘ื™ืด, ื•ืขืดืฉ ืฉืœื ืžืช ืจื‘ื™ ืขื“ ืฉืคืกืงื• ืžืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”.

ื•ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ, ืขืดื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืดืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืช ืจื‘ื™ืด, ืขืดื™ ืดื ืคืฉื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืด ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืฉื”, ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื – ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืžื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,

ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื— ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื.

 

ื•ื”ื ื”, ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืดืจ ืคื›ืดื’ ื˜) ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง: ืดื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจ ืืฉืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ืืณ’ (ืžืœื›ื™ืึพื ื™ื— ื›ื•) – ืดื ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืณ ืžืื•ืช ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”ืืฉืจื” ื“ืณ ืžืื•ืช, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืจื’ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื•’, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืคืจ ื•ืืžืจ ืœืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื, ืื ื™ ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืชืงื“ืฉ ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืื ื™ ืขืœื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืื™, ืืดืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืš ืขืžื”ื, ื›ืฉื ืฉืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืชืงื“ืฉ ืขืดื™ ื–ื” ืฉืขืžื™, ื›ืš ืžืชืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ืš [ืขื™ื™ืดืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืขืคืดื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื—ืคืฅ ืœืœื›ืช ืขืžื”ื ืขื“ ืฉืžืกืจื• ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื™ื“ื], ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœื” ื™ื): ืดืžืœืคึตื ื• ืžื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืืจืฅืด ื•ื›ื•ืณ, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœืžื“ื• ืžืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•ืด.

ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจื™ืดืก ื–ืดืœ, ืฉื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจ ื–ื”, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื• ืžืžืงื•ืžื•, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื—ื˜ ืœืขืดื–, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื›ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ืŸ, ืฉืื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืžืคืจ ื–ื”, ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ื™ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืื“ื ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืžืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืคืจ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื™ืชืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืžื”ื ืœื”ืฉื—ื˜ ืœืขืดื–, ืขื“ ืฉืžืกืจื• ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื™ื“ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืœื ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืœืืœืงื™ื ื”ื™ื.

ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ื›ื“

โ€ซโ€ชParshaโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชPreview

Harav Hagaon Moshe Ahron Friedman Shlita

Illuminating the Dark Nights of Teves

Parashas Vayigash

Harav Hagaon Moshe Aharon Friedman

 

Parshas Vayigash is always read right after Chanukah, and the first few days of the week of Parashas Vayigash are always part of Chanukah. This is no coincidence. We pasken in accordance with Beis Hillel that the light of Chanukah is mosif vโ€™holeich, and this light extends into the month of Teves. It begins in Chodesh Kislev, but it continues into Teves, as we read about Yaakovโ€™s family going down to Mitzrayim.

Teves is a cold month, where night and darkness reign. In particular, the days of 8, 9, and 10 Teves are days of darkness. The neiros of Chanukah are meant to illuminate this month.

When we light the menorah, we say the berachah ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, and the roshei teivos of these words are ื ื—ืฉืœ, which alludes to โ€œthe weak ones,โ€ as in the passuk ื”ึทื ึถึผื—ึฑืฉึธืืœึดื™ื ืึทื—ึฒืจึถื™ืšึธ. The light of Chanukah can illuminate even for those weak individuals who are represented by Chodesh Teves, which is the month that corresponds to Shevet Dan.

The combined gematria of ื›ืกืœื• and ื˜ื‘ืช equal the gematria of the word ื‘ื”ืขืœืชืš. The first few pesukim of Parashas Behaaloscha are read at the end of Chanukah, on Zos Chanukah.

On Chanukah, we light 36 neiros. There are 36 days between 25 Kislev, the first day of Chanukah, and Rosh Chodesh Shevat, which means that the 36 neiros light up the dark days until the end of Teves.

The halachah on Chanukah is ื ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืชื•, and these three words correspond to the days of 8, 9, and 10 Teves. The word ner, a light, corresponds to the eighth day of Teves, the day when the Torah was translated to Greek, which, Chazal teach, caused the world to go dark. The word ish, a man, corresponds to the ninth day of Teves, which is the day Ezra Hasofer passed away, marking the end of the period of the neviโ€™im. Alternatively, itโ€™s the day when oso haโ€™ish was born. And the word uโ€™veiso, โ€œhis house,โ€ corresponds to the tenth day of Teves, which marked the beginning of the siege around Yerushalayim, leading to the churban habayis.

To take this a bit further, the Gemara (Rosh Hashanah 18b) also discusses the day of 5 Teves, which is the day the news of the churban arrived. There is a remez to these four days, in the phrase ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึดื˜ึผึนื—ึท ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื™ึดืช, which appears in relation to nigei batim. The Chasam Sofer says that this word, which he spells ื”ื™ื˜ื—, alludes to the days of hei, tes, yud, and ches Teves.

Vayigash Corresponds to Teves

Parashas Vayigash, which is read right after Chanukah, is connected to these days as well, and contains a tikkun for the darkness of these days. In Parashas Vayigash, Yaakov receives the news that Yosef is alive, and is a moshel, in control of himself, even in Mitzrayim. So if on 5 Teves there was the besurah of the churban, in Parashas Vayigash there is a besurah of geulah: ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™.

The Torah tells us that when Yaakov saw the wagons that Yosef sent, he felt rejuvenated: ื•ึทืชึฐึผื—ึดื™ ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘. In this regard, I heard a beautiful insight from R’ Gedaliah Rabinowitz ztโ€l. Years ago, people would travel to America to escape from the poverty and persecution in Europe. But America was a spiritual desert, where keeping Torah and mitzvos was extremely challenging. Many of the Jews who moved to America abandoned Torah observance, even as they continued to send money to their parents back in Europe, who worried about their spiritual fate. But they would not send their parents tickets to join them in America, because they were embarrassed to have their parents see them in their current lifestyle.

When Yaakov saw the wagons that Yosef had sent, indicating that Yosef wanted him to join him in Mitzrayim, he was rejuvenated. Why? R’ Gedaliah Rabinowitz explained that he took this as a sign that Yosef was not embarrassed to be seen by his father. That meant that od Yosef chai, heโ€™s still spiritually alive even amid the tumah of Mitzrayim, and he remains a moshel over himself in that profane land. This was the besurah that Yaakov rejoiced over, and this is the besurah that Parashas Vayigash conveys to us: that no matter where we are and how far away weโ€™ve traveled, weโ€™re still connected.

That corresponds to the fifth day of Teves.

Earlier in Parashas Vayigash, Yosef reveals himself to his brothers. To prove that he is Yosef, he speaks to them in Lashon Hakodesh: ื›ึดึผื™ ืคึดื™ ื”ึทืžึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ืึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื. This corresponds to the eighth day of Teves, when Talmai Hamelech had the Torah translated from Lashon Hakodesh into Greek.

When Yaakov saw the wagons Yosef sent, the Shechinah rested on him, as we see from the words ื•ึทืชึฐึผื—ึดื™ ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืึฒื‘ึดื™ื”ึถื. He had lost the Shechinahโ€™s presence because of his sadness, but now he regained it. This corresponds to the ninth day of Teves, when Ezra died, marking the end of nevuah. According to some, the ninth of Teves marks the birth of oso haโ€™ish. The words ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉ have the same gematria as ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืช, the month when he was born. Teves is a time of dark nights. In the previous parashah, the Torah states: ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื ืœึฐื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึฐึผืžึทืจึฐืึนืช ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื” ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื”ึดื ึตึผื ึดื™. The phrase ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ has the same gematria as ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ, 364, and the tikkun is ืงืจืข ืฉื˜ืŸ, whose gematria is also 729. The message was that within the ืžึทืจึฐืึนืช ื”ึทืœึทึผื™ึฐืœึธื”, the darkness of Chodesh Teves, we have the light of Chanukah that illuminates.

The tenth of Teves was the beginning of the siege. Corresponding to that, in Vayigash we have on one hand the descent to Mitzrayim and the beginning of the galus, but on the other hand we have the achdus of Yosef and the brothers, which symbolizes the beginning of the geulah. Similarly, on one hand Asarah bโ€™Teves is the beginning of the galus, but on the other hand, the sefarim teach that it holds within it the beginning of the geulah.

So Parashas Vayigash is sandwiched between Chanukah โ€” ื ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืชื• โ€” and hei, ches, tes, and yud Teves, and we explained how each of these days is connected to Parashas Vayigash.

The Extraordinary Day of Zos Chanukah

This week, we also celebrated Zos Chanukah. The last passuk in Parashas Mikeitz, which connects it to Vayigash, contains the words ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื—ึธืœึดื™ืœึธื” ืœึดึผื™ ืžึตืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื–ึนืืช. The word ื—ึธืœึดื™ืœึธื” has the same gematria as Chanukah (spelled without a vav). And ื—ึธืœึดื™ืœึธื” can also be read as ches laylah, alluding to the eight nights of Chanukah. What does that lead to? To zos โ€” ื—ึธืœึดื™ืœึธื” ืœึดึผื™ ืžึตืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื–ึนืืช. Zos Chanukah, the sefarim explain, is ืžึตืึตืช ื”’ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื–ึนึผืืช ื”ึดื™ื ื ึดืคึฐืœึธืืช ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ. Zos Chanukah is a peledikeh zach. If you go through all the oros of Chanukah and you get to the level of Zos Chanukah, you reach the highest level.

The sefarim add that Zos Chanukah is also similar to Shemini Atzeres. Why? After Succos, Hashem tells us, ืขื›ื‘ื• ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ โ€” stay with Me another day. According to the Beis Yosef, we should really celebrate only seven nights of Chanukah. Whatโ€™s the eighth night? ืขื›ื‘ื• ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ โ€” stay another day, like Shemini Atzeres.

Zos Chanukah is also similar to Yom Kippur. The Gra notes that there are eight days of Hallel on Chanukah, but no issur melachah. That balances out the eight days of Yom Tov that donโ€™t have Hallel, or full Hallel: six days of Pesach (we say the full Hallel only on the first day), Rosh Hashanah, and Yom Kippur. The eight days of Chanukah are parallel to the six days of Pesach, Rosh Hashanah, and Yom Kippur, which corresponds to the last day, Zos Chanukah.

The sefarim note that there are 122 days from Rosh Chodesh Elul through Zos Chanukah. Thereโ€™s a remez to this. Zos Chanukah is a light that was revealed in the later generations. Why? Because originally, people were able to do teshuvah in the 30 days from Rosh Chodesh Elul through Rosh Hashanah. That corresponds to the 30 pesukim in Parashas Vayelech. But some people, beinonim, needed until Yom Kippur, which was 40 days, corresponding to the 40 pesukim in Parashas Nitzavim. Some people needed more, until Hoshana Rabbah, a total of 52 days, corresponding to the 52 pesukim in Parashas Haazinu. The total number of pesukim in these three parashiyos, 30 and 40 and 52, is 122, which is also the number of pesukim in Parashas Ki Savo. This corresponds to the 122 days from Rosh Chodesh Elul all the way to Zos Chanukah.

Our generation is zocheh that on Zos Chanukah we can still chap arein.

In yeshiva, weโ€™re learning Yevamos, which is exactly 122 blatt, parallel to Zos Chanukah. The bnei hayeshiva should continue to shteig in Yevamos and to illuminate the world, and we should be zocheh, bโ€™ezer Hashem, to the oro shel Mashiach.

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