BereishisVayeshev

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Shmulevitz, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim ztโ€l

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ืœืš ื ื ืจืื” ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ืื—ื™ืš ื•ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืฆืืŸ (ืœื–, ื™ื“)
ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ืื—ื™ืš ื ื™ื—ื, ืืœื ืžืื™ ‘ื•ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืฆืืŸ’? ื”ื“ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืžื ื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืคื“, ื™ื’)

ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ืœืžื“ื™ื ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžืžื ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื“ื•ืžื. ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘.

ื•ื”ื ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืฆืืŸ ืขืฆืžื ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื•ื ื“ืขืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื, ืืš ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ื.

ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืข”ื” ืจืื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™-ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืฆืืŸ. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืื—ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืืช ื”ืฆืืŸ.

ืœืœืžื“ื ื•, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Eliezer Yehuda ztโ€l

ืžื” ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืชื•ืจืชืš

ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืขืžื” ื‘ื•. ื›ืœ ืขืžืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืื ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื• ‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”. ืžืจืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืข ื‘ืงืฉื‘ ืจื‘ ืืช ื”’ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ’, ืืš ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื”ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœื•.

ืกื™ืคืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืกื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื™ืง ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ืฉื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืจื™ืกืง ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืขืœื” ืœืืจ”ื™, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ืžืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืจื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืžืจื ืฆ’ื™ืง ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ื‘ืขืœ ื””ืขืžืง ื‘ืจื›ื””. ื”ื’ืจื”ืœ ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืข”ื› ืฉืœื ื‘ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ ืจื‘ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืกื• ืœื“ืžื™ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”, ืืš ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืœื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืจื›ืฉ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ’ ืœื”ื’ืจื”ื™ ื•ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ ืœื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื—ื–ื•ืจ.

ื›ืฉื™ืฆื ื”ื’”ืจ ืืจื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืฉืœื— ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืจื™ืกืง ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœืœื•ื•ืชื•. ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืืžืจ ื”ื’ืจื”ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื•, ืื•ืœื ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ืคืจืš ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื’ื ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืชืช.

ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืข”ื› ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืจื™ืกืง ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”’ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ’ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ื”ืฆื“ืง ืขื ืจื‘ื™ ืืจื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘. ืงื ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืจื™ืกืง ื•ื”ืœืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจื”ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœืœื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืชื—ื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจื”ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืืจื™ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืชืช.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ื•ื™ืฉื‘

ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ื

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื ื–ืจืข ืœืื—ื™ืš ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉื™ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื•ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืžืช. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคื™’ ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื ืฉืžืช ื”ืžืช ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ื.

ื•ืข”ืฉ ืขื ื›ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื•ืจืฉ ื ื—ืœืชื• ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืžืช. (ื•ืข’ ืฉืคืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืชืž”ื“ ืขืค”ื™ ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืš ืขื ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”’). ื•ืข”ืฉ ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืืกืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœื ื“ื•ืงื ืื— ื›ื™ ื‘ืื— ื”ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืชื•ืขืœืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.

ื•ืข’ ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื“ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืขื–, ืืœืžื ื’ื ืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื ืฉืืจ ืื™ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื ืขืž’ ืฉืœ”ื” ื“ืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืืฉืชื• ืื”ื› ื ืฉืืจ ืœื• ืื— ื•ืœื ืฉืืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.

ื•ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื‘ื•ืขื– ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื™ืชืš ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ืชืžืจ, ื•ืข’ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ืจื•ืช ืชื ื™ื ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื ืฉืคื™’ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. (ื•ืข’ ืื ื”ืžืœืš ืžื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื”ื— ืฉืคื™’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ ื›ื™ ืจื•ืช ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืชืžืจ ืข”ืฉ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื›ืžืขืฉื” ืชืžืจ ืขืœ ืื ื”ื“ืจืš)

ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื™ืงื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืžืช, ืข’ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื›”ื“ ืข”ื ืœื ื—ืœื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ืื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื•, ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื—ืœื”. ื•ืข”ืฉ ื“ืฃ ื›”ื“ ื‘ื ื—ืœื” ืชืœื” ืจื—ืžื ื ืœืืคื•ืงื™ ืื— ืžืŸ ื”ืื. ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื“ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ืืจื™ื–”ืœ ื“ืจืง ืื ื”ื™ื‘ื ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื ื—ืœื” ืฉืœื•, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ื‘ืœื•ืš ื”ื ”ืœ, ืื– ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืœื• ื ืฉืžื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ. ื•ืข’ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื™”ื– ืข”ื‘ ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืื—ื•ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ื ืื—ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘.

(ื•ื›”ืช ื”ื› ืืžืื™ ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื‘ืื‘ื™ื•, ืข’ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืœ”ื” ืค’ ื›ื™ ืชืฆื ื‘ื”ื’”ื” ื‘ืฉื ืจ”ืฉ ืืœืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ืก’ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจื™ืงื ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉืืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ืœืจืฉื‘”ื ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื— ืœืื‘ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืขื ืฃ).

ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข

Ezrachi, Moreinu Hagaon Harav Yitzchok Shlita

ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืœ”ื– ื™”ื˜ ื•ืฉื) “ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื–ื” ื‘ื, ื•ืขืชื” ืœื›ื• ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื”ื• ื•ื ืฉืœื™ื›ื”ื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืืžืจื ื• ื—ื™ื” ืจืขื” ืื›ืœืชื”ื• ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืžืชื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืœื”ื• ืžื™ื“ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื ื ื›ื ื• ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื”ื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืืœ ืชืฉืคื›ื• ื“ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืืชื• ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื“ ืืœ ืชืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืชื• ืžื™ื“ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื•”.

ืคืฉื•ื˜ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืจืฉ”ื™ “ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ื–ืืช ืืœื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืขืœื ื• ืžืฉื, ืืžืจ ืื ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœื ื™ืชืœื” ื”ืกืจื—ื•ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื™”. ืืœื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืœื™ืœืš ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื—ื™ื•, ืข”ื› ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืืชื• ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื“ ืืœ ืชืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ื•, ื•ืื—”ื› ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ืžืฆื™ืœื•, ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืœืš ื›ื ื’ื“ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืžื”ื.

ื•ื‘ื“ื—ื–”ืœ ืื™ืชื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ืœ”ื“ ื—’) “ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืžื“ืชืš ืชื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืฉื›ืฉื™ื”ื ืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืžื—, ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืœื”ื• ืžื™ื“ื, ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื• ื•ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื• ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ืขื– ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ‘ื•ื™ืฆื‘ื˜ ืœื” ืงืœื™’ ืขื’ืœื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื›ื™ืœื””.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ืœื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื—ืคืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืคืจืฉ”ื™ ‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ’ ื•ื”ื› ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืฉืœ ‘ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืืชื• ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ’ ื–ื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืœืš ื›ื ื’ื“ื ืข”ื› ื‘ื ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ื–ื•, ื•ืžืขืชื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžืื™ ื”ืื™ ‘ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข’ ื•ื”ืจื™ ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื–ืืช, ืกื•”ืก ื”ื™ืืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ‘ื˜ื•ืขื ื• ื•ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื• ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื•’.

ื˜ื•ืขื ื• ื•ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื• ืœืื‘ื™ื•

ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ‘ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข’ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”, ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ‘ืชื•ืจื”’ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ืืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื›ื— ื›ื ื’ื“ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืขื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื• ื•ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื• ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ.

ื›ื™ ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ‘ื•ื™ืฆื™ืœื”ื•’ ื‘ืข”ื› ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื• ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื•, ื•ืžื–ื” ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœ’ืชื•ืจื”’ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ื”ื™ืืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืœืงื— ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืืฉืจย  ื‘ื‘ื ื›ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื›ืช, ื•ืžืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ‘ืชื•ืจื”’ ืžืžืฉ, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืืฃ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœื. ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ื•, ืž”ืž ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ื’ื“ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ื— ืจื‘.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”’ืงืฉื™ื™ื’ ื•ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื–ื•ืจืขื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืชื™ื•. ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžืกืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืžื’ืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื ืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืœื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืžื” ืœืื“ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื•, ืื ื™ืชืžืกืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื™ื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืชื• ื”ื•ื.

ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™

ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืชื“”ื ืจื‘ื” (ื›”ื” ื’) “ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืชื™ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘” ื•ืžืชืง’ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ืืš ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื™ ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™, ื”ืœื ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื, ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ื”.

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืžื ื•, ืืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืชื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื™ ืž’ืกื•ื’’ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืง’ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›ืžื•ืชื ื•. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืจื•ืžืžื• ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื“. ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœืœ ืžื” ื›ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•, ื“ืข”ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช. ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื™ ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืื”ื™ื” ืžื ืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™. ื“ืžื™ ืฉืžื ืฆืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื. ื“ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื— ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžื ืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืœื•ื— ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืืฃ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ื•.

ืžืขืฉื” ืžืคืœื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื“ื’ (ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืง ืก”ื—) ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžื•ื•ืœืื–’ื™ืŸ, ืฉืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืขืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื— ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืืจื’ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืฆืจืš ืœื’’ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืœื ื ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื•. ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืฉื ืŸ ืžืื—ื–”ืœ (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ”ื” ืข”ื) “ืืžืจ ืื‘ื“ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืกื ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื, ืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”, ื•ืื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”” ื•ืžืฉืฉื™ื ืŸ ื–ืืช ืžืก’ ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉย  ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจืฅ ื•ื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื– ืžืžืงื•ืžื• ืœื‘ื“ื•.

ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื—ื• ืœื™ืฉื ืžืฉื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืืœื ื“ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ืืš ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื•ืœื™ืฉื, ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ‘ืกื•ื’’ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืฆืœื• ื›ืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.

ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื• ื‘ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืฉืชื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื•, ืื™ื ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืจืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ืขืฆืœื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื›ื“’ ื›ื™ ืื ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื”ื, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืืจ.

ื“ื”ื ื” ืœืขื™ืœ (ืœ”ื– ื™”ื) “ื•ื™ืงื ืื• ื‘ื• ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ” ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื ื• “ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืžืจ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืืžืชื™, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืฆืคื” ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื, ื›ืืžืจื ื–”ืœ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืง”ื” ืข”ื‘) “ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžืชืงื ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ื ื• ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื–ื” ืขื•ืžืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื“ืช ื”’ืงื ืื”’, ื“ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืชืงื ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื ื ื‘ื‘ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื”ื” ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื ื ื‘ื‘ื ื•, ืื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื ื ื‘ื•, ืืคื™’ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื–ื” ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ืงื ืื” ื›ื—ื• ืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“.

ื•ื‘ืžืก”ื™ (ืคื™”ื) ืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื›ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ืงื ืื”, ื ืงื™ืžื” ื•ื ื˜ื™ืจื”, ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœ ืืœื ืœืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช, ื•ืžื” ื”ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ืฆืจ, ื“ืงืฉื” ื›ืฉืื•ืœ ืงื ืื”.

ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ืชืš ืืžื•ื ื”’ ืคื™’ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื–ืง ืื“ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื ื™ืžื™ ื ืคืฉื•, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืขืก, ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื™ืงืœืœื•ื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ ‘ื”’ ืืžืจ ืœื• ืงืœืœ’, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ืงื ืื”. (ืื›ืŸ ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื ื ื‘ื‘ื ื•, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ืชื™ืš ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื ื ื‘ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืืš ืœืœื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื ื ืขืœ ืืฃ ื“ืจื’ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”).

ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ

ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืชื ื• (ืœ”ื– ื›”ื“) “ื•ื™ืงื—ื”ื• ื•ื™ืฉืœื›ื• ืืชื• ื”ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื›ืœ ืœื—ื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืœื›ื’ ื”ื™ืืš ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื›ืœ ืœื—ื, ื”ืœื ืขืชื” ื“ื ื• ื”ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ืืš ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ืืช ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ื“ื ื• ืœืืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืš ืœื ื—ืฉืฉื• ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื ื• “ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืชืงืœื” ืื• ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžื ืขื ืžืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืกืขื•ื“ืชื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื ื›ืฉื™ืืจืข ืชืงืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื, ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืœื”ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจื•ื“ืฃ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ืจื’ื• ื–ื›ื” ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื”ื ืจื“ืฃ ื‘ื–ื•ืœืช ื–ื””.

ื•ื”ื› ืชืžื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืœืง’ (ืž”ื‘ ื›”ื) ืืžืจื• ื”ืื—ื™ื “ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืื—ื™ื• ืื‘ืœ ืืฉืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื ื• ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ืฆืจืช ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ื ื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื” ืืœื™ื ื• ื”ืฆืจื” ื”ื–ืืช” ื”ืœื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื ื• ืืžืช ื”ื•ื, ื”ื› ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ‘ื‘ื”ืชื—ื ื ื• ืืœื™ื ื•’. ื•ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืข”ื– “ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื›ื–ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืื—ื™ื ื• ืืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•ื”ื• ืœืจื•ื“ืฃ, ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืœืจื—ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ื ื ื•, ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืชื ื• ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืชืื›ื–ืจ ื ื’ื“ื ื•”. ื•ื”ื™ืืš ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืœืš ื ื’ื“ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื“ื ื• ื”ื ื•ื”ืœื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื•ื”ื™ืืš ‘ื™ืจื—ืžื•’ ืขืœื™ื•.

ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื•ื”ื• ืืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ”ื™ (ืœ”ื– ื›”ื“) ื•ื”ื› ืจืื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื”ื ืก, ื•ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืœื ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ื, [ืื›ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืžืกื™ืง ืžื—ืžืช ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื ืก, ืฉื”ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืกืชืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ืจ] ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื–ื” ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื• ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื ื ืืžืช. ื”ื› ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืื—”ื› ืชืœื• ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ื ื ื•, ื”ืจื™ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื”.

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืข”ืค ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืžื•”ืง ืค”ื’ ื””ื) ื‘ืชื ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื›ื ืื™, ื“ื ืชืง’ ืฉื ื•ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ืื– ืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ื, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืืœื ืขืœ ืฉืฉืจืคื• ื˜ื”ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืœื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ‘ื’ืœืงื™ื ื ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื“ืช ืงืœ’ ื•ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืจืคื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ‘ืจื•ื‘’ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”’ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช.

ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืžื“ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉื“ื ื•, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ, ืœื‘ืจืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืžื˜ืขื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื• ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื ื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืš. ื•ืœืขื•ืž”ื– ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื• ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.

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Friedman, Harav Hagaon Shmuel Shlita

The Decree Endures, Human Efforts Fail

Parshas Vayeshev

Harav Hagaon Shmuel Friedman shlita

Looking at this weekโ€™s parshah, on the surface it would seem that a lot of mistakes happened. For instance, when Yosef Hatzaddik didnโ€™t find his brothers, he should have gone back home, and then he wouldnโ€™t have been sold. The Ramban addresses this, in his explanation of the passuk ื•ึทื™ึดึผืžึฐืฆึธืึตื”ื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืชึนืขึถื” ื‘ึทึผืฉึธึผื‚ื“ึถื”:

ื™ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืขื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื” ื™ืœืš, ื•ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืจืขื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื•ืชื. ื•ื™ืืจื™ืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื”, ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืกื‘ืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• ืขื•ื“, ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืืžืช ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืงืจ, ื›ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ืžื“ืขืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ื. ื•ืœื–ื” ื ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• (ื‘”ืจ ืคื“ ื™ื“) ื‘ืืžืจื ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื—ื ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืขืฆืช ื”’ ื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ื.

The Ramban is saying that there were a lot of reasons why Yosef should have gone back home, instead of meeting his brothers and being sold by them. But since there was a gezeirah that he should be sold, no amount of human effort would have stopped it: ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืืžืช ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืงืจ. Instead of having Yosef turn around to go home, Hashem sent a messenger to lead him towards his brothers, as Chazal say that the individuals he encountered were malachim.

The Chasam Sofer, on this weekโ€™s parshah, cites this Ramban and connects it with the Gemara (Chullin 95b) that discusses the various simanim that certain Amoraโ€™im would make to determine whether a particular course of action was correct. Rav, says the Gemara, was ื‘ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืžื‘ืจื, meaning that if he would find a ferry or some form of transportation easily then he would travel, seeing that a sign that the Ribbono Shel Olam wants him to go. If, however, he would have difficulty finding transportation, he would not go. The Maharsha explains that this was not considered nichush (believing in lucky times) because he didnโ€™t say specifically that he would travel only if he finds transportation easily.

The Gemara goes on to say that ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืกืคืจื, meaning that Shmuel would decide how to proceed based on the passuk he found and the siman it contained. Rav Yochanan was ื‘ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื ื•ืงื, meaning that he would tell a child, โ€œืคืกื•ืง ืœื™ ืคืกื•ืงื™ืš โ€” tell me the passuk you learned today,โ€ and based on that he would see what the Ribbono Shel Olam wanted him to do.

The Chasam Sofer notes that Yosef encountered all three types of signs, which should have indicated to him not to continue traveling. He went to look for his brothers in a certain place but they were not there, and from that he should have understood that he should not continue looking for him; that is similar to the siman of Rav, who saw the lack of an available ferry as a sign that he should not travel. The last topic he learned with his father, eglah arufah, should have signaled to him that travel is dangerous and he should be careful, similar to the siman of Shmuel. And he encountered a malach along the way who told him that his brothers had traveled from there (ื ึธืกึฐืขื•ึผ ืžึดื–ึถึผื”), hinting to him, as Rashi explains, that they had traveled from their brotherhood. This is similar to R’ Yochananโ€™s siman.

The Malbim adds another detail that should have served as a warning to Yosef not to continue seeking his brothers: They had traveled to Shechem, which was known to be a place where bad things happen. Why did they go there? The Malbim explains that they wanted to get away from Yosef and not meet up with him, so they traveled to a place where they were certain Yaakov would not send him to meet them. Nevertheless, Yaakov did send him to look for them, and he ended up being led to exactly where they were. This echoes the Rambanโ€™s insight that ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืืžืช ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืงืจ, meaning that what is meant to happen is going to happen by a Heavenly gezeirah, even though it looks as though the events that occurred were all in the form of things that didnโ€™t work out the way they should have.

The Fly in the Cup was No Accident

Rโ€™ Akiva Eiger, at the end of this weekโ€™s parshah, gives a beautiful explanation along the same lines that weโ€™re discussing. Yosef tells the Sar Hamashkim that in three days Pharaoh will reinstate him at his original post: ื‘ึฐึผืขื•ึนื“ ืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึถืืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื™ึดืฉึธึผื‚ื ืคึทืจึฐืขึนื” ืึถืช ืจึนืืฉึถืืšึธ ื•ึทื”ึฒืฉึดืื™ื‘ึฐืšึธ ืขึทืœ ื›ึทึผื ึถึผืšึธ ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืชึธึผ ื›ื•ึนืก ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ื‘ึฐึผื™ึธื“ื•ึน ื›ึทึผืžึดึผืฉึฐืืคึธึผื˜ ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ืžึทืฉึฐืืงึตื”ื•ึผ. The emphasis here on the Sar Hamashkimโ€™s being reinstated to his previous post โ€” ื›ึทึผืžึดึผืฉึฐืืคึธึผื˜ ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ืžึทืฉึฐืืงึตื”ื•ึผ โ€” is puzzling, since generally, if a worker makes a mistake and is removed from his duties, he would be reassigned to those same duties. Why, then, is Yosef emphasizing that he will return to his original post?

Yet another difficulty is posed by the next passuk, which says: ื›ึดึผื™ ืึดื ื–ึฐื›ึทืจึฐืชึทึผื ึดื™ ืึดืชึฐึผืšึธ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึดื™ื˜ึทื‘ ืœึธืšึฐ ื•ึฐืขึธืฉึดื‚ื™ืชึธ ื ึธึผื ืขึดืžึธึผื“ึดื™ ื—ึธืกึถื“ ื•ึฐื”ึดื–ึฐื›ึทึผืจึฐืชึทึผื ึดื™ ืึถืœ ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืฆึตืืชึทื ึดื™ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ื”ึทื–ึถึผื”. Why, the mefarshim wonder, did Yosef rely on the Sar Hamashkim to arrange his release from prison, instead of relying on the Ribbono Shel Olam?

Rโ€™ Akiva Eiger explains that al pi derech hateva, the Sar Hamashkim would not have been reappointed to the same post after having been dismissed by Pharaoh because there was a fly in the drink he served. By stressing that the Sar Hamashkim would resume his original duties, Yosef was conveying to him that the reason he had been sent to prison had nothing to do with the fly in Pharaohโ€™s cup. Rather, the Ribbono Shel Olam wanted him to be in this prison so that he could meet Yosef and help arrange his release. As proof, Yosef emphasized that the Sar Hamashkim would be reassigned to his original position, which indicated that his firing had nothing to do with the fly in Pharaohโ€™s cup.

When Yosef told the Sar Hamashkim, ื›ึดึผื™ ืึดื ื–ึฐื›ึทืจึฐืชึทึผื ึดื™, he was not telling him to remember him, but rather explaining why the Sar Hamashkim had been sent to prison in the first place: to help Yosef. Again, this echoes the Rambanโ€™s insight that if the Ribbono Shel Olam wants something to happen, then even if it appears that mistakes are occurring, the gezeirah will ultimately be carried out, irrespective of the hishtadlus that is being done, as peopleโ€™s efforts are not he catalyst for the gezeirahโ€™s implementation.

We can also draw chizuk from Yosef Hatzaddik, who had all the reasons in the world to despair. He was orphaned at a young age, and his brothers hated him; when he went to find them, they sold him as a slave. Once in Mitzrayim, he endured the nisayon of eishes Potiphar, and ended up in prison for twelve years. He could have said, โ€œIf only I wouldnโ€™t have gone to find my brothers,โ€ or, โ€œIf only I had been born into different circumstances,โ€ or, โ€œIf only I would not have been tested with Potipharโ€™s wife,โ€ or, โ€œIf only I wouldnโ€™t have been thrown into jail.โ€ But he understood that he had been given a special shlichus, and that everything that happened to him is all Hashemโ€™s way of arranging for him to accomplish what he had to do. It might seem as though everything that happened was a series of freak events or mistakes, but Yosef recognized the guiding Hand of Hashem through it all, as he reassures his brothers (in Parshas Vayigash) that they do not have to be upset that they sold him: ื•ึฐืขึทืชึธึผื” ืึทืœ ืชึตึผืขึธืฆึฐื‘ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึทืœ ื™ึดื—ึทืจ ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึฐื›ึทืจึฐืชึถึผื ืึนืชึดื™ ื”ึตื ึธึผื” ื›ึดึผื™ ืœึฐืžึดื—ึฐื™ึธื” ืฉึฐืืœึธื—ึทื ึดื™ ืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื.

Such was the emunah of Yosef Hatzaddik, and such was his recognition that everything that happens to a person is orchestrated by the Ribbono Shel Olam, so there is no place for saying, if only it could have, should have, or would have been different. A person has to know that his situation is hand-picked for him by the Ribbono Shel Olam, and this is his tafkid and his shlichus: ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืืžืช ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืงืจ.

Gut Shabbos.

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