BereishisVayeshev

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Chodosh, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Aaron ztโ€l

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื•ื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื–ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื•ืกืงื™ ืชื•ืจืชืš
ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืชืคื™ืœืช ‘ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื’ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ “ื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื–ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื•ืกืงื™ ืชื•ืจืชืš”, ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื ื™ืกื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืžื• ‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืขื˜ื™ื’ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื ืก ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ื› ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืœืœื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉื‘’ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื’.

ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ืื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ืชื•ืกืคืช “ื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื–ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื•ืกืงื™ ืชื•ืจืชืš” ื‘ืื” ื›ื˜ืขื ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื˜ืžืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื–ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื•ืกืงื™ ืชื•ืจืชืš, ื•ื‘ืื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืž’ (ืžื›ื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื™) “ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื›ื‘, ื‘) ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื™ ื’ืจื ืœืจื’ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื – ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื””, ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช.

ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ืฉื›ื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื›ื ื ืขืฉืชื” ืข”ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื™ ื”ื› ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืงื— ืื•ืชื”, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืจื’ื ืฉื ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ‘ื‘ืฆืœื•ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืชื™’ ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Levinshtein, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yechezkel ztโ€l

ืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ
ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื’ืœืชื” ืœืฉื ื—ืื™, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืืžื ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“’, ืืš ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืœืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื— ื™ืจื•ื“.

ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื•, ืืš ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืฉืจืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืงื™ื ื ื” ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืžื ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื•?!

ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืจื•ืžื ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืจื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืžืกืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืคื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ:

ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ! ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืžื“ ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืงื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“, ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ, ื•ืขืžื“ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืžื•ืœ ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืขืฆืžื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืœื•, ืืš ืžื•ืœื ืขืžื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“. ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ‘ืžื™ ืœื”’ ืืœื™’ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.

ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ืชื• ื”ืื™ืชื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื ืก ื•ื ืคืœื• ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืฆืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื•.

ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ!

ืข”ืค ื”ืกืคืจ ืื”ืœ ืžืฉื”

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”

ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช

ืฉื•”ืข ืชืจืข”ื˜ ื’ ื“ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืชื—ืœื” ื“ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื””ื’. (ื•ืข’ ื‘”ื™ ืจืก”ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจ”ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ืจื™”ืฃ ื™’ ืข”ื, ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื””ื’).

ื•ืžืกืชื™ืžืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื””ื” ืื ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืืฉื” ืžื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืข’ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื ”ื‘ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืœื›ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ื””ื’ ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืงื•ื“ื ืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช.

ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื‘ืืจ ื“ืืฃ ื“ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ืจืก”ื’ ื™”ื– ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื“ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช. ืžื™ื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื”ืœื ืืžืจื• ื“ืืฉืชื• ื›ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ.

ื•ืฉื•”ืจ ื‘ืคืจื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—”ื‘ ื—’ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืข”ื™ ืฉืœื™ื— ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืžื’”ื ืฉื ื‘ืกื™’ ืชืจืข”ื˜ (ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื ื‘ืž”ื‘) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืข”ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ืจืก”ื’ ื™’ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž”ื ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืื•ืชื” ืืฉื” ื”ืžื“ืœืงืช ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื•ื›ื•’ ืื‘ืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ืขื“ ื‘ืจื›ื•. ื•ืงืฆืช ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื””ื’, ืืœื ืœื‘ื””ื’ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ืจืง ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื ”ืœ.

ื•ืข”ืฉ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™”ื“ ืื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขื•ื ืŸ ื˜ืขื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื—ืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ื ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืชืคืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื™”ื ืฉืื•ืชื ืฉื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ื ืจื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืชืจื™ืŸ. ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืจื“ ื“ื”ืš ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืก”ืœ ื›ื‘ื””ื’, ื•ืก”ืœ ื“ื’ื ืฉืืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืืกื•ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื˜ืขื• ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืช ื“ืจื’ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืง ืื•ืชื ืฉื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ื ืจื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืฉืืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืชืจื™ืŸ. ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืžื”ื‘”ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื””ื’, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื›ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืž”ื’ (ืž”ืข ืœ’, ื“ืฃ ืงื˜”ื– ืกื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ืจ ื’’), ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืกืž”ื’ ื“ืขื›”ืค ื”ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื”. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื””ื’ ื›ื•ืœื ืืกื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืชื—ืœื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื””ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ ืก”ืœ ื“ื’ื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื ืœื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืจืง ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจ ืฉื‘ืช.

ืžืื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”

Ezrachi, Moreinu Hagaon Harav Yitzchok Shlita

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ

ย ื ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“

ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืž’ (ืฉื‘ืช ื›”ื ืข”ื‘) “ืช”ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื”ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘”ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืคื•ื—ืช ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื‘”ื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืื—ืช ืžื›ืืŸ ืŸืื™ืœืš ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš”

ื•ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื (ืค”ื“ ื””ื ืžืžื’ื™ืœื” ื•ื—ื ื•ื›ื”) “ื›ืžื” ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืžืฆื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืืœื ืื“ื ืื—ื“. ื•ื”ืžื”ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžื”ื“ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืœื” ื ืจ ืื—ื“”.

ื”ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืœื™ืช ื ืื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ, [ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงืœ”ื’ ืข”ื‘ ืขื””ืค ื–ื” ืงืœื™ ื•ืื ื•ื”ื• “ื”ืชื ืื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืื” ืœื•ืœื‘ ื ืื” ืฉื•ืคืจ ื ืื” ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื ืื” ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื ืื”” ื•ื›ื•’ ืžืฉื”ื› ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืช] ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ ื ืจ ืœื›ืื•”ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš, ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื“ืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.

ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” โ€“ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”’

ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ื‘ืืจ ืืช ื–ืืช ื ืงื“ื™ื ืœื”ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืืกืชืจ ื“’ ื”’) “ื•ืชืงืจื ืืกืชืจ ืœื”ืชืš ืžืกืจื™ืกื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื” ื•ืชืฆื•ื”ื• ืขืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ื–ื”” ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื–”ืœ (ืืกืชืจ ืจื‘ื” ืค”ื— ื“’) “ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืืžืจื” ืœื• ืœืš ืืžื•ืจ ืœื• ืžื™ืžื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื‘ืื• ืœืฆืจื” ื›ื–ืืช, ืฉืžื ื›ืคืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืงืœื™ ื•ืื ื•ื”ื•” ื•ื›ื•’.

ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืกืชืจ ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืœื” ื–ืืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืžื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื›ืคืจื• ื‘’ื–ื” ืงืœื™ ื•ืื ื•ื”ื•’ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคืœื™ืื™ื ื”ื, ื“ืœื›ืื•’ ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ื”ื–ื• ืœ’ื–ื” ืงืœื™ ื•ืื ื•ื”ื•’

ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื—ื“ื“ ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื™ืงืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื”ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืงื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื”ื• ื›ืœืœ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืงืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืืช ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื•, ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื”ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ืื–ื™ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืžื™ื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื•ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.

ื ืžืฉื™ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื•ื“ืื’ืช ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ืืš ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื ื™ืชื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื›ืจื—ื™, ื“ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื—ื™ื•ืชื•, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื ื•ืชื ื ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ื‘ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื›ืจื—, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžืจืื™ื ืœื• ืื”ื‘ืชื, ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ืžื”ื“ืจ ื•ืžื™ื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžื—ืžืช ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ืืช ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”.

ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉื• ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื— ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ืื”ื‘ืชื• ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ืชื•. ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื“ืจ ื•ืžื™ื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื” ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื“ืื– ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืงืจืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืœ ืœื‘ื•, ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื”.

ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื” ืืกืชืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืžื—ืžืช ืฉ’ืžื™ืžื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ’ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›”ื› ืฉืžื ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื ื•ื›ืคืจื• ื‘’ื–ื” ืงืœื™ ื•ืื ื•ื”ื•’ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ืงืจ ื•ืœื—ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื•ืœื ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื ืคืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื—ืฉืฉื” ื“ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืžื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืจื• ื ืคืฉื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื”’

ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืชื™ืงื ื• ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจ ืขืฆืžื”, ืœืกืžืœ ื•ืœื—ื“ื“ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ื‘ ื•ืžื™ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฉื–ื• ืžืขื™ืงืจื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”.

ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘”ื— (ืชืจ”ืข ื“”ื” ื•ืž”ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื) ืฉื”ืง’ “ื•ืื™ื›ื ืœืžื™ื“ืง ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื” ืงืฉื” ืœืžื” ืœื ืงื‘ืขื•ื ืœืžืฉืชื” ื•ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ืืจ “ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื ื• ืžืกืขื•ื“ืชื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื ื”ื ื• ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืžืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื›ืฉืขืฉื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื™ื ื• ื ืคืฉื•ืชื ื•ื›ืž”ืฉ ืืกืชืจ ืœืš ื›ื ื•ืก ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืงื‘ืขื•ื ืœืžืฉืชื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื ืก”

“ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ืฉื”ืชืจืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืข”ื› ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžื”ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื” ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’ ืขืžื“ื• ื•ื˜ืžืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื ืคืฉื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื”’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”’ ืข”ื› ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื ืก ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืจื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืจื• ื ืคืฉื ืœืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ืงื‘ืขื•ื ืืœื ืœื”ืœืœ ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืœื‘. ืฉืงืจื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืจื• ื ืคืฉื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื”'” ืข”ื›.

ืฆืจ ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื“

ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืจืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžื›ื”ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื• ืขื“ ืฉืžื“ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื— ืœื•, ืืš ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืžื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ื ืขื–ืจื ื”’ ื•ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื.

ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื (ืค”ื’ ืžืžื’ื™ืœื” ื•ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื””ื) “ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื›ืฉืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ‘ื•ื‘ื˜ืœื• ื“ืชื’ ื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืคืฉื˜ื• ื™ื“ื ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืคืจืฆื• ื‘ื• ืคืจืฆื•ืช ื•ื˜ืžืื• ื”ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆืจ ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื“ ืžืคื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื—ืฆื•ื ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉืจื™ื—ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืœืงื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ืžื™ื“ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ‘ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ื“ืชื’ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”, ืื– ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ื ื™ื—ื ื›ืš, ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ‘ืฆืจ ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ’ ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื”’ ื“ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืฆืจืชื• ื›ื™ ืื ืฆืจืชื.

ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” “ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืžื“ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ืขืช ‘ืฆืจืชื’ ืจื‘ืช ืืช ‘ืจื™ื‘ื’ ื“ื ืช ืืช ‘ื“ื™ื ื’ ื ืงืžืช ืืช ‘ื ืงืžืชื’ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืขื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉื–ื• ืฆืจืชื ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื“ืจื’ื” ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ‘ืฆืจืชื’ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืจืง ืื ืžื™ื™ืงืจื™ื ื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื”’ ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื•.

ื•ื”ืžื“ื“ ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืขื•ื“, ืืš ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื ืกื” ื‘ื›”ื– ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•, ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื• ืฉืžื™ื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื•ืžื—ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ื™ืขื–ืจื”ื• ื”’ ื‘ื–ื”.

ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ืงื“ืฉื™ืš

ื•ืžืขืชื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื“ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื›ื“, ื”ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื“ืœืงื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›”ืž ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžื”ื“ืœืงืชื” ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืœืžื” ื ืชืืžืฆื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ืฉืžืฆืื• ืฉืžืŸ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื™ื•ื ื’.

ืื›ืŸ ืœืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื–ื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›”ื— ื™”ื—) “ื•ื™ืฉื›ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืžืจืืฉืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉื ืืชื” ืžืฆื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฆืง ืฉืžืŸ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื””

ื•ื‘ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ (ืฉื) “ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืœืงื˜ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืœืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ืื—ืช, ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ืžืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื™ืจื“ ืœื• ืฉืžืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืง ืขืœื™ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืฆื•ืง ืฉืžืŸ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื”” ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉืžืŸ ืจืง ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืจื“ ืœื•. ื•ืœื›ืืจ’ ื”ื› ื™ืฉืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืœื• ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืง ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืžืŸ, ื“ื”ื ื ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ืœืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”.

ืืš ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื•, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉืžืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืง ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื› ืœื›ืื•ืจ’ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ื•ื›ื“’, ืืš ื‘ื—ื‘ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืกืจ ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื”ื• ื•ื™ืจื“ ืœื• ืฉืžืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื• ืœืงื™ื™ืžื•.

ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ (ืฉื) “ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ื˜ืœ ืจื’ืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขื“ ืขืžืงื™ ืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ืกื ื™ืฃ ืœืืจืฅ ื›ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืกื ื™ืฃ ืœื›ื™ืคื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืงืจืืช ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื” ืฉืฉื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืฉื ื ืคืชื—ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”’ ืขื•ืžื“, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ืืช ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ ืžืฆื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืืœืงื™ื” ื•ื›ื•’

ืขื•ืžืงื ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืฉืชื™ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื”, ื“ื”ื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื”, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ, ื–ื• ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ืฉืชืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฆื‘ื” ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉืžืŸ, ื›ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ืžื•.

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืฉืžืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ื™ืžืกืจื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ืžื”. ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ื˜ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื”ื• ื‘ื–ื”.

ืžืืŸ ื“ื™ื”ื‘ ื“ืขืชื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•

ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืืฉืจ ืื™ืจืข ืขื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื—ืจืŸ, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›”ื— ื™”ื) “ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฉื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื™ืงื— ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื™ืฉื ืžืจืืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื”, ื•ืื—”ื› ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›”ื— ื™”ื—) “ื•ื™ืฉื›ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืžืจืืฉืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉื ืืชื” ืžืฆื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฆืง ืฉืžืŸ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื”” ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ “ื•ื™ืฉื ืžืจืืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืขืฉืืŸ ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืžืจื–ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืจืืฉื• ืฉื™ืจื ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื•, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœื™ ื™ื ื™ื— ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืจืืฉื•, ื•ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœื™ ื™ื ื™ื—, ืžื™ื“ ืขืฉืืŸ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืื‘ืŸ ืื—ืช ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืžืจืืฉื•ืชื™ื•” ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื• ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ืก ืœืื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื ื•ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืงืฉืชื”.

ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›”ื— ื˜”ื– ื•ืฉื) “ื•ื™ื™ืงืฅ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื ืชื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™, ื•ื™ื™ืจื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื” ื ื•ืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื”

ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉ”ื™ (ืฉื) “ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฆื“ื™ืง ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื ืœื™ื ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืจื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื•ื–ื• ืœื•ื– ื”ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืžืจ ืื ื™ ืฉื ืขืงืจ ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ืœื›ืืŸ, ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืงืคื™ืฆืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืงืจืืชื• ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื”ืช ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืขื™ื›ื‘ื• ืฉื, ืื™ื”ื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืขื›ื‘ื•ื”ื•, ืื™ื”ื• ืขื“ ื—ืจืŸ ืื–ืœ ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืงืจื ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื•ื™ืœืš ื—ืจื ื” ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื ืœื—ืจืŸ ืืžืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœืชื™ ื‘ื•, ื™ื”ื‘ ื“ืขืชื™ื” ืœืžื”ื“ืจ ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื•ืงืคืฆื” ืœื• ื”ืืจืฅ”

ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื ืœืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื ืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ืก ื•ืขืฉืืŸ ืœืื‘ืŸ ืื—ืช, ืื•ืœื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืคื™’ ืจืžื– ืงืœ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ืขืช ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื™ืœืš ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘.

ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื•, ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”’ ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ืจืื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจืื•ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืจืื™ื• ื•ืืฃ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ ื™ื ื™ื— ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืจืืฉื•, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• (ืžืก”ื™ ืค”ื) “ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ืขืœื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืœื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืงื“ืฉืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš” ื•ื›ื•’ “ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœืงื— ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืฉื ืžืจืืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืืžืจื• ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ื›ืœืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœื™ ื™ื ื™ื— ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจืืฉื•”

ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืชื›ืœื™ืชื•, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื“ื•ืžื ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื• ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื•, ื•ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื ื™ื— ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืจืืฉื•’, ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ืข”ื– ืื– ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ืก ื•ืื™ื—ื“ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืื—ืช ื ืขืฉื•, [ืžืขื™”ื– ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื ืฆื™”ื‘ ื‘ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ’ ื›”ื’) “ืืกืฃ ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื—ืจืคืชื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ื”ืจื™ ื—ืกืจ ื™ื‘ื™ืื ื• ื•ื—ืจืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืข”ื›.] ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉ’ืขืœื™ ื™ื ื™ื— ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืจืืฉื•’, ื•ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื‘ืืžืช, ื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ืŸ ื ืก ื•ืื™ื—ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœืื‘ืŸ ืื—ืช.

ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื• ืœืžืงื•ื, ื”ืจื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื’ื ืœื ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื”ื• ืœืจืžื–ื• ืœื–ื”, “ืื™ื”ื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืขื›ื‘ื•ื”ื•, ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื™ื”, ื•ื™ื”ื‘ ื“ืขืชื™ื” ืœืžื™ื”ื“ืจ, ื›ื™ ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช, ‘ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœืชื™ ื‘ื•’, ืื– ื ืขื ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื ืก, ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื“ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื ื” ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ื”’ ื‘ืืžืช. ื›ืŸ ืจืื™ื ื• ืืฆืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ืื ืฉืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื ืจ ‘ืชืžื™ื“’ ื‘ื›”ื– ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื ืก.

ื”ืจื—ืžืŸ ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ื ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช

ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ืฉื•”ืข (ืชืจืค”ื‘ ื’) “ื›ืœ ื—’ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื‘ื””ืž ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž”ื “ื™”ื ื›ืฉืฉื›ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื‘ื””ืž ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืจื—ืžืŸ ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืจื—ืžืŸ ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ื ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื›ืฉื ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืชืชื™ื” ื•ื›ื•’.

ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจ’ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื ื”ื•ื, ื”ื™ืืš ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ‘ื ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช’, ืืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืฉื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื”ื ืก ืืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘”ื— ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื™ืงืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื ืคืฉื ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื”’ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ื ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื.

ืœื–ืืช ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืจืง ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ‘ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง’ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•’ ืฉืื– ื”ืจื™ ืฉืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืื”ื‘ืช ื”’ ื•ืงืจื‘ืชื•, ืืš ื”ืžืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ‘ื–ื” ืืœื™ ื•ืื ื•ื•ื”ื•’ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืชื ืื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื”ื‘ืช ื”’ ื•ืงืจื‘ืชื•, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื›ืขืฆืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ, ื›ืื•ืชื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—”ื• ‘ืคื˜ื•ืจ’ ืžืช”ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื, ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื•ื, ื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืจื ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืืžืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืจ”ื™ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืจืคื™ื ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื—”ื• ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžื—ืžืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืขืฉื”.

ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘

ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ืืจ (ื”ืคื˜ืจื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื) ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ “ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื˜ืื™ื›ื ื›ืฉื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื’ ื™ืœื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืœื’) ืื ื™ืื“ื™ืžื• ื›ืชื•ืœืข ื›ืฆืžืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™” (ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืง ื›ืฆืžืจ).

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืชื’ืœื” ืขื•ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ืืฆืœ ืื—ืื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ื ื•ืฆื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืœืฉื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื”ื•ืจื ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืื‘ ืฉื ืฉื™ื• ื›ืกืคื• ื•ื–ื”ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืœืš ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืœื’.

ืžืฉื”ื› ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื ื›ืชื•ืœืข ืฉื“ื ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื ืฉื ืืช ื—ื ื ื•ืžืœืฉื™ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืง ื›ืฆืžืจ. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื, ื•ืœื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื›ื—ื˜ื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืขื›ืช”ื“.

ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจ’ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื” ืจืื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ืจื ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืื‘ ืฉืœื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื™, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ืืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื˜ืื ื’ื ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื›ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื•ืœื ื—ื˜ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื›ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

ืจืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืœืžืœืš ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ื–ื”’ ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืืจื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืœื ื ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื”’ ื•ืงืจื‘ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ‘ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”’ ืœื ืœื™ืชื ื” ืœืžืœืš ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ, ื‘ืข”ื› ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื• ื ืงื™.

ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื‘ ื ืงื™ ืžื›ืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื›ื•’ ื“ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื‘ ‘ืคื ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืœื”’ ืœื‘ื“ื•’ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืจื’ื” ื–ื•.

ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืœื ืกื’ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืฅ, ื“ื”ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื™ืžืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืืš ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—”ื• ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืœื–ืืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ื”’ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ืืœื ื‘ื™.

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Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

Proud to Be a Jew!

Chanukah

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

We say in Al Hanissim that the Yevanim wanted to stop the Yidden from learning Torah and keeping mitzvos: ืœึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐื›ึผึดื™ื—ึธื ืชึผื•ึนืจึธืชึถึฝืšึธ ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทืขึฒื‘ึดื™ืจึธื ืžึตื—ึปืงึผึตื™ ืจึฐืฆื•ึนื ึถึฝืšึธ. Specifically, they decreed against Shabbos, bris milah, and Rosh Chodesh; we also find references to other decrees, such as coercing Yidden to worship idols.

The Bach tells us that these decrees didnโ€™t happen in a vacuum. They came about because the Yidden were weak, and didnโ€™t display the correct chashivus for each of these mitzvos. If Shabbos is not important enough to us, then Hakadosh Baruch Hu will take away Shabbos from us. If limud haTorah is not valuable enough in our eyes, then a decree is made that takes it away from us, and so on with each of the gezeiros.

How did the salvation come about? We resolved to go and fight for our ideals. We want to keep Shabbos! We want to learn Torah! We want to do all these mitzvos, and itโ€™s so important to us that weโ€™re prepared to give our lives for them. And once we value the mitzvos correctly, then Hakadosh Baruch Hu saves us.

The Gemara in Gittin tells that story of Chana and her seven sons, which took place around the time of the Chanukah miracle. Antiochus wanted the Yidden to worship avodah zarah, so he summoned Chana with her seven sons, and commanded the oldest to bow down to an idol. The boy responded, โ€œIt says in our Torah, ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื”’ ืึฑืœึนืงึถื™ืšึธ โ€“ we have only one Hakadosh Baruch Hu, and we canโ€™t bow to avodah zarah.โ€ Antiochus threatened to execute him, but he remained adamant in his refusal, so he was killed. He then turned to the second son and said, โ€œEither bow down to the idol or youโ€™ll suffer the same fate as your older brother.โ€ This boy answered, โ€œIt says in our Torah, ืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื, so I canโ€™t bow down to avodah zarah no matter what.โ€ He, too, was killed, and the same happened to the next four brothers.

Finally, Antiochus called in the seventh son, and he told the little boy to bow down, but he refused. Determined to save face, and not be defeated by this little boy and his whole family, Antiochus urged him to merely bend down to pick up his ring. But the boy replied, โ€œIt says in our Torah that Hashem told Klal Yisrael, ื•ึทื”’ ื”ึถืึฑืžึดื™ืจึฐืšึธ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ืœื•ึน ืœึฐืขึทื ืกึฐื’ึปืœึธึผื” โ€“ Hakadosh Baruch Hu chose you today to be His treasured nation. I canโ€™t bow down to your avodah zarah.โ€

Sadly, Antiochus had this youngest boy killed as well, whereupon a bas kol declared, โ€œืึตื ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื ึดื™ื ืฉึฐื‚ืžึตื—ึธื” โ€“ You, Chana, should be truly proud and happy that your seven sons were each moser nefesh for Hakadosh Baruch Hu.โ€

The mefarshim wonder: why did the little boy need to invoke a new passuk? Why didnโ€™t he answer, like his oldest brother, that the Torah says ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื”’ ืึฑืœึนืงึถื™ืšึธ, or like the second brother, ืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื, or like the third brother, ืœึนื ืชึดืฉึฐืืชึทึผื—ึฒื•ึถื” ืœึธื”ึถื?

The mefarshim explain that the answer lies in the next line of the Gemara, which asks how old this little boy was, and answers that he was only two-and-a-half years old. This boy had never gone to cheder or done any formal learning, and in all likelihood, he couldnโ€™t even read. He certainly hadnโ€™t learned the Aseres Hadibros, and wasnโ€™t able to quote the pesukim his brothers quoted. What was he able to say? Only what had been inculcated into him already at this young age, from his home. His mother had managed to transmit to him the feeling of pride in being a Yid: ื•ึทื”’ ื”ึถืึฑืžึดื™ืจึฐืšึธ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ืœื•ึน ืœึฐืขึทื ืกึฐื’ึปืœึธึผื”. This boy had imbibed at home the incredible value of being part of the Jewish people, and preferred to give up his life rather than lose that status. This is what gave him the courage โ€“ at an age when he couldnโ€™t yet understand ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ andืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ย โ€“ to be moser nefesh to be part of the am segulah.

The Right Kind of Pride

This is exactly the message of what Chanukah is all about. What was lacking before the nes of Chanukah was an appreciation of the zechus of being Hashemโ€™s chosen nation and being chosen to do his mitzvos. Chana managed to teach her children to value what it means to be a Yid, and this mesirus nefesh propelled the Yidden to triumph over the Yevanim.

In Tehillim, Dovid Hamelech appeals to Hakadosh Baruch Hu, ืขื•ึผืจึธื” ื›ึฐื‘ื•ึนื“ึดื™ ืขื•ึผืจึธื” โ€“ inspire within me my feeling of pride. The Midrash notes that gaavah is a terrible trait, so why would Dovid ask Hakadosh Baruch Hu to instill within him a feeling of pride? The Midrash answers that Dovid Hamelech foresaw the generation of Yavan and its decrees against Shabbos, bris milah, and Rosh Chodesh, as well as the decree to worship idols. All of these mitzvos elevate us above the nations and manifest the feeling of Jewish pride. Only Yidden perform bris milah, only Yidden learn Torah. The purpose of these decrees was to defeat Klal Yisraelโ€™s pride in being part of the am segulah, and Dovid Hamelech therefore appealed to Hakadosh Baruch Hu and said, ืขื•ึผืจึธื” ื›ึฐื‘ื•ึนื“ึดื™ โ€“ instill within us such an incredible pride in being part of Hashemโ€™s chosen nation that we shouldnโ€™t give in to the decrees of Antiochus.

How did Hakadosh Baruch Hu respond to Dovidโ€™s appeal? He said (Zechariah 9:13), ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืจึทืจึฐืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึธื ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ืขึทืœึพื‘ึธึผื ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื™ึธื•ึธืŸ โ€“ I will inspire your children, Zion, and give them pride that is greater than Yavanโ€™s pride in what they represent.

Pride, says the Orchos Tzaddikim, is generally not a good thing; it brings downfall in its wake, and leads to terrible repercussions. But pride in being a Yid, he notes, is different; thatโ€™s good pride, and thatโ€™s to be encouraged.

We emphasize in Al Hanissim that the Yevanim arose ืขึทืœึพืขึทืžึผึฐึ’ืšึธ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ โ€“ against Your nation. Their opposition was to the fact that we consider ourselves more important than the rest of creation, because we represent Hakadosh Baruch Hu in this world. The fight was against ืขึทืžึผึฐึ’ืšึธ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, and the question to us at that time became: Are we Hashemโ€™s nation, or are we the same as everybody else in the world?

In Maoz Tzur we sing: ื•ึผืžึดื ึผื•ึนืชึทืจ ืงึทื ึฐืงึทื ึดึผื™ื ื ึทืขึฒืฉึธื‚ื” ื ึตืก ืœึทืฉึผืื•ึนืฉึทืื ึดึผื™ื. We Yidden are roses โ€“ ื›ึฐึผืฉืื•ึนืฉึทืื ึธึผื” ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ื”ึทื—ื•ึนื—ึดื™ื, and when we appreciate that we are shoshanim, no matter how many thorns and thistles surround us, and we recognize our incredible importance and feel the pride of being a Yid, thatโ€™s when a miracle is performed for us. Only if we consider ourselves roses will there be a ื ึทืขึฒืฉึธื‚ื” ื ึตืก ืœึทืฉึผืื•ึนืฉึทืื ึดึผื™ื.

The World Revolves Around Us

Yidden around the world play dreidel on Chanukah, and there are various explanations as to why this game, in particular, became the game that is associated with Chanukah. Many mefarshim explain that the dreidel has a center point around which it revolves, symbolizing that the Yidden are the center of the universe, and everything else in the world revolves around us. Hakadosh Baruch Hu says, ื™ึทืฆึตึผื‘ ื’ึฐึผื‘ึปืœึนืช ืขึทืžึดึผื™ื ืœึฐืžึดืกึฐืคึทึผืจ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ โ€” itโ€™s all for us; we are the focus of the universe and the purpose of Hashem โ€˜s entire creation. This is what we sacrificed for at the time of the nes of Chanukah.

Antiochus wanted to destroy our Jewish pride, turning us into a nation like any other. โ€œLearn from us,โ€ he urged us, โ€œand weโ€™ll learn from you. Weโ€™ll all be the same.โ€ But we donโ€™t want to be the same as all the nations. We want our pride to be stirred: ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืจึทืจึฐืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึธื ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ืขึทืœึพื‘ึธึผื ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื™ึธื•ึธืŸ. We are different!

The Mishnah states that when Antiochus conquered Har Habayis, he made thirteen breaches in the wall, as we say, ื•ืคืจืฆื• ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™. Why did he do this? It was because he didnโ€™t want the Yidden to feel different and separate from the rest of the world. Immediately after we were miraculously saved from Yavan, we rebuilt the wall and closed up all those breaches. What weโ€™re celebrating on Chanukah is that we appreciate the value of our mitzvos, and we realize what it means that weโ€™re the am segulah โ€” and that is what brings nissim.

May Hakadosh Baruch Hu bless us that each and every one of us, and all of our children, should emerge from Chanukah having imbibed and inculcated into our DNA this feeling of pride and happiness that we are the am segulah, that Hakadosh Baruch Hu chose us. And may we see the fulfillment of ื—ึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืฃ ื–ึฐืจื•ึนืขึท ืงึธื“ึฐืฉึถืืšึธ ื•ึฐืงึธืจึตื‘ ืงึตืฅ ื”ึทื™ึฐืฉืื•ึผืขึธื” speedily in our days.

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