ShmosVayakhel

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

ื•ืืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ืจื•ื— ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”
“ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื–ืืช ืžืฆื™ืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ืงืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ืŸ, ืื—ืคืฅ ืื ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื–ืืช ืœืžื ื—ื” ืœื”ื•”ื›, ืฉืžืข ื ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื ื•ื—ื“ืฉ, ืื ื™ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืจื’ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืžื “ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืคืœืืงื™ืŸ ืงืื”ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” [ื”.ื”. ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืคื™’ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื]. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืกื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ืžืžืฉ, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื–ืืช ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืžื“”ืจ ืค’ ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ (ืžื—,ื”) ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ืืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ืจื•ื— ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืขื“”ื– ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉื™”ืช ืžืœื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช, ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืืœื”. ื•ืขืชื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“”ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ื“ืขืช. ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืžื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื—ื–”ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ืืžืจื• ืฉื ืขืœ ืค’ ื•ื™ืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ืจื•ื— ืืœืงื™ื: “ื•ืœื ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื• ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ “ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžื””, ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ืชื™ื‘, ืฉื ืชื ื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื•ืœื ื ืชืคืจืกื ืžื›ื•ืœื ืืœื ื‘ืฆืœืืœ”. ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืฃ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืชืžืœืื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ื•ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™’ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ืคืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžืขื•ืœื. ื”ืจื™ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืœื” ื‘ืžืœื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืคืœืืงื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ืชืžืœื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื [ื”.ื”. ืืคื™’ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ืžืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืœื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืžื™ื], ื•ื–ืืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื ืื“ื ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื ื”ืžื ื•ืกื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืชื’ื“ืœื• ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืžืžื• ืื ืจืง ื™ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ื›ื ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื”.

ื•ืขืชื” ื™ืงื™ืจื™ ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื ื™ ื›ื™ ืžื ื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื— ืœื›’, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืกื•ื—ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืขืงืฉ ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ืืžืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื›ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื•ืขืฉื• ืคืจื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืกื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืืžืจื ืืฃ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื” ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื ืชืžืœืื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”.

ืžืชื•ืš ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ื””ืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื•ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Hasaba M'Slobodka zt"l

ื”ืœื–ื” ื™ืงืจื “ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•”?
ืกื™ืคืจ ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจืืž”ืž ืฉืš ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ: ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ืžืจืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื” ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ื™ืง ืžื•ืคืœื ื•ืžื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ, ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืคืœืื”.

ื‘ืขืช ืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืข”ื’ ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื“ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ “ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื”ื ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ: ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืคืืจืช, ื•ืžื”ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœืžืื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ื ื’ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืคืœื•ื ื™, ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื”.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ื ืฉื•ืžืข ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขื“ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื”: ื”ืื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื“ ืื• ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ? ื”ืื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื? ื”ืื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ืขื”.

ืคืขื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœืกื‘ื ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื™ืจืง ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ืช “ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื, ืœื™ืจื•ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืœืš!? ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื!? (ืขื™’ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื“ืฃ ื”. “ื›ื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื’ื•’ ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ – ื–ื” ื”ืจืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื ืžืืก). ื ื›ื ืก ื”ืกื‘ื ืœืื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื ื™ื’ืฉ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ื’ืขืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ื•ืขื“ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืœื” ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ืจืคืชื• ื•ื‘ื•ืฉืชื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื: “ืื™ื ื™ ื›ืžื”ืจื”ืจ ืื—ืจ ืจื‘ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš, ื›ืœื•ื ืœื ืกื‘ืจ ืžืจ ืœื”ื ื“ื”ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคื ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื?”

ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื”ืกื‘ื ื‘ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ: “ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•”, ื”ื’ื ืœื–ื” “ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•” ื™ืงืจื… ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืืฆืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.

ื•ืืžืจ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืชืคืขืœ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘.

ืžืชื•ืš “ืฉืžื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื””

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ

ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ

ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื (ืค’ ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ ืœ”ื” ื›”ื‘) ืคื™’ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื“ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืžื”ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื˜. ื•ืข’ ืค”ืช ืจืž”ื— ื’’ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื ื•ื‘”ื™ ื“ืืฉื” ืฉืืžืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืจืฉื•ืช ื ืืžื ืช ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื“ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ืืžื ืช. (ื•ืข’ ืื•ื””ื— ืจ”ืค ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืž’ ื“ืื– ืฉืจื™ ืœื™ืงื— ืžื”ืŸ. ื•ืœื›ื’ ื–ื” ื“ืœื ื›ืกืคื•ืจื ื•, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชย  ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื‘ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ื””ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืžืงืคื™ื“).

ื•ืœื›ื’ ื™”ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื ืชื™ื ื” ื“ื‘ื‘”ื‘ ื—’ ืข”ื‘ ืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ืžื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ืืžืจื• ื”ื˜ืขื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืจืจื” (ืฉืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ – ืจื”ืฉ ื•ืฉื•”ืข) ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžืฉื›ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ืงื”. ื•ืœื›ื’ ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื–ื” ื“ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืžืžืฉื›ื ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ ืžื ื•ื™ ืฉืจืจื”.

ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœ”ื• ื”ืง’ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื•ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ) ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืชื™’ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ื“ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืœื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื”, ื”ื  ื“ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื ื“ื‘ื” ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื“ืจื™ื ื ื“ื‘ื”. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืขื›”ืค ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื•”ืข ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ื”ื› ื”ืฉ ืคื™’ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื ื•.

ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจ”ืž ื’ื™ืคื˜ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื“ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืชื™’ ื’ ืกื‘ืจ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ืœืชื™’ ื‘’ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื ื“ื‘ื”. ื•ืงืฆ”ื‘ ืžื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘”ื‘. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืค’ ืชืฆื•ื”.

ื•ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืž”ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื›ื’ ื”ื› ืœื ื”ืฉ ืคื™’ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื ื•. ื•ื™”ืœ ื“ื”ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืืช ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื‘ื ื• ืœื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื‘, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืข”ื– ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื’ืจื™”ื– ืค’ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืืจ (ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืœื™ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืืช ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื‘ื ื• ืœื‘ื• ื•ืฆ”ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ื“ืžืฉืžืข ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืฆื•ื•ื™, ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ื“ื‘ื” ื“ืžืฉืžืข ืื ื™ืจืฆื”) ื“ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื ื“ื‘ื” ื•ืคื™’ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื. ื•ืคื™’ ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืค’ ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ ืœ”ื” ื”’. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื‘”ื‘ ื”ื ”ืœ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ ืœืชื•ืจื” ืค’ ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ ืžื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืค”ื• ืžื‘ื””ื‘ ื”ื™”ื‘ ื“ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืž”ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Binyomin Finkel Shlita

ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” (ื™ื.) [ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืžื• ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืœืื™ื’ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื] “ืจ’ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืคืชื— ืœื” ืœื”ืื™ ืคืจืฉืชื ืžื”ื›ื ื‘ืขืฆืœืชื™ื™ื ื™ืžืš ื”ืžืงืจื” ื•ื‘ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื“ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช[1], ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžืš, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืš ืืœื ืขื ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืื ืžืš ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืš, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื” ืืœื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ืชื™ื•”. ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืขื ื™, ื•ืคืจืฉ”ื™ “ื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข“.

 

ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–”ืœ ืืœื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืชืงื™ืฃ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื•. ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื – ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืคืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื, ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงืœื•, ื‘) “ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืืœื•ืงื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ืกื“ื•”. [ื•ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืชื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขื“ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื “ื•ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ืจืชื•ืŸ”.] ื ืžืฆื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืข”ื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื”ื› ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ “ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข”.

 

ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื›ืœื™ื”

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ื™ื‘.) ืื™ืชื “ืฉืืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ืจืฉื‘”ื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ื”, ื”ืœ ืืžืจื• ืืชื, ื”ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”ื ื• ืžืกืขื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจืฉืข, ื”ืœ ื”ื› ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื™ื”ืจื’ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืœ ื™ื™ื”ืจื’ื•, ื”ืœ ืืžื•ืจ ืืชื”, ื”ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืœืฆืœื”[2].

ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืชื‘ืขื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืœืขื™ืœ ื ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉื ืขื ืฉื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืชืขืฆืœื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

 

ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฆื“ื• ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ืชื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื ื• ืžืกืขื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจืฉืข ืื• ืขืœ ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืœืฆืœื, ืืœื ืฉื”ืื‘ ื”ืจื—ืžืŸ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืขื ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื. ื•ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.

 

ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื

ื”ื ืคื””ื— ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื, ื›ื–) “ื•ื™ื‘ืจื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฆืœืžื• ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื ืื•ืชื•”, ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืž, ื™ื—) ื•ืžื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืชืขืจื›ื• ืœื•.[3]

ื•ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ืž”ืฉ ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื (ืงื‘, ื–) “ื“ืžื™ืชื™ ืœืงืืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ”, ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื• ืœื• ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ืืœื ืฉื›ืฉื’ืœื” ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืข”ื” ื‘ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืžื” ืื– ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืœืงืืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื•ื“ื“ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื.

ื•ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืื“ื ืœืงื‘”ื”. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื•, ื•ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืงื™ืฃ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื, ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ. ืฉื”ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืข”ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื—”ื• ืข”ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ืฉื™ืš ื•ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ ื•ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ื“ืžื” ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžื ื•. [ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ื— ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜.]

 

ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื•, ืฉืื ื• ื›”ื› ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืจืคื™ื ื•ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉืžืœืืš ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืœื•ืื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืœืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ืœืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ, ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืื“ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื“ืจื›ื•.

ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ื‘ ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•, ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–”ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืืœื•ืงื™ื- ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

 

ื•ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืจ”ื” ื•ื™ื•ื””ื› “ืื“ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืžืขืคืจ ื•ืกื•ืคื• ืœืขืคืจ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืžื• ืžืฉื•ืœ ื›ื—ืจืก ื”ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื›ื—ืฆื™ืจ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื›ืฆื™ืฅ ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื›ืฆืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืขื ืŸ ื›ืœื” ื•ื›ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ืง ืคื•ืจื— ื•ื›ื—ืœื•ื ื™ืขื•ืฃ”, ืฉืžืื•ืžื” ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืžื”ืื“ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืชื— ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช.

 

ืžืขืœืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.

 

ื•ื–”ืœ ื‘ืค”ื“ “ื•ื–ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื [ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ื•ื”ื™ืฆื””ืจ ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“, ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื• ืžืกื™ืชื• ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•, ืฉืื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืžืœ.] ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[4] ืืœ ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ื—”ื• ื›ื™ ืžื” ืื ื™ ื•ืžื” ื›ื•ื—ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืฉืคืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื [ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื• ืขื ื•ื” ืฉื›ื–ื•…], ืืžื ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืข ื•ื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœ ืขืช ื•ืจื’ืข ืœื ืื™ืชืื‘ื™ื“ื• ื—”ื•, ื•ืžื” ืจื‘ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ืœื• ื•ืจืžื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืฉื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ ืžืจื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืฆื—ืฆื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื”.

 

ืฉืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ืจืื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื›ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ืš ื’ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืขืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉืคืข ื•ืจื—ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื – ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ืœืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืžืฆื•ื”. ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื—”ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื. [ื•ืจืง ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื–ืง ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ “ืื ื™ ื”’ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืœื‘ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืœืื™ืฉ ื›ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื›ืคืจื™ ืžืขืœืœื™ื•”.]

 

“ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืžืขืœื” – ืžืžืš”

ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืจื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ื–ื•. ื•ืžื‘ืืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจืžื– [ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช] ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช (ืค”ื‘, ื) ืžืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ “ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืš“.ย  ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืžืขืœื”- ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืžืš- ื”ื›ืœ ืžื›ื— ืžืขืฉื™ืš.

 

ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืœืžื” ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื•, ืฉืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ืฉืื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื™ืชื ื”ื’ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื”ืžืœืืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืข”ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืืœื•- ืฉื”ื ื›”ื› ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. [ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.]

 

“ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ืš ืชืฉื™”

ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘, ื™ื—) “ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ืš ืชืฉื™ ื•ืชืฉื›ื— ืงืœ ืžื—ื•ืœืœืš”, ื•ืคืจืฉ”ื™ [ืชืฉื™ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื—ื”], “ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื“ืจืฉื• ื›ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื ืืชื ืžื›ืขื™ืกื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ืžืชื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื• ืžืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื”. ืฉืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืชืฉื™ – ืืชื ืžืชื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•. ื•ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื ื‘ื ืคื””ื— ืฉื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืฉื ”ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืฉื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘.

ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžื‘ืืจ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ืื™ื›”ืจ ื, ื•) ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”, ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื— ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”.

 

“ืœืกื•ืกืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืคืจืขื” ื“ื™ืžื™ืชื™ืš ืจืขื™ื™ืชื™”

ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ืค”ื˜) ืžื‘ืืจ ื”ื ืคื””ื— ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื (ื, ื˜) “ืœืกื•ืกืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืคืจืขื” ื“ื™ืžื™ืชื™ืš ืจืขื™ื™ืชื™”, ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืกื•ืก, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืฉื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉืžื“ืžื” ืื•ืชื ื•- ืจืขื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืกื•ืกืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืคืจืขื”, ืฉืืฃ ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื•ืก, ืขื›”ื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื”.

 

ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื

ื”ืžืก”ื™ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช (ืค”ื˜) ืžื“ืžื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืฉื—ื™ื™ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื”, ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื•ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœืžืงืฆืช ืžืจืขื™ื•, ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจืคื” ื‘ืžืœืื›ืชื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืขื ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื”. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืืฆืœื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื ืฉืื ืžืคืงื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืœืื›ืชื• ื ืืžื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช.

ื›ืš ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืข ื•ืžืฉื ืŸ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ืข”ืž ืœืงื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืฉืขื•ืฉื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืคืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื™ืจื‘ื” ืฉื›ืจื•.

ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื— ื–ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื• ื•ืœื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ื—”ื•… ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ? ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉืขืชื” ื”ื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื•.

 

ื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืขืœ ื’’ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”

ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืืจ ืžืฉื ”ืช ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื ื• ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ืชื‘ืขื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื ืขื ืฉื•.

ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื—ื–”ืœ (ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืชื ื“ืื™ื›ื”) ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจื “ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืขืœ ืข”ื– ื•ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”“. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืžืจื• ื‘ื‘”ืง (ื .) “ื”ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื•ื•ืชืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื•”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฆืคื” ื•ื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื”. [ื•ื™ืฉ ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ.]

ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืืจื™ืš ืืฃ, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืžืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘, ืฉืื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื” ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื” ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื•. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื (ื˜:) ืฉื’’ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืžื• ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืื ื”ื™ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ื•ื™ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘, ื•ืื– ื—”ื• ื ื—ืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.

ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืขืฆืœื• ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข.

 

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืžืขืฉื” ืขืžืœืง

ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืžืขืฉื” ืขืžืœืง ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื (ื‘ืค”ื” ืžืžืœื›ื™ื ื””ื”) ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื ืืชื• ื•ืื™ื‘ืชื•, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ื ืฉื ืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžืœืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืข [ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข, ืื‘ืœ ืขืžืœืง ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ืจืข ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘.] ืฉืžืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ืงื‘”ื”[5].

ื•ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ืจืฉืขื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง, ื•ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื™ืž”ืฉ- ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ืžื–ืจืข ืขืžืœืง [ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”]- ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ืขืžืœืง ืขื ื›ื–ื• ืจืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ืขืžืœืง ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื ืื”.

 

ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืืจื• ืขืค”ื– ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื–ื›ื•ืจ “ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื›ืœื” ืžื ืฉื™ื ื—ืจื‘ืš ื›ืŸ ืชืฉื›ืœ ืžื ืฉื™ื ืืžืš ื•ื™ืฉืกืฃ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื’ ืœืคื ื™ ื”’ ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ” ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืฉื ืžื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ื™ืช ืขืžืœืง. ื•ื‘ืืจื• ืฉืจืฆื” ื‘ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืื™ื‘ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื’ื“ืœ ืฉื ืืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื ื ืžืฆื ื ืืฆื™ ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืฉื ืืชื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืจืื•ืชื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื—ืชืชื•.

 

ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ

ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืžืœืง ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื ืžืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉืืžืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ “ื”ื™ืฉ ื”’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืื ืื™ืŸ”, ืžื™ื“ “ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขืžืœืง ื•ื™ืœื—ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจืคื™ื“ื™ื”. ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืขืžืœืง ืื™ืš ืœื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืœื ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

 

ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜) ืขื””ืค “ืืฉืจ ืงืจืš ื‘ื“ืจืš” ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืงืจืš ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”, ืฉืขืžืœืง ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื ื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื–ื™ื ื‘ ืจืง ื‘ื ื—ืฉืœื™ื. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ื ื”, ื ืชื—ื›ืžื• ื•ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื, ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืชืคืกื•ื ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ื. [ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ืชื‘ืขื• ืข”ื– ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ื ื”.] ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ื–ื• ืจืžืื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืขื•ืชื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืžืื•ืช. [ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืื• ืืฆืœ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื™ืž”ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจื’ื• ืื•ืชื.]

ื•ืœืจืฉืขื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”’ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืกื“ืง ื—”ื• ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืขื ื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ืจื™ืกืช ืจื’ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืŸ ื”ืขืžืœืงื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ืื ืœื ืฉื ืชืขืฆืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžืฉื ”ืช.

 

ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขืžืœืง ืชื™ืงื ื• ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉืจืง “ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉื” ื™ื“ื• ื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ”, ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ืœื‘ื ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืื ืœืื• ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื (ืจ”ื” ื›ื˜.). ืฉื‘ื–ื” ืฉืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ืชื™ืงื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื—ื˜ืื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืฉืืœื• ื”ื™ืฉ ื”’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื• ืื ืœื.

 

ื›ื— ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ

ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืขื ืฉื• ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื•ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉืข ื™ืž”ืฉ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืจื‘ืชื” ื•ื‘ื›ื–ื• ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื™ืฉื. ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืจื ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื›ืขืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืฉ”ืœื ื™ื›ืจืข ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชื—ื•ื””, ื•ื›ืŸ ืข”ื– ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืฉื•ื•ืจื•ืฉ. ืื‘ืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื”’ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื, ื•ืข”ื› ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื•ื “ืœืš ื›ื ื•ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื•ืฆื•ืžื•”. ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืขืงืจ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืž”ื‘ (ืชืงืž”ื˜ ืกืง”ื) ืฉืื ื”ืชืขื ื” ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” “ืชืคืก ืืช ื”ื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจ”.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” [ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“] ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืชืขืฆืœื• ื‘ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–”ืœ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื˜ื–.) ืฉืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืœืžื“ ืขื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ื–ื• ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ืžืฆืคื” ืœื”ื, ืฉืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืงืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงืžื™ืฆื” ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ื•ืจืืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืคื ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ. [ื•ืืฆืœ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืจืื• ื’”ื› ืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืืœื• ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืก’ ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืชื• ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”’, ื™ื’ืขื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืก’.]

ื•ืข”ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื• ื ืชื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื”. ืฉื‘ื™”ื’ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—”ื•, ื•ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื– ‘ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”’ ืฉืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื’ืื•ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื• ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืœื• ื•ื™ืจืื• ืžืžื ื•. ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืœืœ ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื™ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืชื ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื•[6] ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•. ื•ืžื›ื— ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื”, “ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื“ื” ืฉื ืช ื”ืžืœืš”, “ื ื“ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ื“ื“ื• ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื” (ืฉื ื˜ื•:), ืฉืื ื–ื– ื›ืืŸ ื–ื– ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืžื™ื“, ืฉืจืง ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ‘ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”’ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ…

 

ื”ื“ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื•ื” – ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ืข”ืค – ืžืื”ื‘ื”

ื•ืœื–ื” ื–ื›ื• ืžื›ื— ื”’ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื•’ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉื”ื ื” ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื ื— ื’) ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืœืžื” ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉืขืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืงื‘ืœืช ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืข”ืค ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืืžืจื• ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืจืื• ืžื”ืขืžืœ ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื” ืฉื ืฆืจืš ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืข”ืค ืฉืžืฉื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืฉืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืกืงื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ืื ืœื ืฉืžืœื‘ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉ”ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื•ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืชื•ืก’ ื›ืš, ื•ื”ืื ืœืžืกืงื ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืื• ื˜ืžื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืื• ืืกื•ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื• ืคื˜ื•ืจ. [ื•ืœื ืฉื—”ื• ืœื ืจืฆื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืข”ืค, ืืœื ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื” ืฉืื—ื–”ืœ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฆื˜ื•ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ื”ืขืžืœ ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื”.] ื•ืืช ื–ื” ื™ืจืื• ืœืงื‘ืœ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช.

ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ืก:) “ื”ืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืœื ื›ืจืช ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืข”ืค ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”’ ืืœ ืžืฉื” ื›ืชื‘ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืจืชื™ ืืชืš ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ”. ื•ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืฉื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ, ืืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืข”ืค. ืฉื–ื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™”ืช ืฉื ืขืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืข”ื› ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช.

ื•ื”ื› ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื•ื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” ืข”ื› ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืข”ืค, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข.

 

“ื”ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ”

ื•ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคื™ ืฉืจืื• ืฉืจืง ืข”ื™ ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื•ื—ื•ืฉืš ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื–”ืœ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื˜ื–:) ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืจื”, ืื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืฉื ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ “ื”ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ”, ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ืœืขืช”ืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืžืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” “ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื• ื›ืฆืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื•”, ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›”ื› ื—ื–ืง ืขื“ ืฉื™ืื™ืจ ืžื”ื ื›ืฆืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื•.

ื•ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช. ื•ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื•, ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืฉืคืข ืœื ืจืง ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืœื ืœื›ื•ืœื.

ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื, ื™ืจืื• ืขื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื, ื•ื›ืžื” ืื•ืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื–ื”. ืืฉืจื™ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืžืชืจื•ืžื ื•ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืงื‘”ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื—.

 

ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ืขื–ืจื ื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ืขื ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืœื‘,

ื•ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื•ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื—.

[1]ย ย  ย ย ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืข”ื™ ื”ืขืฆืœื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื ื™. ื•ืคืจืฉ”ื™ (ื‘ืงื”ืœืช ื™, ื™ื—) “ื‘ืขืฆืœืชื™ื™ื ื™ืžืš ื”ืžืงืจื”, ื›ืฉืื“ื ืžืชืขืฆืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงืŸ ืคืจืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื‘ืชืงืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, “ื™ืžืš ื”ืžืงืจื”” ื™ืฉืคืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื›ืš ืขืœื™ื•, [ืฉืื ืฉื•ื”ื” ืžืœืชืงืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื•ืคืœ ื”ื›ืœ.] “ื•ื‘ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื [ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช- ืžืฆื•ื“ื•ืช] ื™ื“ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช” ื™ื˜ืคื˜ืฃ ื“ืœืฃ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืขืฆืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ื ืžืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื’ืื•ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื ื—ืจื‘ ื•ืžืš”. ืฉืข”ื™ ืขืฆืœื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื” ื ื—ืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง.

[2] [ืœื“ืขืช ืจืฉ”ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืืจ ื•ืœืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืฆืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืŸ.]

[3] [ื•ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืจื ื”ื›ืœ, ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื•. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื™ื• ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืจื ื•ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื•, ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉื’ื”. ื•ืื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘”ื”, ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื’ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื•. ื•ืœืขืช”ืœ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ-ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ืื– ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืžืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืงืจื‘ืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื.]

[4] [ืื’ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืžืงืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืข”ื™ ื—ื˜ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ ืžืงื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืฉืช, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื ื’ืจื ืข”ื™ ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืž”ืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืชืš ืคืขืœืช ื”’- ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”, ืฉืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืจื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืœืžื˜ื”. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืจื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื‘ืจื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฆืœืžื•, ื•ื”ื› ื’ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื—”ืœ ืฉื›ื— ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืจืง ืขื“ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื— ื–ื” ืจืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื–ื”.]

[5] [ื•ื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื—”ื— (ืž’ ืชืจื“) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”’ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื•ืฉืืจ ืœื–ืจืขื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง.]

[6] ื•ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืฉื•ื•ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืžืกืจ ืœื”ืžืŸ ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขืชื•, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืจืฆื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืชืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื ืื ื• ืžื–ื” ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืจืฉืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืŸ ื•ืขืจืžืชื•, ื•ื’ื ืฉืžืืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื˜ืžื˜ื ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืฉื•ื•ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื›ื–ื• ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื ื•ืจืื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืจืฉืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื’ื–ืจ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™”ื’ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™”ื’ ืื“ืจ ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื›ืš ื•ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื–ื”.

โ€ซโ€ชParshaโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชPreview

Harav Hagaon Meir Wahrsager Shlita

Leaping Toward Leadership

Parashas Vayakhel

Harav Hagaon Meir Wahrsager Shlita

 

In this weekโ€™s parashah we find that the nesiโ€™im donated the avnei shoham to the Mishkan, and Rashi cites the famous statement of Chazal that the nesiโ€™im were actually the last ones to donate to the Mishkan. When Moshe approached them to contribute, they told him to collect donations from the rest of Klal Yisrael first and assured him that they would then fill in whatever was missing. In the end, there was nothing left to give to the Mishkan itself; all they could give was the avnei shoham for the bigdei kehunah. In the passuk ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึผึฐืฉื‚ึดืึดื ื”ึตื‘ึดื™ืื•ึผ ืึตืช ืึทื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึนื”ึทื, the word nesiโ€™im is spelled without the letter yud, indicating that the Torah faulted the nesiโ€™im for their lack of alacrity in donating to the Mishkan, as Rashi says: ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืชืขืฆืœื• ืžืชื—ืœื” ื ื—ืกืจื” ืื•ืช ืžืฉืžื. Later, the nesiโ€™im did teshuvah by being the first to donate during the chanukas hamizbeiโ€™ach.

I would like to discuss two puzzling aspects of this incident. First, what was wrong with what the nesiโ€™im did? They seem to have made a very logical offer, committing to fill in what Klal Yisrael would not manage to donate. And it very often happens that a campaign falls short of its target. Why, then, was this considered laziness?

Second, what is the significance of omitting a letter from the word โ€œnesiโ€™imโ€? How is this a middah kโ€™neged middah consequence of their failure to donate to the Mishkan immediately?

โ€œIโ€™ll Do,โ€ Not โ€œIโ€™ll Tryโ€

The answer to the second question will help shed light on the first.

By omitting a letter from the word nesiโ€™im, the Torah is conveying that the nesiโ€™im did not live up to their name. The word nasi comes from the word nesiโ€™us, raising up. We can understand the concept of nesiโ€™us with a teaching of the Ramban a few pesukim earlier. The Ramban points out that in connection with the donations to the Mishkan, the Torah uses the phrase nedivus lev, while in connection with the actual building of the Mishkan the phrased uses is nesius lev: ื›ึผึธืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึฐืฉื‚ึธืื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน. He explains that the construction of the Mishkan required many delicate skills: sewing, weaving, constructing, etc. Normally, the development of these skills requires years of training and apprenticeship. Klal Yisrael did not possess these skills, coming from Mitzrayim where they performed unskilled labor. Yet they were able to perform the most delicate, skilled work that the Mishkan required.

That, says the Ramban, is the power of nesius lev. In his words:

ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืžืœืžื“, ืื• ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ืœืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉื™ื“ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื•ื™ื’ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”’ ืœื‘ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืœืืžืจ ืœื• ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ.

The Yidden had no training, yet they stepped up to the plate and said, โ€œWeโ€™re going to do this.โ€ Amazingly, as a result of this nesiโ€™us lev, they inexplicably found that they had the capability to carry out the work. A person who had no training or experience as a weaver was suddenly able to perform the most delicate weaving.

Each time I read this Ramban I experience chalishus hadaas, because what he is saying is the ultimate mechayev. Heโ€™s telling us, in essence, that thereโ€™s nothing a human canโ€™t do. We generally assume that a human being is born with a certain set of abilities, and he canโ€™t achieve more than what his original makeup allows. But the truth is that a human being can do a lot more. A person is not a product of human hands โ€“ heโ€™s made by Hashem, bโ€™tzelem Elokim. And just as Hakadosh Baruch Hu is a Borei, a human being possesses a creative force that is boundless. The Ramban is conveying to us that a personโ€™s resources are unlimited, and that thereโ€™s nothing a person canโ€™t produce. The question is only, is there a demand? Because when he demands it of himself, a person can access a wealth of previously undiscovered talents. We see this in situations of crisis, when people manage to accomplish things that would have seemed to be beyond his physical abilities.

Nesiโ€™us lev is not a dream; itโ€™s a decision. When a person takes the initiative and boldly declares that heโ€™s going to do something โ€“ not that he simply says, โ€œIโ€™ll try to do itโ€ โ€“ he becomes able to access any koach: ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉื™ื“ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ. Thereโ€™s nothing that can stop him.

Nesiโ€™us lev is at the core of what it means to be a nasi, a leader of Klal Yisrael. To be a leader of Klal Yisrael, a person must be uplifted โ€“ and what makes a person uplifted is that he is determined to go beyond himself and eschew mediocrity.

The nesiโ€™im were criticized for their subtle laziness in being content to remain average, rather than taking the initiative and jumping at the opportunity to uplift themselves by donating to the Mishkan. What made these people nesiโ€™im originally is that they were determined to go beyond the average. โ€œWeโ€™ll fill in whateverโ€™s left at the endโ€ is a nice offer, but thatโ€™s not the kind of statement that makes someone a nasi, with the initiative and determination to rise to ever-higher heights.

The Yetzer Hara for Mediocrity

The degree of a personโ€™s nesius lev is what determines how great heโ€™s going to become. Yet a person has a yetzer hara of mediocrity, which stems from the same subtle laziness that the nesiโ€™im suffered from. The Mesillas Yesharim (ch. 4) discusses the middah of zehirus, which means being extra careful in avodas Hashem. For instance, if the rav is giving a shiur on hilchos Shabbos, will you be in attendance so you can be more careful in your adherence to the halachos? Will you eat food that has a better hechsher? Will you go to the shul where people talk less? In explaining the importance of zehirus, the Mesillas Yesharim discusses the yetzer hara of mediocrity that prompts people to rationalize that โ€œItโ€™s fine if I donโ€™t sit on the mizrach in Gan Eden, Iโ€™ll be happy with a lower level in Olam Haba.โ€ This type of thinking reflects a personโ€™s awareness that in actuality, heโ€™s capable of more: he can be more careful with halachah, he can daven better, he can have a more serious seder, he can sign up for the new Dirshu program. Yet he assures himself that itโ€™s fine for him to remain mediocre.

The Mesillas Yesharim challenges a person to ask himself if he takes the same approach to worldly pursuits. Would he really be happy being average in his law firm, or on the basketball court? Hakadosh Baruch Hu created a person in such a way that he wants to be the best. So why, in matters of ruchniyus, is a person content to be average? The Mesillas Yesharim explains that itโ€™s because deep down, we donโ€™t really want the obligation of having to be careful and be the best; weโ€™re not ready to keep up with that high level of ruchniyus. This is the laziness of mediocrity.

The middah of nesius is exactly the opposite. Letโ€™s say thereโ€™s an opportunity for someone to be the one to say the daf yomi shiur. Whoโ€™s it going to be? Even if itโ€™s against a personโ€™s nature, the concept of nesius lev enables a person to decide that heโ€™s going to be the one to say the shiur, and if he makes a firm decision to do that, he lifts himself up and draws upon the boundless capabilities that a human being can possess. Similarly, if a person decides that heโ€™s going to daven in the more serious shul, or work on his middos or his shalom bayis in a serious way โ€“ not just to say โ€œIโ€™ll tryโ€ โ€“ then he can access the power of nesius lev and elevate himself.

This is what the nesiโ€™im were lacking when they failed to immediately join the initiative of donating to the Mishkan. The Torah marks this by omitting a letter from their name to show that they were missing the essence of what it means to be a nasi.

The Rambam, in Hilchos Talmud Torah (3:6), refers to this idea when he talks about the โ€œkesser Torah.โ€ Wearing the โ€œcrown of Torahโ€ means that a person is raised above the rest of the people โ€“ something that requires a person to give up many of the pursuits and pleasures of this world, as the Mishnah teaches: ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ืชืื›ืœ. As the Rambam writes:ืžื™ ืฉื ืฉืื• ืœื‘ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืชืจ ืชื•ืจื”.

A person can think, โ€œItโ€™s okay, so Iโ€™ll be a beinoni. I wonโ€™t send my kid to the best yeshiva; so he wonโ€™t sit and learn his whole life, other peopleโ€™s kids can sit and learn. So I wonโ€™t be the one whoโ€™s delivering the new shiur, or even attending it.โ€ A person with nesius lev is someone who wants to take his avodas Hashem to the next level โ€“ and we decide if thatโ€™s the kind of person we want to be. Are we going to be leaders, the one who jumps in, for instance, when thereโ€™s a gemach that needs to be opened? Yes, there are many boundaries and limitations in our way, but nesius lev allows us to transcend them. Nesius lev is a force that every person can access โ€“ itโ€™s up to us to choose whether weโ€™re going to remain beinonim or to live a life of ื•ื™ื’ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”’.

Gut Shabbos.

 

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