TzavVayikra

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yeruchem Levovitz, ztโ€l

ื–ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” (ื•, ื‘)

ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืืžืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ืจืžื– ื—ืœืง ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื-ืœ ื—ื™ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช (ืกืคื•ืจื ื•).

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง “ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื”” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื“, ื™ื‘) ื’ื ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื ื•: “ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” – ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืžื ื”. ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” – ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ืžืžื ื””.

ืข”ืค ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืœืžื“ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ืœืงื— ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื ื•ืงื‘ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื ื” ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืฉื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ “ืชื•ืจื””, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ื‘ืฉื “ืžืขืฉื””, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืฉื “ืชื•ืจื””, ื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืœื ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ืฉื “ืชื•ืจื””.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ื—ื, ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›, ื”) “ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืขืฆื” ื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื“ืœื ื”” – “ื–ื• ืชื•ืจื””, ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืช, ื–ื” ืœืžื“ ืจืง ืžืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื™ืจื“ ืœืขื•ืžืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื”, ื ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื• ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืืš ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื! ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ืœื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืื•ืกืจ ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื™ืจ, ื–ื” ืžื˜ื”ืจ ื•ื–ื” ืžื˜ืžื, ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื–ื” ืคื•ื˜ืจ, ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื”ื ื ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืืœื ื›ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ืœืฉืงืจ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Rebbi Shmuel Tiktinsky zt"l

ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื”
ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”
ื ืœื‘”ืข ื˜’ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืงืฆ”ื”

ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืžื™ืจ. ืœืคืจื ืกืชื• ืขืกืง ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืกื•ื—ืจ ืืžื™ื“ ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ืืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืžื•ืคืœื’.

ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื™ืฆื ืœืžืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ื•ืœื•ื–’ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ืจื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ืชื” ื•ืฉืื‘ื” ืืœื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืชืžืœืื” ื‘ืงื ืืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื’ื ืืช ืขื™ื™ืจืชื• ืžื™ืจ ืœ’ืžืงื•ื ืชื•ืจื”’.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืข”ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืงื‘ืฅ ื ืขืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืชื. ืื˜ ืื˜ ืงื™ื‘ืฅ ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืžืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื™ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื. ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื–ื” ื™ืงื•ื ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื”’ืžืงื•ื ืชื•ืจื”’ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจ ืขืฉืชื” ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื, ื•ื ืขืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืืฆืœ ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืข”ื– ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ืจ.

ืžื ื™ ืื– ื ืืœืฅ ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช ืขืกืงื™ื• ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขื™ืชื•ืชื™ื• ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจื ืก ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืกื•, ื•ื›ืš ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ื•ื ืืช ‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชืช ืžืœื’ืช ืงื™ื•ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื›ืชืช ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืงื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”.

ื›ืฉืชืžื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ืชืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืœืคืชื—ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืค”ื’ ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื” ื›-120 ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื• ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื.

ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืกืขื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื—ืช ืžื ืกื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืฆ”ื” ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ืฆื•

ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช

ืข’ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืค”ื™ ื””ื ื“ืฃ ืก”ื˜ ืข”ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืžื”ื• ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืชื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืขื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื•ืฆ”ืข ืžื” ื”ืฉืืœื”.

ื•ืข’ ืžืฉืžืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืฃ ื™”ื˜ ื˜ื•ืจ ื“’ ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, (ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื‘ืฉื“”ื— ื—”ื” 363). (ื•ืœื›ื’ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื”ื• ืœืฆืืช, ื•ืœื›ื’ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื›ื‘, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ื• ืœืฆืืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืฆ”ืข).

ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœืื›ืœื”. ื•ืข’ ื—ื–ื•”ื ื™”ื“ ื™’ ื“ืก”ืœ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื”. ื•ืข”ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืžืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืžื””ืค ืค’ ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืคื™’ ื“ืื™ื™ืจื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ืž”ืž ืžื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ื“’ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช.

ื•ื”ืง’ ื”ื—ื–ื•”ื ื˜”ื• ื–’ ื“ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื ื‘ื™ื, (ื•ืœื›ื’ ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืชื• ืจืง ืœื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื“ืื™ืœื• ืœื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื—ืช ืœื” ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืงื™ืจ), ื•ื™”ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืค”ื– ื””ื– ื“ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื“ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืชื•ืœื” ื‘ืคืจื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื‘ื ืžืขื™ืงืจื, ื•ืื™ื™ืจื™ ืฉืงื ื” ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื ืžืคืจื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื•.

ื•ืข’ ื”ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ ืื•”ื— ื—”ื‘ ืก”ื— ื‘ืฉื ืื“ืจ”ืช ืœืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืฉืชื” ื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื“’ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš. ื•ื“ื—ื” ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื•.

ื•ืข’ ืื•”ืฉ ืคื›”ื˜ ืžืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™”ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ื›ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื•ืก ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื–ื‘ื—.

ื•ืข’ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื“ื” ืฉืคื™’ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืขื™ ืœื›ื, ื•ืข’ ืจืฉ”ืฉ ืฉื”ืง’ ื“ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืคื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื›ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื”ื ื“ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืืชืจื•ื’ ืœื•ืœื™ ืฉืžื›ืฉื™ืจื•, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ “ืœื›ื”.

ื•ืข’ ืชืงืœื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืงืœื™ื ืค”ื’ ืž”ื‘ ื•ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืฉืคื™’ ื“ืื™ื™ืจื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ (ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ืง’ ื”ื—ื–ื•”ื ื“ืคืกื— ื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ืœืคื™ ืชืงืœื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืชื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืชื•) ื•ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื”, (ื•ืœื›ื’ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืจืžื‘”ื, ื”ื  ืœืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืื ืœื ื‘ื™ืขืจ), ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืžืœืœื””ื .

ื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ืืช

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Binyomin Finkel Shlita

ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืืจื””ืง
ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืจื—ืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ื•ืฉืขืœ, ื‘”ื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืจื•ืื™ื ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜. ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ืจืื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื ื•ืคืœ ื˜ื™ืœ, ื””ื™.

ื™ืฆื ืœื™ ืœื ื—ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืฉื™ื›ืœื” ื›ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื™ ื›ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื”ืงื‘”ื”, ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื•, ืจืง ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•, ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ืžืœื˜ ืขืžืš ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ

ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”, ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื ืชื ื‘ืื• ืœืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืชืจืื” ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง.

ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžืš ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืช ืฆืจื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ืžืœื˜ ืขืžืš ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ. (ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื™ื‘,ื)

ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื–”ืœ, ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื›ืืœ – ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ืขื•ืžื“ – ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืœืžื“ ืกื ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืช ืฆืจื” – ืื– ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืช ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื™ืฆืจ ืœื”ื ืžืื“ ื•ื›ื•’.

ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืžืฆืจ ืœื ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืจืฉ”ื™ ืžื‘ืืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžื”ื• ื”ืขืช ืฆืจื” ื•ื–”ืœ, ืงื˜ื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื•ื‘ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื‘ื–ื•ื–ื™.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื, ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืื ื–ื” ืžืคืฆืฆื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืžืœืžืขืœื”, ืื• ืžื”ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.

ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžื“ ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ืœืกื ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืžื ื ืจืฉ”ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื–”ืœ, ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื›ืืœ – ื™ืฉืชืชืง ื›ืื™ืœื ืฉื™ืจืื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ืืš ืืื‘ื“ ืื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื•ื›ืš ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ, (ืžื“ืจ”ืจ ืคืชื™ื—ืชื ื“ืจื•ืช), ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ืœื™ ืคืชื—ื•ืŸ ืคื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืจื™ ืืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืงื˜ืจื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, ืจื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื, ืืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืืœื• ื’ื™ืœื• ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืœื• ื’ื™ืœื• ืขืจื™ื•ืช, ืืœื• ืฉืคื›ื• ื“ืžื™ื ื•ืืœื• ืฉืคื›ื• ื“ืžื™ื, ืืœื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื•ืืœื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื.

ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืกื ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉืชืชืง, ื”ื“ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืชื™ืžื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื›ืืœ, ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ื›ื•’, ืžื”ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืืžื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืžื, ื•ื›ื•’, ืžื”ื• ื™ืขืžื•ื“, ืžืฉืชืชืง.

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืžืฉืชืชืง, ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืžื™ ื™ืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืกื•ืง, ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ืžืœื˜ ืขืžืš ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ. ืžื™ ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืขืช ืฆืจื” ื–ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืจืื” ืžื”ื• ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•.

ื—ื™ื™ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžื•ืฉื™ืข ืืช ื‘ื ื™

ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฉืชืชืง ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืขื•ื ื” ืœื• ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ืš: ื ืฉืชืชืงืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ืžืœืžื“ ืกื ื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™, ื—ื™ื™ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืžื•ืฉื™ืข ืืช ื‘ื ื™. ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฆื“ืงื”, ื•ื›ื•’, ื‘ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืขืœ ืฉืงื‘ืœืชื ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื™, ืฉืื™ืœื• ืœื ืงื‘ืœืชื ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื”ื•.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, (ืคื—,ื) ืืžืจ ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืฉืžื™ื ื”ืฉืžืขืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืจืื” ื•ืฉืงื˜ื”, ืื ื™ืจืื” ืœืžื” ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ืื ืฉืงื˜ื” ืœืžื” ื™ืจืื”, ืืœื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืจืื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืงื˜ื”, ื•ืœืžื” ื™ืจืื” ื›ื“ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ื“ืืžืจ ืจ”ืœ ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”’ ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืœืžื” ืœื™, ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืชื ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืขื ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืชื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืื ืœืื• ืื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืœืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•.

ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืจืื”, ืฉืžื ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืงื˜ื”.

ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื ืฆื“ืงื” ืขื ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžืกื ื’ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื ืขื™ืžื™ ืฆื“ืงื”.

ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืืœืžืœื ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™”ืช.

ื•ื™ืงืฉื‘ ื”’ ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ื•ื™ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื•

ื‘ื”ืคื˜ืจืช ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืžืœืื›ื™ ื’, ื™ื’ – ื˜ื–), ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ืืจื• ืœื ื• ืืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ, – ื—ื–ืงื• ืขืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื›ื ืืžืจ ื” ื•ืืžืจืชื ืžื” ื ื“ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ืš, ืืžืจืชื ืฉื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืœื•’ ื•ืžื” ื‘ืฆืข ื›ื™ ืฉืžืจื ื• ืžืฉืžืจืชื• ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืงื“ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”’ ืฆื‘ืงื•ืช, ื•ืขืชื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืฉืจื™ื ื–ื“ื™ื ื’ื ื ื‘ื ื• ืขืฉื™ ืจืฉืขื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืœื•’ ื•ื™ืžืœื˜ื•, ืื– ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ื™ืจืื™ ื”’ ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืจืขื”ื• ื•ื™ืงืฉื‘ ื”’ ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ื•ื™ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืœื™ืจืื™ ื”’ ื•ืœื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•.

ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืื– ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืจืขื”ื• ื•ื™ืงืฉื‘ ื”’ ื•ื™ืฉืžืข, ื•ื™ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื™ ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžื™ ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืงืจื‘ืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื.

ื”ื™ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืื‘ืจืš ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื—ืžื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื›ื™ืคืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ื—ืžื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื•ืขื ื” ืœื•, ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื–ื•, ื–ื” ืฉืžื™ืžื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.

ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื‘ื ืชื ื™ื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืื ื– ื ืคืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืื“ืžื•”ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜”ื ืืžืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื ืคืœ ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ื— ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื ืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ื— ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื—ืœื™ืœื” ื™ื™ืฆื ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืขืจื‘ ืจื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื ืžืกื›ื ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืงืฆืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.

ื”ื’ืž’ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื•,ื) ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืื– ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืฉื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื–”ืœ, ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืžื”ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืื– ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ื™ืจืื™ ื”’ ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืจืขื”ื• ื•ื™ืงืฉื‘ ื”’ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืžื™ ืื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ืš ื•ื‘ืจื›ืชื™ืš[1].

ื”ื’ืž’ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื•ื›ื™ ืžืื—ืจ ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื“ ืชืจื™ ืžื‘ืขื™ื, ืชืจื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ืŸ ืžืœื™ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ ืœื ืžื›ืชื‘ืŸ ืžืœื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช.

ื•ืขื™’ ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ืก’ ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื• ื•ื–”ืœ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื‘ืกืคืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื›”ืฉ ืžื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.

ื ืกื›ื, ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ืžืœื˜ ืขืžืš ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืžื™ ืฉื™ืžืฆื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกืคืจ – ื–ื”ื• ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืš ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืข”ื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื.

ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื ืขืœื™ื ืืœื•

ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ื’ื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืกื— (ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืืฆืœื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ), ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืงื”, ืืžื ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื“”ื ื‘ืฉื ื–ืงื ื• ื”ื—ืกื“ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื (ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช).

ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื ื”ืžืขืœื”, ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ืœืš ื›ืฉื•ืจื”.

ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืคืกื— ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžืœ ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืคืกื—, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืœืœื™ื ื›ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“.

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื“ื ืฉืžื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืจืช ืื•ืชื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื™ ืฉืžื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื™ื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ื”ื›ืœ.

ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืžื“ ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืฉืœื™ื˜”ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ืคืกื— ื•ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืงืžืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื•.

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ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ

ื—ืœืง ื’

ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ื”ื ืœืขื.

ื ืงื“ื™ื ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืขื ื”ื›ื ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืœื ื”ื›ื ื”.

ืื“ื ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื’ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื’, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืกืคืก ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“, ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื”, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื›ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ ื”ืคืกื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ื•ื›ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื”, ื›ืš ืชื’ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืชย  ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืžื•ืกืจ, ื™ืจืื” ื•ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ”ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื’ ื•ืื—”ื› ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืจืื”.

ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื— ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืคืกื— ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื’ ื•ื—ื’, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื‘ืคืกื— ื ืืžืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช.

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช

ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ืขืจื‘ ืคืกื— ื•ืื—”ื› ืขืœ ืคืกื—, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคืกื— ืžืชื›”ื˜ ืขื“ ื”ืœ’ ื™ื•”ื˜, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืื– ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืœื›ื””ืค ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉ ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชื›”ื˜ ืขื“ ืชืœ”ื” ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืื—”ื› ืกื™ืžื ื™ื โ€“ ืชืž”ื’ ืชืž”ื“ ืชืž”ื” ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ื’ื ืชืž”ื•.

ืœืื—ืž”ื› ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกื™’ ืชื ”ื“ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“’, ืขื ื”ืžืฉื ”ื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืื—”ื› ืกื™’ ืช”ืข ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœ’ ืคืกื— ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื ืื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืชืž”ื‘ ืชืž”ื– ืชื ”ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงื›”ื˜ – ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื—ืช ื™ื•”ื˜, ื•ืžื™ ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช.

ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืž’ ื‘ืคืกื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ืข”ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ื— ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื›ื— ืกื’ื•ืœื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื’, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืœื™, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื’.

ืขืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืชืœืžื“ื• ืื™ืชื ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื, ืื—”ื› ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื”, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคืœื™ื, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืชื• ืขืจื‘ื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ืœื ื‘ืคื–, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื•”ืข ื•ืžืฉื ”ื‘ ื–ื” ืžืคืœื™ื ืคืœืื•ืช, ืข”ื™ ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื’ ื‘ืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืืจ.

ื”ื›ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”

ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ื›ื ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื“”ื (ืœื‘ ื“ื•ื“), ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžื•ืจื™ ื–ืงื ื™, ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื—ืกื“ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืœืœื””ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืคืกื—, ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืกื“ื™ื•, ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื ืคืฉื•ืชื ืžื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืžืขื˜ ืžืขื˜, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ, ืฉื‘ืœื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ, ื›ืœ ืคื•ืฉืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืชื— ืžื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.

ื•ื”ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื•, ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•, ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืคืกื—, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืฉ ื”ื—ื’, ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืœื‘ื• ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื—ืกื“ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืžืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืกื˜ืจื ืื—ืจื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื™ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื•, ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื•. ืขื›”ืœ.

ื•ืœืคื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื›ืš ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ืจื• ื›”ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ’ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื—ืœืงื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ืžืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื’[2].

ืขื›”ืค ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.

ืื—ื™ ื•ืจืขื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ื”, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื, ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืื ื™ืงืจื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืœ”ืข, ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ื™ื—ืžื ืื•ืชื, ื”ื ืœืชืืจ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ, ื•ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืชื•ืงืข ืืช ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉืœื ื™ืคืชื ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืชื’ืจื” ื‘ื ื• ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข, ื™ืฉ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.

ื”ืฉืจืืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื ืขื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช

ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืคืกื— ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืจื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืœื›ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœื ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื“”ื› ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืืฉื” ืžื” ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ืฅ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžื–ื”.

ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฆื“ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื—”ื•, ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืœืœื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื’ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ, ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื›”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”.

ื ืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืขืจื‘ ืคืกื— ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืืฉื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ืงื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžื– ืœื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื•, ื”ืจื™ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืกื’ื™, ื•ืคืจื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื™, ื•ื’ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™… ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›”ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืืฉื” ืชื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—, ืื– ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืชืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.

ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”

ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ”ืข ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจืฆื•, ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื—ื’ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืžื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื˜, ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื‘ื ื—”ื•, ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ื ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื ืขื ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช, ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืจื™ื ื• ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื ื•.

ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื‘”ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื”ืคืฉื˜ ืฉื–ื” ืงืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื, ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ.

ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื ื•ื— ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ืืฉื” ืชื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื ืชื‘ื•ื ืชืฉื•ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช,

ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจืื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”

ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืช”ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื, ืื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ื, ืช”ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ืืžืจืชื™ ืืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžืฆื” ื•ืžืจื•ืจ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืš. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืชื•ื‘ ‘ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื’, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืื™ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื–ื”.

ื•ืขืฆื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืžืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”’ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื˜ืขื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืš ืฆื™ื•ื•ื ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืืชื ื•.

ื•ื›ืžืฉืœ ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคืกื— ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”’: ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื•’ ื•ื–’: ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืื›ืœื• ืฆืœื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืš ื“ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืฆืœื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื˜ืขื, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืชืฉื™ื’ ื™ื“ื, ื›ื™ ืื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ื‘ื˜ื ื. ื•ืื ื• ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืคืกื— ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ื“ืื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืชื• ื“ืจืš ื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื•ืช.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื—’: ื•ื–ื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืžืžื ื•, ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืžืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื ืืœ ื™ื•ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ, ืฉืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื•, ืฉื™ื™ืฉืจืฃ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื•, ื›ื“ืจืš ืžืœื›ื™ ืื“ืžื”. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘, ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืืœื ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื“ืœื”.

ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื˜”ื– – ื•ืขืฆื ืœื ืชืฉื‘ืจื• ื‘ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš: ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืœืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืžืžืœื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจืื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื.

ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืืžืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื ืคืขืœ ื›ืคื™ ืคืขืœื•, ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื–ื”.

ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขื, ืื– ื›”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ ืื ื™ – ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ ืžืœืš, ืชื“ืข ืžื™ ืืชื”, ืืฆืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ืชืจืื• ืื™ื–ื” ืœื™ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ืข”ื”.

ื”ื‘ื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”’, ื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืžื—, ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ื”’ ืฉืชื–ื›ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ื—ืœืง ื‘’

ย 

ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” – ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”

ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ืค”ื’ ื””ื‘), ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืช ื‘ืจืฉืขื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืจื‘ ืขื•ื•ื ืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื“ืช ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื—ืชื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื›ื•’.

ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืœืคื™ ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื ืœืคื™ ื’ื“ืœื, ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจ ื™ืขืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื—ื•ื˜ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ืืš ืขื•ืจื›ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช. (ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืค”ื’ ื””ื‘).

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื”ืืœื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื‘ื ืœืฉื›ืœ ืข”ืค ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื˜, ื•ื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืื—ื“ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ื•ืœื‘ื‘ื™, ืื—ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืงื•ืฉื™ – ื•ืœืคื•ื ืฆืขืจื ืื’ืจื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช, ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ืขืจืš ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™, ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช, ืขืจืš ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืจื‘ ืžืื•ื“.

ื•ื—”ื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื, ืžื•ื‘ื ืžืžืจืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืจ’ ืื™ืฆืœ’ื” ืžืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืื—ื“ ื ืื ื— ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฉืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืžืฉืงืœื” ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื›ื™ ืชืฉื ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘, ื–) ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”’ ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืœืš ืจื“ ื›ื™ ืฉื—ืช ืขืžืš ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืช ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ืžืฉื” ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžืฉื” ื›ืขืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืช ืขืžืš.

ื•ืขื™’ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื•ื–”ืœ: ื›ืฉืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืœืงื•ืœ ืฉืขืฉื•, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืจืขืชื›ื™ ืื– ืชืขืœื•ื–ื™ ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืชืงืฆืฃ, ื•ื ื•ืืฉ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืชืžื•ืชื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช.

ื›ืฉื™ืจื“ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื•ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื’ืœ ืื– ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ืžืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืง, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ื ื•ืืฉ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืช.

ื•ืžื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืจื‘, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจืื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืืฉืจื™ื• ื•ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”.

ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื

ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืจื™ืกืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืืžืฅ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืœื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ‘ื—ื™ื™ื‘’ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื“ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ.

ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื” ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.

ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ื™ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืืžื ื ื™”ื ืฉื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื ืคืฉ, ื›ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ื”ื ื’ื™ื—ื›ื• ื›ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.

ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ืื™ืจ ืื•ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ

ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืขืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื—”ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื (ื“”ื” ื“,ื–) ื•ื–”ืœ. ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืกื“ืจ ืฉืกื“ืจื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืงืŸ ื•ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืื™ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ืื™ืจ ืื•ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืชื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืงื‘ืœื•.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืค”ื– ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื“ ืฉื ืชืงื ื• ื‘ื• ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ืœ, ื”ื•ืงื‘ืข ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ืื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื•ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ืื™ืจ ืื–, ื•ืชื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ืชื•ืœื“ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื•ืข”ื› ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื.

ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืงืœ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘) ื•ื–”ืœ: ืืžืจ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื, ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืื•ืžืจื ื–”ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœ ืคืกื— ืžืชื‘ืจืจื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื•ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจื• ื-ืœ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื ื›ื ื–ื›ืจ.

ื”ื› ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื•, ืžื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืงื‘”ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืืœื•, ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“.

ืจืื•ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื’, ื”ื—ืช”ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืžื™ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืงื ื‘ื“ืจื•ืฉ, ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—”ื— ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคืขืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช, ืื– ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื•ืืจื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘”ื” ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ – ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช.

ื˜ืขื ืขืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ืช

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื›ื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืืจื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ”ื™, ื•ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืขืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ”ื™ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื—, ื™ื–): ื•ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื’ื“ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ื” ื•ืžื›ื” ืœืžื” ื–ื• ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื•, ื‘ื˜ื›ืกื™ืกื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื›ืกื“ืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืฉืฆืจื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชื—ืœื” ืžืงืœืงืœ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืชื•ืงืขื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืžืจื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช ืœื™ืจืื ื•ืœื‘ื”ืœื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ืžืงืจืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•’.

ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื, ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื” ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืž’ ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื”: ื”ืจ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืื• ื•ื ื—ื›ื ืœืžื•ืฉื™ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื” ื ื“ื•ื ื, ื ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืืฉ ื›ืชื™ื‘, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื”’ ื‘ืืฉ ื™ื‘ื ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ื‘ืืฉ ื”’ ื ืฉืคื˜ ื•ื’ื•’, ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื—ืจื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ, ืืœื ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื ื— ื–ืืช ืœื™ ื•ื’ื•’ ื•ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืื•ืžื” ืื—ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืื™ ื ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. (ื™ื, ื).

ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืจืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืคืœืขืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื™”ืช ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ืก ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืฆื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื“ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•, ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜.

ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ืจืื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื – ืฉื™ืจืื• ืืช ื—ืŸ ื”ืขื

ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ืืจ ืคืœื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง (ืฉืžื•ืช ื’, ื›ื) ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืืช ื—ืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืฉืืœื” ืืฉื” ืžืฉื›ื ืชื” ื•ืžื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื (ื™ื, ื‘) ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื•ื™ืฉืืœื• ืื™ืฉ ืžืืช ืจืขื”ื• ื•ื›ื•’ ื›ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื–ื”ื‘.

ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื—ืŸ ื”ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคืœื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™”ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื.

ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ (ื›ื, ื) ืคืœื’ื™ ืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ื“ ื”’ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืคืฅ ื™ื˜ื ื•. ื”ื’ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ืื•”ื ืื•ืœื ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืคื•ืฅ.

ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืคืจืš, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–ืงื•ืฃ ืงืฆืช ืืช ืงื•ืžืชื, ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืžืื– ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืฆืœืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืœื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืงื— ืืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื• ื•ื™ื™ืฆื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืฆืจื™ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื›ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื™ืกืœืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื ื›ืœื•ื, ืื•ืœื ืข”ื– ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื”’ ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื—ืŸ ื”ืขื[3].

ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื’ืž’ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื˜,ื‘) ืœืžื“ื ื•, ื•ื™ืฉืืœื•ื ื”ืจ ืืžื™ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืœื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื ืื™ื›ื ื“ืืžืจื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื ื“ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืž”ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื ื“ืžืฆืจื™ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืชื—ืœืง ืฉืœืœ, ืž”ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืžืฉื•ื™.

ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ”ื™ ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘.

ื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื™ืฉืืœื•ื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘, ืœื•) – ืืฃ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื, ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื—ื“ ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœืš. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื‘ื ”ื™.

ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื, ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื— ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื™ื“,ื”) ื•ื™ื•ื’ื“ ืœืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื— ื”ืขื ื•ื™ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ื‘ ืคืจืขื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™, ื•ื™ื”ืคืš – ื ื”ืคืš ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืงื•ืžื• ืฆืื• ืžืชื•ืš ืขืžื™ ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ื‘ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœื ื• ืœืžื•ืงืฉ, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืœื•ื.

ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื›ืกืคื ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉื, ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื‘ื ”ื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืžืชื ื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ื”ื› ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื•”ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ืชื ื•.

ืืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื•, ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™”ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชืฉืชื ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื ”ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘, ืข”ื™ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืžืฆืื• ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ืžื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื™ืช’ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.

ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื”, ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืจืข, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœืช ืžื”ืื“ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืืฆืœ ืคืจืขื” ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื•, (ื•ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื•ืื›ืž”ืœ), ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ืจืื” ืœืข”ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื•.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ื

ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืœื›ืžื” ืจื’ืขื™ื ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืงื•ืจื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืื‘ืจืš ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื ื—ืžื“ ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืื‘ื ื•ื”ืืžื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ืฉื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.

ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ืื™ืคื” ืฉืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”’, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ืื™ืคื” ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื””ืค ืฉืœ ื ืขืœื™ืš ืžืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ืš ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืฉื ืื“ืžืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื. ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื—”ื— ืฉืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืื“ืžืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื, ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื ืžืฆื, ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš, ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.

ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื• ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ ื“ืข ืœืš ืฉื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ, ืื ื™ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื ืงืœืขืชื™ ืœืžืงื ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื”, ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืื– ืชืจืื• ืคืœืื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื, ืžืœื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•.

ื•ืžื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื•, ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื’ืจ ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื” ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืืคืง, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืžื ืชืงื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืจืฉืขื™ื! ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืœื—ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื” ื‘”ื“ ืฉืœ ื›”ื’, ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœื ืชืง ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื””ื™, ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืจื‘, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืืœื• ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืคื™ ืขืฉืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืืžืจ.

ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืชื— ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืœื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“, ืคืชืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืคืชืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ, ืœืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงืฉื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืจื•ืคื ืขื ืืงืžื•ืœ, ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ?

ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืจื‘, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื”’ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื™ืชื ื•.

ื›ืœ ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ืชืฉื•ืขืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื

ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื (ื– ืžื—ื•”ืž ื), ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ื ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ. ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฆื ืขืชื” ืžืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื’ ื•ื’ื•’. ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืืœื• ืืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืš ื”ื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื™ืฆืืช ืœื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืคื“ื™ืช (ืฉื, ื•).

ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื• ืžื ื•ื—: ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืื—”ื› ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืจืืช ื“’ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ื”’ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื• ืžืžื ื• ื™ืช’ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื ื™ืฆืจ ืœื• ื–ืžื ื• ืžืื“ ื™ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื”’ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืฉื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืช ืฆืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฆืจืช ื’ืœื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืชื, ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ืชืฉื•ืขืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื. (ื– ืžื—ื•”ืž ื”).

ืžืจื’ืฉ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“, ื–ื” ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ืืœื ื•, ื”’ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ื• ืฉื ื’ืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฆืื ื•.

ื•ื›ืš ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืงืฅ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ืคืจื ื• ืขื””ืค ื•ื™ืจื™ืฆื•ื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืขืช ื”’ ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืจื’ืข ื›ืื•ืžืจื• ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื™ ืœื‘ื•ื, ื•ื›ืื•ืžืจื• ืœื• ืขืžื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืœื™ ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืื•ืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื›ืื•ืžืจื• ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื™ื‘ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœื• ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ.

ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื

ืื™ืชื ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื (ืžื˜,ื‘) ืืžืจื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืชื ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืจื•ื™ ืืžืจ ืœื” ื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ื”ื”ื™ื ืื™ืชืชื ืื™ ื˜ืขื™ืžื ื ืืœื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื ื•ืื‘ื“ืœืชื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ืกื™ ื“ืคืกื—ื ื•ื—ื•ื’ืจื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ืขื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ืขื“ ื”ืขืฆืจืช.

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืื‘, ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื›ืžื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.

ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืจื•ืžืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื“’,ย  ื•ื‘ื›”ื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืืคืง ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื ืœืชืช ืœื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืœืฉืœื•ื˜.

ืคื™ื•ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข

ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ื‘, ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืขื“ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ.

ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื—ื™ ื•ืจืขื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื ื›ื ืก ืœืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื™ื ื–ื™”ืข ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืœ ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืช ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื•ืžืจืื” ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœย  ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.

ืืžื ื ื”ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื—ื“ ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•, ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉืœืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’ ืฉืืœื• ื”ื ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ”ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืจื—ื™ ืœื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™ ืข”ืค ื”ื’ืž’ ื‘ื ื“ื” (ืœ,ื‘) ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื ืžืœืืš ื•ืกื˜ืจื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื•ืžืฉื›ื—ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”.

ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขื™ ืืžื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉ”ืก ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืืฆืœื ื•, ื•ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื ืžืœืืš ืกื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื•ืžืฉื›ื—ื•, ื•ืžืงืฉื” ื”ื’ืจ”ื ื–ื™”ืข ืœืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืจื™ ืžืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื• ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• ืœื–ื” ืืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจ”ื ื–ื™”ืข ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืžื” ื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื™ืจื—ื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ืœืจืžื– ืฉื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื•.

ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—, ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ื’ืืœ ืื•ืชื ื•, ืคืชืื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ื, ืืฉืจื™ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื, ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื‘ื ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื’ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง ื•ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื—, ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœืงื‘”ื”.

 

 

ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืง’ ื•ื–ืžื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ืงื”ืœ

ืžืชืขื“ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ 0733577483

 

[1] ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื•, ืžืจื‘ื™ ื”ืœืœ ื–ืงืก ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉืืžืจ, ืœื›ื• ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉืืžืจ – ืื ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ ืชืœื›ื• – ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื” ื‘ื’ืž’ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ืš ื•ื‘ืจื›ืชื™ืš.

[2] ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืขื™ื ืืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืขืœื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื, ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›”ื› ืžื•ืคืจืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื–ื” ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคืช ืžื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื ืืช ืฉื•ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื•, ืืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ืžืขืœื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›”ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืžืงื ืื” ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื”’ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื›ืคื™ืŸ’ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื’”ื› ืขืžื“ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื™”ื  ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ.

[3] ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉืืœื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืื• ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื™ืžื™ื.
ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื™ืจื™ื, ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฉืืœื• ื•ื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉื, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื›ืŸ ืœื ืœื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืืœื ื”ืชื›ืกื• ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื›ื“’.

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Harav Hagaon Moshe Ahron Friedman Shlita

On the Doorstep of Redemption

Parshas Tzav/Shabbos Hagadol

Harav Hagaon Moshe Aharon Friedman shlita

Shabbos Hagadol is discussed in Shulchan Aruch in siman 430. Often, the siman in Shulchan Aruch contains a remez to the topic under discussion, and indeed, 430 represents the number of years from the Bris Bein Habesarim until Yetzias Mitzrayim, as the passuk states: ื•ึผืžื•ึนืฉึทืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธืฉึฐืื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึดืื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึทึผืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉึธืื ึธื”. The word nefesh also has the gematria 430, as a new โ€œsoulโ€ of Klal Yisrael was created, through the process that began with Bris Bein Habesarim and culminated with Yetzias Mitzrayim, which led to the declaration of naaseh venishma, and the creation of the Mishkan.

Iโ€™d like to discuss a point that related to Yetzias Mitzrayim, but weโ€™ll preface it with a story that I heard about Rav Moshe Sternbuch. At the time, the surrounding nations were threatening to obliterate the yishuv in Eretz Yisrael, and Klal Yisrael was miraculously saved Rโ€™ Moshe asked one of the gedolim in his times what is the proper way to daven. On one hand, we want to daven that not a single Yid should be harmed, but on the other hand we want that there should be a revelation of kevod Shamayim, and it should be obvious to everyone that Hakadosh Baruch Hu loves the Yidden and wants us to keep the Torah. If the victory comes about in a manner involving those who are not shomer Torah uโ€™mitzvos, then that might not result in an increase in kevod Shamayim. How do we balance that? What should we daven for?

The answer was that youโ€™re supposed to daven as follows. The passuk states (Yeshayah 43:16), ื”ึทื ึผื•ึนืชึตืŸ ื‘ึทึผื™ึธึผื ื“ึธึผืจึถืšึฐ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึทื™ึดื ืขึทื–ึดึผื™ื ื ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ึธื”, referring to ships traveling at sea. (This is also reminiscent of current events, where ships are attempting to travel through straits.) One ship wants to travel eastward and another westward, and Hakadosh Baruch Hu, in His vast wisdom, is able to forge a path through the mighty waters.

Hakadosh Baruch Hu orchestrates the entire picture, down to the finest detail of each individualโ€™s life, as well as the broader circumstances that affect the public. In truth, each person is really in his own bubble and his own reality, and requires his own Yetzias Mitzrayim, besides for the Yetzias Mitzrayim needed by the klal.

A klal could mean a family, or a yeshiva, or a group, or a shevet, or the entire Klal Yisrael, but Hakadosh Baruch Hu knows how to orchestrate everyoneโ€™s personal and communal Yetzias Mitzrayim.

I heard a similar idea in the name of Rav Moshe Shapiro. He noted that a philosophical question is raised regarding the makkah of dam, in which the liquid the Yidden drank was water while the Mitzrim drank blood. The question is, what was the true nature of the liquid? Was it really blood, and a miracle was performed for the Yidden causing it to revert back to water? Or was it really water, which was transformed to blood for the Mitzrim? Rโ€™ Moshe explained that the question itself reflects a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of the makkah, and of Hakadosh Baruch Huโ€™s hanhagah in general.

In reality, Hakadosh Baruch Hu creates the world and everything in it, and if His will is that the Yid should have water to drink while the Mitzri should have only blood, thatโ€™s exactly what happens: Itโ€™s water for the Yid, blood for the Mitzri. This is how Hakadosh Baruch Hu gets involved in a general way and on an individual level, so that every single Yid should experience a Yetzias Mitzrayim.

Thanking Through the Korban Pesach

This weekโ€™s parshah discusses the mitzvah of korban todah, whose function is to give thanks to Hashem โ€” which is also the purpose of the korban pesach. Itโ€™s interesting to note that the korban todah is brought with four types of bread, three of which are matzah and one of which is chametz. Similarly, the korban pesach is offered with three matzos, omitting, of course, the bread that is chametz: ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืฆื”.

This question of the Mah Nishtanah can therefore be understood as follows: On other nights when a korban todah is eaten, it is accompanied by both chametz and matzah โ€” thirty loaves of matzah and ten of chametz. But the korban pesach, which is also a sort of todah, thanking Hashem, is brought only with matzah.

The passuk in our parshah states, ืžึทืฆึผื•ึนืช ืชึตึผืึธื›ึตืœ ื‘ึฐึผืžึธืงื•ึนื ืงึธื“ึนืฉื, and the chassidishe sefarim explain that a person must ensure that the place where he eats the matzah โ€” his mouth โ€” is a makom kadosh, which speaks only words of Torah and tefillah and berachos, and not chas vโ€™shalom other things. Extending this idea further, the makom kadosh can also refer to the personโ€™s entire body, including all of his 248 limbs. He must make them all holy, so that they should be worthy of eating matzah. Beyond that, the makom kadosh can mean the chaburah or home that youโ€™re in, the place you belong to; that too should be a holy place.

If we are able to eat the matzah in a makom kadosh, then we can have a true leil shimurim. In modern Hebrew a can of preserved food is called a ืงื•ืคืกืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื™ื. Shimurim implies not only protection, but preservation โ€” we want to preserve this night so that it should last a long time and so that we can relive it.

Now, of course, as we go through the Haggadah and are metzapeh lโ€™yeshuah, the answer to the questions of the Mah Nishtanah is Avadim Hayinu. The letters of the word avadim can be rearranged as an acronym for ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืžืฉื™ื—ืš, whom weโ€™re waiting to hear from. Every year we are metzapeh lโ€™yeshuah, as we yearn to bring back the Beis HaMikdash and hashraโ€™as haShechinah.

About the Mishkan the Torah says, ื•ึฐืฉืึธื›ึทื ึฐืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนื›ึธื, and in these words the Chida sees a remez to the two Batei Mikdash. The word ื•ึฐืฉืึธื›ึทื ึฐืชึผึดื™ can be read ื•ึฐืฉืึธื›ึทืŸ ืชึผืดื™, referring to the 410 years that the first Beis HaMikdash stood, and the letters of this word can also be rearranged to spell ย ื•ึฐืฉืึตื ึดื™ ืชึผืดื›, expressing that the second Beis HaMikdash stood for 420 years.

Perhaps we can add that the gematria of the word ื•ึฐืฉืึธื›ึทื ึฐืชึผึดื™ is 786, which is the gematria of the year ืชืฉืค”ื• (the 786th year of the sixth millennium). We are metzapeh and meyachel that this year, in ืชืฉืคืดื•, whose gematria is ื•ึฐืฉืึธื›ึทื ึฐืชึผึดื™, we should be zocheh to ื•ึฐืฉืึธื›ึทื ึฐืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนื›ึธื, andื•ึฐื ึนืื›ึทืœ ืฉืึธื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐื‘ึธื—ึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืคึผึฐืกึธื—ึดื™ื.

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