ืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื
Levovitz, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yeruchem ztโl
ืื ืขืืชื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืงืืฉ ืืืืื (ืื, ืื)
ืืงืืืฅ ‘ืืชืืื ื’ ืฉืืฆื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืชืืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืจ ืืืจื”ื (ืกืืื ืชืฉ”ื), ื ืืชืื ืืงืืื ื ืคืืื ืขื ืืื ืชืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆ”ื. ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืขืืจืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืจื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืืืฅ ืืฆืืื”ื (ืขื’ ืืขืช ืืืื ืืืืกืจ, ื”ื ืืืืจ ืฆ”ื, ืขื’ ืฉื”ื) ืืื ืขื ืื ืืกืื ืืชื ืืืจืฉืืช ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืชื:
ืืืืช ืื ืืืจืืื ืืฆื ืขืฆืื ืืจืืื “ืืืช ืืืจืฉ ืืืื”, ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืง ืื ืืช’, ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืกืคืืจื ื (ืฉืืืช ืื, ื) ืขื ืื ืืืฉืื, ืฉืงืืื ืืืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืกืื “ืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืจ ืืช ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืชืื”, ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืชืงืืงืื ืืืจืืื, ื ืืจืก “ืืืช ืืืืจืฉ” ืฉื ืืืจืืื, ืืืืฆืจืื ืืืจ ืืืฉืื, ืืงืืืข ืืืืืกื ืคืื ื ืืืช ืืืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืื, ืืฉืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืงื”ื ืืืชืืืื ืงืืื ืืืื.
ืืืฉืื ืื, ืืกืื ืืชืืงื ื ืื ื ืืขืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืชื ืืืจืฉืืช, ืืงืืืืช ืงืืืขืื ืืงืืืฉื, ืืงืื ืขืืื ืืืืฉืื ืงืืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืฉืื ืชืขืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืจื, ืืงืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืื ื ืืขืกืงื ืื ืืื ืงืืืฉื, ืืืช ืืืืจืช, ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืง ืืืงื”ื, ืืื ืื ืื ืก ืืฉื ื ืื ืก ืืืงืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืจ ืืงืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืื ืกืื, ืืืชืืืจ ืชืืืฃ ืขื ืืืืจื ืืช’, ืืฉื ืืฉืืื ื ืฉืจืืื. ืืข”ื ืืืื ืื ืกืืฃ ืกืืฃ ืชืชืืื ืืชืืืืจ ืืืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืืชื.
ืืืจื ืืืืื
Levinshtein, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yechezkel ztโl
ืืืืจ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืื
ืืืชื ืืจืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืื ืืฆืืง”ื ืืืืจื”ื ืืจืฆืื ืืฆ”ื ืขื ืืืฆืืช ืกืคืจื ‘ื ืก ืืืฆืื’.
ืจื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืจื ืื ืืื ืืงืจ ืื ืขืื ืืืฉ ืจืื ืืืืณ
ืืืืดืจ ืืืื ื ืืืกืฃ ืืขืจืฆืื ืฉืืืืดื
ืืืืฉืืดื. ืงืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืจืช ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื. ืชืืื ืื ืืขื ืืืช, ืื ื ืืืจืชื ืขื ืืื ืืขื ืืืขืืจ, ืื ืืืจืชื ืืืืกืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืขืืืื ื ืืจืืชื ืื ื ืืืขืช ืืฉืจ ืืื ืขืืฉื ืชืืื ืขื ืืืื.
ืื ืืชื ืื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืืชื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืจืคืชืงื ืืฉืจ ืขืืจื ืขืืื ื, ืืฉืจ ืื ืืกืคืืงื ืืคื ืืืขื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืชืื, ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืกืื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืขืื ื ืืฉืืดืช.
ืืื ืขืฆืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืชืืจื ืขื ืืืจ ื ืกืืขืชื ื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ื, ืืืืจึพืื ืืืืื ื ืืงืืืืื โ ืืืื, ืืืืจึพืื ืืคืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืฉืืช ืืจืฉืืื ืืช. ืืขืืงืจ ืืคืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืืื, ืฉื ืชื ื-ืื ื ืืจืืกืื ืจืฉืืช ืื ืกืืข ืืคื ืจืฆืื ืื ื, ืืฉืจ ืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืคืื ืืืขื ืืืืงื, ืืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืจืืื ืืืชื ื ืืืืฉืื ืืืชื ื ืืชืืจ ืชืืืจืื, ืืืืืคื ืืฉืคืื ืืื ืืืชื, ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืกืืืืจ, ืืืืืื ืขืื ื, ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืฆืื ืืื ื ืืืืขืื ืื ืืื ืขืืื, ืืขื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืดืคืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืณ ืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืคืืฅ ืืื ืืด (ืืฉืื ืื, ื).
ืืขื ืื ืืคืื ืืื ืื ืชืงืืคื ืืคื ื ืขืฆืื, ืืขื ืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื.
ืื ืื ื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ื ืืกืื ืื ืคืืืืช ืืื ืืกืคืจ ืขืฉื ืืณ ืขืื ื. ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืืืจ ืืขืฆืื ืื ืฉืขืฉื ืขืื ืืฉืึพืืชืืจื ื ืืกืื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืขืืจ.
ืืื ืืฉ ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆื ืืขืฆืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืืชื ืืืชืื ืขื ืืื ื ืื ืกืื ืืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืืขืื ืืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืจืืฉ ืืืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืดืช, ืืืืื ืขืึพืืื ืืืืืง ืืืจืื ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืืืื ืืื, ืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืฉืืื.
ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืช ืชืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืฃ ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชื.
ืืืจื ืื ื ืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืกืื, ืืื’.
ืืืืื
ืืืืงืื ืืขืืื ืฉืืืื
ืืฉืืืื ืืืื
Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita
ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืจ
ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจ ืขืืืง
ืืื’ ืกื ื’ ืฉืืฉ ืืฆืืืช ื ืฆืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื’ ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืื’ ืืืืจืืช ืืจืขื ืฉื ืขืืืง. ืืื ื ืืืจืืื ืคื’ ืืื’ ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉ ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืขื ืฉื ืขืืืง. ืืข’ ืืืคืืจื ืืค’ ืืืืจ, ืืืชื ืฉืื ื’ ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืขื ืขืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืขืชื ืฉืืข ืืงืื ืืืจ ื’ ืืื’ ืขืชื ืื ืืืืืชื ืืช ืขืืืง. ืืืจืื”ื ืค”ื ืืืืืื ื”ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืงืืื ืืืืืช ืขืืืง. ืืืคื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืฆืื ืขืืื.
ืืข”ืฉ ืืืจืืื ืชื”ื (ืจืฆ”ื) ืืืื ืืื’ ืืื ืืคื’ ืืืืฆืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืฆืื, ืืื ืืฉืืข ืืืฉืื ืืจืื”ื ืกื”ืค ืืฉืื “ืื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืื”. ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืกื”ืค ืืฉืื “ืืืจ ืื ืืฉื ืืืืืฉืข ืืืืฉืข ืืื ืืชื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืจืืฉื ืื ืืืชืจ ืฆื ืืชืืช ืืขื ื ืืืืื ืืขืืืง”. ืืข”ืข ืืืืืืชื ืค’ ืืฉืื ืขื”ืค ืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืืืืฉืข ืืืืชื ืฉื ืื”ื ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืฉืข ืขื”ื.
ืืื ืืืื ืื ืชืจ”ื ื’ ืืืืฆืื ืขื ืืฆืืืืจ, ืืืืื ืืื’ ืืกื ื’. ืื ’ ืืืื ืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื’ ื’ ืืฆืืืช ื ืฆืืื “ืืฉืจืื” ืืื ืืกืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืื’. ืืื ืืจืื”ื ืืกืืฃ ืกืคืื”ืฆ ืืกืืฃ ืืขืฉืื, ื’ ืืืืืืช ืขืืืง ืืฆืื ืขื ืืฆืืืืจ.
ืืื ื ืข’ ืค”ื ืืืืืื ื”ื ืื”ื ืฉื’ ื”ืข ืืืืจืื ืฉืืขื ืขืืืื… ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ื’ ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืขืืืจ ืื”ืช… ืืื ื”ืข ืืืื ืืืจ ืขืืืง ืืื’. ืืฆ”ื ืฉืื ื’ ืืขืืืง ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ื’ ืืื ืขืืืจ. (ืืืื’ ื”ื ืื ”ื ืืฉืืืช ืืจืื”ื ืืืืฆืื ืขื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืื).
ืืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืค’ ืื ืชืฆื ืืืืง ืื ”ื ืืืจืื”ื ืืืชื ืืืฆืื ืืขืืืง ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืื ืงืืื ืืฆืื ืืืื. ืืืืืจืื ืืืฆื ืฉืฉืืื ืื ืงืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืืคืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืขืืืง.
(ืืืืืื ืจืืืง ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืืืฆืืช ืชืฉืืื ืฉืืฆืืชื ืืืงื ืืฉืื ืืื ืขืืืจืืช ืื”ืฉ ืืืฉื ืช ืืขื”ืฅ, ืื”ื ื ”ื, ืื”ื ืื ืืฉืขืจ, ืฉืขืจ ื’ ื”ื. ืืขืื ืืืืื ืจืืืง ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืืื”ืฉ ืกืืฃ ืื’ ืืืื ืืฉื ืืจืื”ืฉ ืืขื ืฉืืืง ืื ืืืืฅ ืฉืืจืฉืืชื ืื ืขืฉื ืืืื. ืืข’ ื”ื ืจื”ื ืื”ื ืืืจืืช ืฉืขืงืจ ืข”ื ืืืจืฆื ื ืืื ืจืง ืื ืขืงืจ ืื ืืข”ื ืฉืื”ื).
ืืข”ืข ืืืงืืืช ืขืื ื ืื”ื ืืืช ื’ ืืื”ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจ ืขืืืง ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืจื ืื ืืจืข ืขืืืง ืืืื ืงืืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืืช.
ืืข’ ื”ื ืขื”ืช ืืืคืืจื ืืค’ ืชืจืืื ืืืืื”ื ืฉืคืืจืฉื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืชืขืฉ ืืจืข ืืขืื ื ื’, ืืฃ ืฉืื ืขืฉื ืืงืื ืืขืฉื, ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืจื ืืืื ืืื ื ืขื ืฉ ืขื ืืื ืฉืืจื.
ืืืื’ ืืืจืื”ื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืชื ืืืืื ืขื ืื ื’. ืื”ื ืืืคื ืคืื”ืฉ ืืจื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจืืช ืฉืขื, ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืฆืืื ืืชืืจื, ืืืืื ืืืืืฉ ืื ืฉืืืจ ื’, ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืกืืจืช ืื”ื ืืืืื”ื.
ืืข”ืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื”ื ืื ืืคืืฉ ืืื ืืขืืืง ืืืขืจ ืืืื ืกืื ื ืืชืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืชื, ืืืขืืื ืื ืฉืืขื ื ืื ืืืืืชืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืืชืื ื.
ืืืขืืงืจ ืืจืืื ืืื ืืืจื”ื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืืจ ืขืืืง ืืชืื ืื ืืืืื ืื’ ืืขืืืง, ืืืื ืืืืื ืจืง ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืื, ืืฉื”ื ืื’ ืขืืืื. (ืืืืื ืืืจื”ื ืืฉืืืชื ื’ ืืกื”ืค ืืฉืื ืืื ืืคืืจ ืืืื ืื ืชื”ื ืื’ ืขืืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืกืื ื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืฉืขืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืคืืืจ ืกืื ื. ืืืื’ ืฆ”ื ืืืืื ืื ื’ ืืืื ืื ืคืืืจ ืกืื ื ืืชืจ”ื ืืขืืืง. ืืืฉืืืชื ื”ืฉ ืืขืืืง ืืืืื ืืืงื ืข”ื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืจื ืืื ืคืืืจ ืกืื ื).
ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืืื (ืคืกืืง ื”ื) ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืืจืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืขืืืง ืื ืืืืช ืื ืืื’. ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืื ื ืฉืื ืืจืื ืื ืชืฉืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืฉืกืฃ ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืื, ืืืืืงืื ืกืืฃ ืืืช ืงื”ื (ื ืงื ืืืืื ืช ืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืืขื, ืฉืืจืื ืืฉืื ืจืืฆื) ืืืชื “ืจ’ ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ื ืขื”ื ืื ื ืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืชืจืื”. ืืืื’ ืืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืง (ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืขื ื ืขื ืฉืืื), ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืขืืืง.
ืืืืืจื”ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืขืืืง ืจืง ืืืืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืคื ืืฉ”ื ืืจืื”ื ืืกืคืื”ืฆ ืืืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืืืจ.
ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืฉืืข
Finkel, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Binyomin Shlita
ืืืชื ืืืืืื (ืื.) [ืืืื ืืคืชืืืืช ืฉืืงืืืื ืืืืืจืืื ืืืืืจืช ืืคืืจืื] “ืจ’ ืืืขืืจ ืคืชื ืื ืืืื ืคืจืฉืชื ืืืื ืืขืฆืืชืืื ืืื ืืืงืจื ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืฃ ืืืืช[1], ืืฉืืื ืขืฆืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ืขืกืงื ืืชืืจื ื ืขืฉื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืงื”ื ืื, ืืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืจืื, ืืืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืงื”ื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืงืจื ืืืื ืขืืืืชืื”. ืฉืืืืช ืืขืฆืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ืขืกืงื ืืชืืจื, ืืืืืื ื ืขืฉื ืืงื”ื ืขื ื, ืืคืจืฉ”ื “ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืืข“.
ืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืื
ืืืฉ ืืืชืืื ื ืืืืจื ืื”ื ืืื, ืฉืืจื ืืงื”ื ืืจื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืชืงืืฃ ืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืขื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืื ืขืื ืืืืื. ืฉืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืขืืื – ืืืืืช ืืงืืืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืืฃ ืฉืืืืืฉืื ืคืืืื ืฉื ืืขืื, ืืื ืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืื ืฉืื, ืืืืฉ”ื (ืชืืืืื ืงืื, ื) “ืืืื ืืืืืงื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืกืื”. [ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืืฃ ืืื ืืื ืฉืชืชืื ืืืืืจื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืงืืืื “ืืืืืืืื ืืจืืช ืืืจืชืื”.] ื ืืฆื ืฉืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืืคืจื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืื ืจืง ืข”ื ืจืฆืื ื ืืชืืจื, ืื”ื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ “ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืฉืืข”.
ืืคื ื ืื ื ืชืืืืื ืืืื
ืืืืฉื (ืื.) ืืืชื “ืฉืืื ืชืืืืืื ืืช ืจืฉื”ื ืืคื ื ืื ื ืชืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืื, ื”ื ืืืจื ืืชื, ื”ื ืืคื ื ืฉื ืื ื ืืกืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืืชื ืจืฉืข, ื”ื ื”ื ืฉืืฉืืฉื ืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืืจืื, ื”ื ืืืืจ ืืชื, ื”ื ืืคื ื ืฉืืฉืชืืื ืืฆืื”[2].
ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืื ืกืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืฉื ืชืืขื ืขืืืื, ืืืขืื ื ืชืืืจ ืฉื ืขื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืฉื ืชืขืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืจื.
ืืชืฉืืืชื ืืฆืื ืฉืืืืช ื ืชืืขื ืขื ืฉื ืื ื ืืกืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืืชื ืจืฉืข ืื ืขื ืฉืืฉืชืืื ืืฆืื, ืืื ืฉืืื ืืจืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืืืช ืื ืื ืืืกืืืขื ืื ืืืฆื ืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืขืกืงื ืืชืืจื, ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืฉืืขื. ืื ืจืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื.
ืฆืื ืืืืงืื
ืื ืคื”ื ืคืืชื ืืช ืกืคืจื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืกืืง (ืืจืืฉืืช ื, ืื) “ืืืืจื ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืงืื ืืจื ืืืชื”, ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืฆืื ืืืืงืื, ืืจื ืืชืื (ืืฉืขืื ื, ืื) ืืื ืืืืช ืชืขืจืื ืื.[3]
ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืกืืื ืื”ืฉ ืืชืืืืื (ืงื, ื) “ืืืืชื ืืงืืช ืืืืจ”, ืฉืื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืื ืคืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืฆืืคืืจ, ืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืข”ื ืืฆืจืืชืื ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืคืขืืืืชืื ืืงืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืงืื.
ืืฆืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืฉ ืืืืื ืืกืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืงื”ื. ืฉืืจื ืฉืืืช ืืงื”ื ืื ืืคื ืื ืืืชื, ืืืืืงืื ืืืื ื ืชืงืืฃ ืืืขื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืืื, ืฉืืงื”ื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืคืข ืฉืืืืข ืืขืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืื, ืื ืฉืืงื”ื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืขื ืืช ืื ืืจืืื ืจืืืื ืขืืืืื, ืืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืงืื. ืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืขืืืืืช ืืืืกืืฃ ืืืจืืช ืืขืืืื ืื ืข”ื ืืฆืืืชืื, ืื”ื ืข”ื ืขืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืืขืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืืืงืืื ืขืืืืืช. ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืขื ืืืืืืช, ืืคื ืฉืื ืื ืฉืงืืจื ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืข ืืื ื. [ืืฆืจืื ืืืขืช ืฉืืขื ืืืืืืช ืขืืืจ ืื ื ืืขืฉืืช, ืฉืืืขืืื ื”ื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืื, ืืื ื ืชื ืืืืื ื ืืช ืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืืื.]
ืืืื ืืืจ ื ืืจื ืฉืืฉ ืืืื ืืืชืืื ื ืื, ืฉืื ื ื”ื ืงืื ืื, ืืฉื ืืขืืืืืช ืืฉื ื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืคืื ืืืืคื ืื ืืืืืช ืืงืืืฉ, ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืขืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืืืื ื ืืจืืื ืจืืื ืจืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืกืคืจ, ืืื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืงืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืื.
ืืืกืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืงื”ื ืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชื ื, ืฉืชืืืืช ืืืจืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืงืื. ืืืื ืฉืืื”ื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืจื ืืืืงืื- ืืฉืืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืขืกืงื ืืชืืจื.
ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืคืืืช ืจ”ื ืืืื”ื “ืืื ืืกืืื ืืขืคืจ ืืกืืคื ืืขืคืจ ืื ืคืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืจืก ืื ืฉืืจ ืืืฆืืจ ืืืฉ ืืฆืืฅ ื ืืื ืืฆื ืขืืืจ ืืืขื ื ืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืฉืืช ืืืืืง ืคืืจื ืืืืืื ืืขืืฃ”, ืฉืืืืื ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฆื ืคืขืืืืชืื ืืื ืืคืืชื ืืืกืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืขืืืืืช.
ืืขืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืฉืจืืื
ืื”ื ืืค”ื “ืืืืช ืชืืจืช ืืืื [ืื ืืื, ืืืืืืื ืื ืชืืจื ืฉืืืื ืืืืฆื”ืจ ืืคืจืืข ืื ืืืืื, ืืืฉืจืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืืกืืชื ืืืืช ืืฉืืจืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืืื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืข ืื ืืื ืคืืขื, ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืืืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืื.] ืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจืื[4] ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ื”ื ืื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืขืฉื ืืฉืคืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืื ืืขืืื [ืืืืจ ืื ื ืขื ืื ืฉืืื…], ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืข ืืืงืืข ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืื ืฉืื ืคืจืื ืืขืฉืื ืืืืืืจืื ืืืืฉืืืชืื ืื ืขืช ืืจืืข ืื ืืืชืืืืื ื”ื, ืืื ืจืื ืืขืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืขืืื ืืคื ืฉืจืฉื ืืคืขืื ืคืขืืืชื ืืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืขืืืืืช ืืฆืืฆืืืช ืืืืจืืช ืืขืืืื ืื”.
ืฉืขื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืคืืขื ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืชืืจื ืืืจืืข ืืื ืฉื ืชืืจื, ืืืฉืืจ ืคืจืื ืืืฆืืืช, ืฉืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ื ืจืื ืืจืืืง ืืงืื, ืื ืื ืชืืกืคืช ืคืขืืื ืืื ืงืื ื ืืฉื ื ืืืืจื ืืช ืืื, ืืืื ื ืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืฉืคืข ืืจืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืื – ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืฉืงืืืข ืืขืฆืื ืขื ืขืฆื ืืืฆืื. ืืืืืคื ื”ื ืืืื ืฆืจืืช ืืขืืื. [ืืจืง ืืงื”ื ืืืืข ืืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืืง ืฉืขืืื ื ืืืจ “ืื ื ื’ ืืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืืืืช ืืชืช ืืืืฉ ืืืจืืื ืืคืจื ืืขืืืื”.]
“ืืข ืื ืืืขืื – ืืื”
ืืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืจืื ืื ืืืื, ืฉืืจื ืืืืืช ืขืืื ื ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืื ืื ืืืจืืืช ื ืืจืื ืืื. ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจื ืจืื [ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืขืื ืืืกืืืืช] ืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืืช (ืค”ื, ื) ืืืืจ ืจืื “ืืกืชืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืื ืขืืืจื ืืข ืื ืืืขืื ืืื“.ย ืืข ืื ืืืขืื- ืื ืฉืงืืจื ืืขืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืื, ืืื- ืืื ืืื ืืขืฉืื.
ืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืขื ืช ืืืืืืื ืืื ื ืชื ืืช ืืชืืจื ืื ื, ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืืจื ืืฆื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืขืืืืืช ืืชื ืืื ืขื ืคืืื, ืืื ืืืฉืคืขื ืฉืืืืื ืฆืจืื ืืงืื ืืื ืจืง ืข”ื ืืืืืื ืงืื ืื ืืื- ืฉืื ื”ื ืืืืืื. [ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืงืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื.]
“ืฆืืจ ืืืื ืชืฉื”
ืืฉืืจืช ืืืืื ื ืืชืื (ืืืจืื ืื, ืื) “ืฆืืจ ืืืื ืชืฉื ืืชืฉืื ืงื ืืืืืื”, ืืคืจืฉ”ื [ืชืฉื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื], “ืืจืืืชืื ื ืืจืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืืืขืืกืื ืืคื ืื ืืืชืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืื”. ืฉืฆืืจ ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืจืืฆื ืืขืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืชืฉื – ืืชื ืืชืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื. ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืคื”ื ืฉืืขืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉื ”ืช ืฉืื ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืชืืืืื ืืืขืฉืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืฉืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืื.
ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืจืฉ (ืืื”ืจ ื, ื) ืืืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืขืืฉืื ืจืฆืื ื ืฉื ืืงืื ืืืกืืคืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืขืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืชืืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืขืื.
“ืืกืืกืชื ืืจืืื ืคืจืขื ืืืืืชืื ืจืขืืืชื”
ืืืืืฉื (ืค”ื) ืืืืจ ืื ืคื”ื ืืช ืืคืกืืง ืืฉืืจ ืืฉืืจืื (ื, ื) “ืืกืืกืชื ืืจืืื ืคืจืขื ืืืืืชืื ืจืขืืืชื”, ืฉืืืจื ืืขืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืืช ืืกืืก, ืืื ืืงืจืืขืช ืื ืกืืฃ ืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืืกืืกืื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืืงื”ื ืฉืืืื ืืืชื ื- ืจืขืืืชื ืืกืืกืชื ืืจืืื ืคืจืขื, ืฉืืฃ ืฉืื ื ืืืืื ืช ืกืืก, ืขื”ื ืขื ืืืื ื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื.
ืืจืืืช ืืฆืื ืืืืงืื
ืืืก”ื ืืืจืืืืช (ืค”ื) ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืฆืื ืืืขืจืืืชืืื ืฉืขืืฉืื ืืขืฉืืื ืืืจืืืืช, ืฉืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืจืืืืช. ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืง ืืืืจืืืช, ืฉืืจื ืืฉืขืช ืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืคืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืื ืฉื ืฆืืืื, ื ืขื ืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉืืจื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืขืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืืงืฆืช ืืจืขืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืฉ ืชืืชืื ืงืืืฆืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืจืคื ืืืืืืชื, ืืจื ืืื ื ืขื ืฉ ืืืืชืจ ืืืืจื. ืืื ืืื ืืคืงื ืืืื, ืื ืืืืฉื ืงืื ื ืืฆืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืจื ืืฉืคืขืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืกื ืฉืื ืืคืงื ืื ืขืืฉื ืืืืืชื ื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืฆืืืื, ืืจื ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืช.
ืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื ื ืชืืจื ืืืจืืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืืจ, ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืงืืื ืจืง ืขื ืืื ื ืชืืจื. ืืื ืืืืืง ืืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืืื ืงืื ืฉืืืข ืืืฉื ื ืืืืื ืข”ื ืืงืืื ืืืื ืืืง ืฉืขืืฉื, ืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืคืข ืืื ืืืื, ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืคืขืชื ืฉื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจืืื ืฉืืื ื ืื ืชืืจื. ืืืคื ืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืื ืืจืื ืฉืืจื.
ืืืืฆืจ ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืื ืกื ืืขืฉืืช ืจืคืืื, ืฉืืฉ ืืืชืืืง ืจืง ืืชืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืฆืขื ืืื ืืกืืฃ ืืื ื”ื… ืืื ืืฉ ืืืฉื ืฉื ืกืืฃ ืืื? ืืืจืื ืืฉ ืืืืกืืฃ ืืืชืจ ืืืืืง ืืืื ืื, ืืืคืจื ืฉืขืชื ืื ืืื ืืชืืื ื ืืช ืืงืืืื ืืงืืืื.
ืืืชืจ ืืงื”ื ืขื ื’ ืขืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืืกื ืฉื ืชืืจื
ืื ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืฉื ”ืช ืืจืืฉ ืืืจื ื ืฉืืืืช ื ืชืืขื ืืืื ืืคืืจืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืจืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืขืืกืงืื ืืชืืจื ืืื ื ืืฆืืืื, ืืจืง ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืขืกืงื ืืชืืจื ื ืขื ืฉื.
ืืืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืื”ื (ืืคืชืืืชื ืืืืื) ืืฉืื ื ืืจื “ืืฆืื ื ืฉืืืชืจ ืืงื”ื ืขื ืข”ื ืืขื ืืืืื ืขืจืืืช ืืฉืคืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืขื ืืืกื ืฉื ืชืืจื“. ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืชืืจ ืืฆื ืืงื”ื ืฉืืจื ืืืจื ืื”ืง (ื .) “ื”ืจ ืื ืื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืงื”ื ืืืชืจื ืืื ืืืืชืจื ืืืื”, ืฉืืื ืืืฆืคื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื. [ืืืฉ ืกืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืชืืจ.]
ืื ืจืื ืฉืืืืชืืจ ืืืื ื ืฉืืืจืื ืืฃ, ืืคื ืฉืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืื, ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืชืืจื ืืฉ ืขืืืื ืชืงืื ืฉืืืืจื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืกื ืฉื ืชืืจื ืฉืื ืืื ืชืงืื ืฉืืืืจื. ืืขื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืขืื ืขืืืจืืช ืฉืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืื (ื:) ืฉื’ ืขืืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืืืจืื, ืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืชืืจื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืกื ืฉื ืชืืจื ืืืจ ืืื ืงืฉื ืืืืืข ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืื, ืืื ื”ื ื ืืจื ืืืืช.
ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืชืขืฆืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืจื, ื ืขืฉื ืืงื”ื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืฉืืข.
ืืฆืืืช ืืืืจืช ืืขืฉื ืขืืืง
ืืืฆืืืช ืืืืจืช ืืขืฉื ืขืืืง ืืชื ืืจืื”ื (ืืค”ื ืืืืืื ื”ื) ืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืืจืจ ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืืชื, ืฉืฆืจืื ืืฉื ืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืขืืืง ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืจืข [ืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉ ืื ืืจืข, ืืื ืขืืืง ืืื ืืืื ืจืข ืืื ืฉืื ืืื.] ืฉืืจืืืง ืืช ืืืื ืืืงื”ื[5].
ืืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืื ืืจืฉืขื ืฉื ืขืืืง, ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืช, ืืืจื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืฆืื ืื”ืฉ- ืฉืืืจ ืืืจื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืงืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืข ืขืืืง [ืืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืื ืืชืืืื]- ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืจืืจ ืืื ื ืจืื ืขืืืง ืขื ืืื ืจืฉืขืืช, ืืขื ืขืืืง ืื ืืฉ ืืขืืจืจ ืฉื ืื.
ืืืฉ ืฉืืืจื ืขืค”ื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืคืืจื ืฉื ืคืจืฉืช ืืืืจ “ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืื ืื ืชืฉืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืฉืกืฃ ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืคื ื ื’ ืืืืื” ืฉืืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืฉืืืื ืื, ืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืื ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืจืื, ืืืจื ื ืฆืืื ืขื ืืืืืช ืขืืืง. ืืืืจื ืฉืจืฆื ืืื ืืขืืจืจ ืืช ืืืืชื ืืื ืฉืชืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืชืจ. ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืืฆื ื ืืฆื ืืืื ืฉื ืืชื ื ืขืืื ืืจืืืชื ื ืืช ืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืฉืืชืชื.
ืืืื ืฉื ืขืืืง ืืื ืจืง ืืฉืืฉ ืจืคืืื
ืืืื ืืืืข ืขืืืง ืืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืจ, ืืจื ืื ืืืจืืง ืืืื. ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืื ืฉ ืขื ืฉืืืจื ืืฉืจืื “ืืืฉ ื’ ืืงืจืืื ื ืื ืืื”, ืืื “ืืืืื ืขืืืง ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืคืืืื”. ืฉืชืืื ืืืคืฉ ืขืืืง ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืฉืืงื”ื ืฉืืืจ ืขืืื ื ืืืื ื ืืืื, ืืจืง ืืฉืืฉ ืจืคืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืื.
ืืืืจืฉ (ืืืื ืืืืงืื) ืขื”ืค “ืืฉืจ ืงืจื ืืืจื” ืคืืจืฉื ืงืจื ืืืฉืื ืงืจืืื, ืฉืขืืืง ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืก ืืชืื ืืขื ื ื ืืืื, ืฉืืจื ืืื ื ืจืง ืื ืืฉืืื. ืืืื ืืคืืืข ืื ืืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ื, ื ืชืืืื ืืืื ืงืืจืืื ืืฉืืืช ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืฉืืฆืื ืืงืจืืืืื ืืืืชืื ืื ืืื, ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืชืคืกืื ืืืจืืื. [ืืืชืื ืฉื ืชืืขื ืข”ื ืฉืืฆืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืืฅ ืืืื ื.] ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืจืืืืช ืืจืฉืขืืชื ืฉืืืฆืืื ืืืชื ืืืขื ื ืื ืืจืืืืช. [ืืื ืจืื ืืฆื ืื ืืฆืื ืื”ืฉ ืืื ืฉืืงืจื ืขื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืืืจื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืืื, ืืืืกืืฃ ืืจืื ืืืชื.]
ืืืจืฉืขืืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืขืืื ื ืื ืขืืฉืื ืจืฆืื ื’ ืืืืืืื ืืจืืื, ืืจืง ืืฉืืฉ ืจืคืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืกืืง ื”ื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืงืคืื ืืขื ื ื ืืืื, ืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืจืืกืช ืจืื. ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืืืงื ืื ืืื ื ืขื ืฉืื ืื ืื ืฉื ืชืขืฆืื ืขื ืฉืื ืขืกืงื ืืชืืจื, ืืืืฉื ”ืช.
ืืืืืืืช ืขืืืง ืชืืงื ื ืจืคืืื ืื, ืฉืจืง “ืืืฉืจ ืืจืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืจืื”, ืฉืืืื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืืคื ืืขืื ืืืฉืขืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืืืจืื, ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืคืืื (ืจ”ื ืื.). ืฉืืื ืฉืฉืืขืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื, ืชืืงื ื ืืช ืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืืฉ ื’ ืืงืจืื ื ืื ืื.
ืื ืชืฉืืืช ืืืฉืงื
ืืืืื ืืคืืจืื ื ืขื ืฉื ืขื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืืืจื ื ืืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืขืืืื ืืื ืืจืฉืข ืื”ืฉ ืืืืืืชื ืื ืจืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืฉื ื ืืืฉื. ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืขื ืืจืืื ืฉืืื ืืจื ืืื ืฉืืขืื ืืช ืืขืกื ืฉื ืืื ืขื ืฉ”ืื ืืืจืข ืืื ืืฉืชืืื”, ืืื ืข”ื ืฉืื ืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืกืขืืืชื ืฉื ืืืฉืืืจืืฉ. ืืื ืืจืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืื ืขืื ืฉ ืื’ ืขื ืืืืืื, ืืข”ื ืืืืช ืืฉืขื ืืื “ืื ืื ืืก ืืช ืื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืฉืืฉื ืืฆืืื”. ืฉืฆืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืฉืืื, ืฉืขืงืจ ืืชืขื ืืช ืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืืืืจ ืื”ื (ืชืงื”ื ืกืง”ื) ืฉืื ืืชืขื ื ืืื ืฉื ืืชืฉืืื “ืชืคืก ืืช ืืืคื ืืื ืื ืืช ืืขืืงืจ”.
ืืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ืืชืฉืืื ืฉืืืื [ืฉืืืื ืืจืื ืขื ืืขืืจ ืืงืืื ืขื ืืขืชืื] ืขื ืื ืฉื ืชืขืฆืื ืืขืกืง ืืชืืจื, ืืืื ืฉืืื”ื (ืืืืื ืื.) ืฉืืจืืื ืืฆืืืง ืืฉื ืืืื ืขื ืชืื ืืงืืช ืฉื ืืืช ืจืื ืืืื ืืกืืจืืช ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืืืขื ืื ืืฆืคื ืืื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืขื ืงืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืช, ืืื ืขืกืงื ืืืืืืช ืงืืืฆื ืืื ืื ืืจืืฉื ืืื ืคื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืื. [ืืืฆื ืืฆืืืงืื ืจืื ื”ื ืฉืงืืขืืช ืืชืืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืงืฉืื, ืฉืืขืื ืืชืืก’ ืืืงืืช ืืงืฉืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืชื ืขื ืงืืืืฉ ื’, ืืืขื ืืชืืจื ืืืชืื ืขืื ืืกืืจ ืืขืื ืฉืืจื ืืชืืก’.]
ืืข”ื ืชืฉืืื ืืื ื ืชืืคื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืืช, ืฉืืืจ ืืืืฆืข ืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืืฆืื ืืชืืื ืืืฉืืขื. ืฉืื”ื ืื ืืกื ืืชื ืืื ืืช ืืกืคืจืื ืขื ืืืืืจื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืฉืจืื ื”ื, ืืืื ืืื ืื ‘ืขื ืืืืื’ ืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืขื ืกืืกื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืื ื. ืืื ืืื ื ืจืื ืืื ืฉืฉืืื ืฉืืฉืชื ื ืืืฆื ืืฉืื ืืืคื, ืฉืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื[6] ืืขืฉืืช ืืืื ืืขืื ืื. ืืืื ืืชืฉืืื ืืชืืื ืืืฉืืขื, “ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืช ืืืื”, “ื ืืื ืขืืืื ืื ื ืืื ืชืืชืื ืื” (ืฉื ืื:), ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืืข ืืืฉืืขื ืืื, ืฉืจืง ืขืืจื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ‘ืขื ืืืืื’ ืืื ืืคืขื ืืื ืชืืื ืขื ืืขืฅ…
ืืืจ ืงืืืืื – ืืชืืฉืืข”ืค – ืืืืื
ืืืื ืืื ืืื ื’ืงืืืื ืืงืืืื’ ืฉืืื ืงืืืช ืืชืืจื ืืืืื ืขื ืขืื ืืชืืจื. ืฉืื ื ืืชื ืืืื (ื ื ื) ืืงืฉื ืฉืืืืจ ืฉืงืืืื ืืช ืืชืืจื ืื ืขืฉื ืื ืฉืืข ืืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืคืืช ืขืืืื ืืช ืืืจ ืืืืืืช, ืืืืืจ ืฉืขื ืชืืจื ืฉืืืชื ืืื ืงืืืช ื ืขืฉื ืื ืฉืืข, ืืื ืขื ืชืืจื ืฉืืข”ืค ืขืืืื ืื ืืืจื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืฉืืข, ืืคื ืฉืืจืื ืืืขืื ืืืืืืขื ืฉื ืฆืจื ืืชืืจื ืฉืืข”ืค ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืฉื, ืฉืืจื ืงืฉื ืืืืฆืื ืืกืงื ื ืืจืืจื ืืืกืืืื, ืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืช ืืกืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืื ืืื ื, ืฉืืฉืืืช ืจืฉ”ื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืช ืชืืก’ ืื, ืืืื ืืืกืงื ื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื, ืืืชืจ ืื ืืกืืจ, ืืืื ืื ืคืืืจ. [ืืื ืฉื”ื ืื ืจืฆื ืืช ืืชืืจื ืฉืืข”ืค, ืืื ืฉืจืฆื ืืฉืืืข ืื ืฉืืื”ื ืืืขืฉืืช ืืื ืฉืืฆืืื, ืืื ืืื ืงืฉื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืืืืขื.] ืืืช ืื ืืจืื ืืงืื, ืขื ืฉืืงื”ื ืืคื ืขืืืื ืืช ืืืจ ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืืื ืืงืื ืขืืืื ืืช ืขืื ืืชืืจื, ืฉืื ืืชืืืืช.
ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืื (ืก:) “ื”ืจ ืืืื ื ืื ืืจืช ืืงื”ื ืืจืืช ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืข”ืค ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ื’ ืื ืืฉื ืืชื ืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืขื ืคื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืจืชื ืืชื ืืจืืช ืืืช ืืฉืจืื”. ืืืชื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืกืืฃ ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืขื ืืืืจืื, ืืืื, ืืขืืืจ, ืืื ืขื ืคื ืฉืื ืืชืืจื ืฉืืข”ืค. ืฉืื ืจืฆืื ืืฉื”ืช ืฉื ืขืืื ืืชืืจื, ืืข”ื ืืืฆืจื ืืืคืืช ืขืืืื ืืช ืืืจ ืืืืืืช.
ืื”ื ืื ืฉืืืจ ืงืืืืื ืืืืื ืข”ื ืืื ืขื ืชืืจื ืฉืืข”ืค, ืฉืืจื ืขื ืฉืืจ ืืืฆืืืช ืืืจ ืืืจื ืืกืื ื ืืจืฆืื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืฉืืข.
“ืืขื ืืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืจืื ืืืจ ืืืื”
ืืกืืืช ืืงืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืคื ืฉืจืื ืฉืจืง ืข”ื ืขืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืข ืืืฆืืื. ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืื”ื (ืืืืื ืื:) ืืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืจื, ืืืจื ืื ืชืืจื, ืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืชืืจื.
ืืืื ืฉืืืืืฅ ืฉื ืืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืืชืื “ืืขื ืืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืจืื ืืืจ ืืืื”, ืฉืจืืืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืื, ืฉืืชืืืื ืืกืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืขื ืฉืืกืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืื. ืืืขืช”ื ืืชืื ืขื ืขืืื ืืชืืจื “ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืช ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืืจืชื”, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืื ื”ื ืืืง ืขื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืฆืืช ืืฉืืฉ ืืืืืจืชื.
ืืขืื ืืชืืจื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืช ืื ืืืฉืืขืืช ืืื ืืืฉืคืขืืช. ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืืช ืขื ืื ืืื ืืืคืจื ืขื ืื ืชืืจื, ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉ ืื, ืฉืืืื ืฉืคืข ืื ืจืง ืืขืฆืื ืืื ืืืืื.
ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืจื ืฉืืืื, ืืจืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืช ืื ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื. ืืฉืจื ืื ืฉืืชืืื ื ืืืชืืืง ืืืชืจืืื ืืืชืงืจื ืืงื”ื ืืขืืฉื ืืคื ืื ื ืืช ืจืื.
ืืงื”ื ืืขืืจื ื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืื ืืืขืช ืืขื ืฉืืืช ืืื,
ย ืืฉื ืืื ืื ืฉืืืืืื, ืืฉืืืื ื ื ืขืฉื ืื ื ืืช ืจืื.
[1]ย ย ย ย ืืคืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืข”ื ืืขืฆืืืช ืืืขื ื. ืืคืจืฉ”ื (ืืงืืืช ื, ืื) “ืืขืฆืืชืืื ืืื ืืืงืจื, ืืฉืืื ืืชืขืฆื ืืืื ื ืืชืงื ืคืจืฆื ืงืื ื ืฉืืชืงืจืช ืืืืช, “ืืื ืืืงืจื” ืืฉืคื ืืื ืื ืืืงืจื ืืช ืืืืช ืืืืกืื ืขืืื, [ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืชืงื, ืืกืืฃ ื ืืคื ืืื.] “ืืืฉืคืืืช ืืืืื [ืฉืืฉืคืื ืืืื ืืืขืฉืืช- ืืฆืืืืช] ืืืืืฃ ืืืืช” ืืืคืืฃ ืืืฃ ืืฉืืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืฉืจืื ืืชืขืฆืืื ืืชืืจื ืื ื ืืงืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืขืืื ืืจื ืืื”. ืฉืข”ื ืขืฆืืืช ืืชืืจื ื ืืจื ืืืืื”ืง.
[2] [ืืืขืช ืจืฉ”ื ืืืื ื ืฆืืื ืฉื ื ืืืืื ืฆืืจ ืืืืืจืฉ”ื ืืืื ื ืืฆืื ืฉื ืืื.]
[3] [ืืื ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืงื”ื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืื, ืฉืืกืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืข ืฉืืื ืขืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืฉืืืืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืฉืืืช ืื ืืชืืจื ืืื ืจืง ืืคืขืืืชืื ืฉืจืืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืช ืื ืืืชื, ืฉืืขืฆืืืชื ืืชืืจื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืื ืืฉืื. ืืื ื ืงืจืืืื ืืงื”ื, ืืืื ืฉืื ื ืจืืืงืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืงืจืื ืืืื ื, ืืืื ืฉืืชืงืจืืื ืืืื ื ืขืฉื ืืืชืจ ืงืจืื ืืืื ื. ืืืขืช”ื ื ืืื ืืืืจืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื-ืขื ืืฃ ืฉืื ืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืื, ืืืืื ืฆืจืื ืืจืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืงืจืืช ืืืืงืื.]
[4] [ืืื ืืฉ ืืงืฉืื ืฉืืจื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืข”ื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืืืชื ืืงืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืืื”ืง ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืืื”ืง ืฉื ืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืจืฉืืช ืืืฉืช, ืืืื ื ืืจื ืข”ื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื. ืืื”ืฉ ืืืื ืืฉืืชื ืคืขืืช ื’- ืืืืื ืืืื”ืง ืฉื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื”ืง ืฉื ืืขืื, ืฉืจืง ืืืฉืจ ื ืืจื ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื. ืืืืืืจื ืืจื ืืชืื ืืืืจื ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืื, ืื”ื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืงืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืคืขืื ืืืืื”ืง ืฉื ืืขืื. ืืืชื ืืจืื”ื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืจืง ืขื ืืชื ืชืืจื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืชื ืชืืจื ื ืืชื ืื ืื ืจืง ืืืฉืจืื, ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืคืขืื ืืขืืืืืช ืืขืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื.]
[5] [ืืืขืืืื ืืื ื”ื (ื’ ืชืจื) ืฉืืชื ืืื ืื ืืกืื ื’ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืืฆืืื ืชืืฉืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจืขื ืฉื ืขืืืง.]
[6] ืืืืคืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืืจืืฉ ืฉืืกืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืขืชื, ืืืืกืืฃ ืจืฆื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืช ืืชืจ ืืืืืืช. ืืืืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืจืฉืขืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืขืจืืชื, ืืื ืฉืืืช ืืืืืงืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืืจืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจื ื ืืจืื. ืืื ืจืืืื ืืช ืจืฉืขืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืืจื ืื”ื ื ืืกื ืฉืืขืื ืืฉื ื ืื”ื ืืืจ ืืงืืืื ืืช ืืืืืจื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื ื ืืื.
โซโชParshaโฌโฌ โซโชPreview
Reznick, Harav Hagaon Elimelech Shlita
Happiness for Others Begets Success
Parashas Tetzaveh
Harav Hagaon Elimelech Reznick
This weekโs parashah is a continuation of the Torahโs discussion of the Mishkan, and it focuses on the creation of the bigdei kehunah. One of the eight garments of the Kohen Gadol was the choshen, and Rashi (Parashas Shemos, based on Shabbos 139a) notes that Aharon merited to wear this garment on his heart because he rejoiced in his heart when Moshe Rabbeinu was chosen by Hakadosh Baruch Hu to take Klal Yisrael out of Mitzrayim. Moshe Rabbeinu was worried that Aharon would be upset or have complaints that his younger brother was chosen to be the leader and navi of Klal Yisrael, but Hakadosh Baruch Hu reassured him that he had no reason to be concerned: ืึฐืจึธืึฒืึธ ืึฐืฉึธืืึทื ืึฐึผืึดืึผืึน.
Rashiโs words are: ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืจื ืืขืื ืืืฉื ืื ืชืื ืขื ืืื. The phrase ืขืื ืืืฉื connotes an ornament. Aharon was older, so by rights he should have been chosen for this leadership position, yet not only was he not jealous, he was happy for Moshe Rabbeinu. Middah kโneged middah, this purity of heart was rewarded with the choshen, which is one of the most prestigious of the bigdei kehunah. Whose heart should that garment decorate? The pure heart of Aharon, which harbored no negios, no jealousy and no resentment.
We can add that the stones of the choshen are described as avnei zikaron, carrying the names of the shevatim. When Aharon wore it, it invoked the zechusim of Klal Yisrael. Which person is suited to daven and invoke the merits of others? Someone who is completely concerned about the interests of others.
I often say that the best person to get a berachah from is someone whoโs a tov ayin, someone who cares about you and whose primary interest is the success of others, not his own success. Such a person wants you to succeed, and when he gives a berachah, itโs with a full heart.
Aharon had such a heart, and he therefore merited the choshen as a decoration on his heart and was zocheh to carry the avnei zikaron of Bnei Yisrael.
Why the Choshen?
The Ran (Derashos HaRan 3) adds another dimension to the Gemara that Rashi cites regarding Aharonโs joy over Mosheโs appointment. Why, he asks, was Aharon zocheh to the choshen specifically? And why did he need a special zechus for this? We donโt find that he needed a particular zechus for the other bigdei kehunah!
He explains that Aharonโs reward was not the choshen, but the urim vetumim inside it. The urim vetumim was a parchment that contained certain holy Names through which the Kohen Gadol was able to know the future. The urim vetumim were not part of the bigdei kehunah, explains the Ran. But the Kohen Gadolโs job was to perform the avodah. What did foreseeing the future have to do with his role? This is why Chazal wondered why Aharon was zocheh to the urim vetumim, and this is why they explain that Aharon had a special zechus of rejoicing in his heart over Mosheโs success.
There is a machlokes between the Rambam (Hilchos Beis Habechirah 4:1) and the Raavad whether the urim vetumim were an integral part of the choshen. The Rambam is of the opinion that during the period of the second Beis Hamikdash, the urim vetumim remained inside the choshen, even though it could no longer be used to foresee the future; otherwise, the Kohen Gadol would have been considered mechusar begadim. The Raavad argues that the urim vetumim were not present during the time of the second Beis Hamikdash, and that was not considered chisur begadim, because the urim vetumim were a separate entity.
Apparently, the Rambam holds that revealing the future was part of the Kohen Gadolโs role. Perhaps this could be considered an extension of the job of the kohanim to teach Torah, and as such, the urim vetumim were a necessary part of the Kohen Gadolโs garments.
The Derashos HaRan follows the Raavadโs opinion, however. They hold that there was no urim vetumim during Bayis Sheini, since this was not actually part of the bigdei kehunah.
We see from here that not only did Aharon not lose out due to Moshe Rabbeinuโs appointment, he actually gained because of his happiness for Moshe. He merited to foresee the future, and to carry the urim vetumim for generations. The Ran explains that the urim vetumim were greater than nevuah: A decree foretold by a navi could be overturned, but the decree foretold by the urim vetumim could not.
Donโt Be Someone Elseโs Pawn
From Aharon we learn that a person must rejoice in his friendโs good fortune. Itโs not enough not to be jealous of him โ you have to be happy for him. And the only way to get there is through emunah and bitachon. A person has to realize that whatever is destined for someone else, he is not going to get no matter what, as Chazal say: ืืื ืืื ื ืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืจื … ืืคืืื ืืืื ื ืืื. Since you canโt have it anyway, it doesnโt pay to be jealous, and instead you should be happy for him.
If a person tries to get something that has not been decreed for him, then not only will he not get it, but he will be used as a pawn in the operation of the world to help another person get it.
A prime example of this is found in the Megillah.
When Haman returned home mournful and dejected after leading Mordechai on the horse, he told Zeresh and all his friends all that had happened to him. Why, wonders the Ben Ish Chai, did he have to tell them what happened? The whole town knew about this! It was in all the papers, and on all the news sites, so surely the members of Hamanโs own household were aware of what had happened.
The Ben Ish Chai explains that Haman was telling them how these events had come about: โIt was because of me! Achashverosh asked me what should be done for a person whom the king wants to honor, and I was so sure that he was talking about me that I put my life on the line and advised that he dress the person in his royal clothing and have him ride on his horse. I could have been killed for that! Yet what happened as a result of my suggestion? All this honor was given to Mordechai!โ
In seeking honor for himself, Haman set in motion the events that would lead to Mordechai being honored, and he became a pawn to bring about Mordechaiโs success. Thatโs what he was telling Zeresh and his friends โ the inside scoop of how he himself had brought this about.
Elsewhere (Ben Yehoyada 129), the Ben Ish Chai sees a similar lesson in the story of Yosef Mokir Shabbos. Yosefโs non-Jewish neighbor dreamed that all his wealth would go to Yosef, and to prevent that from happening he sold all his assets and bought a large jewel, which he sewed into his hat. Once, when he was walking over a bridge, the wind blew the hat into the water, and a fish came and swallowed the jewel. Yosef bought this fish for Shabbos and found the jewel inside it.
The Gemara records this story, says the Ben Yehoyada, to teach us that if success has been decreed for a person and another person tries to prevent him from experiencing that success, not only will he fail to stop it, but he will become the vehicle to bring the person success much more easily. Yosef received his neighborโs wealth easily, with no exertion or bittul Torah; all he did was go out to buy a fish for Shabbos. And who caused this to happen? The neighbor himself, who was trying to stop the Heavenly decree from materializing.
Rabbosai, how often do we see a person entering a good business deal, or doing a shidduch, or receiving a certain honor, and we think, I should have gotten that?
We have to work on ourselves to rejoice in someone elseโs success, and realize with emunah sheleimah that if itโs not decreed for us, weโre not going to get it. Instead, letโs be happy with other peopleโs hatzlachah โ and then, middah kโneged middah, Hakadosh Baruch Hu will give us good as well. The way to be zocheh to goodness โ parnassah, shidduchim, hatzlachah, and more โ is to rejoice in and help out with someone elseโs success.
When Mordechai discovered the plot of Bigsan and Seresh, says the Alshich, by rights he should have run to tell the king that he had saved his life. He would have become the kingโs best friend! But instead, he decided to use this information to help Esther, by having her relate it to the king, which would win her Achashveiroshโs favor. What happened when Esther told the king? She realized that Mordechai was trying to be kind to her, so she told it to the king in Mordechaiโs name. Both of them were seeking to do good for another person. And when Hakadosh Baruch Hu saw that, says the Alshich, He said, โJust as you are not looking out for your own interests, but are trying to help someone else, I too will be good to you and bring geulah to the world.โ
Itโs not enough not to be jealous โ you have to rejoice in other peopleโs hatzlachah and seek to be meitiv to them.
Gut Shabbos.