ShmosTetzaveh

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Levovitz, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yeruchem ztโ€l

ื•ื ืขื“ืชื™ ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื™ (ื›ื˜, ืžื‘)
ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื”’ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืจื””ื‘ (ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉ”ื–), ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื ืคืœืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ ืžืืœื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” (ืขื™’ ื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ, ื—”ื ืžืืžืจ ืฆ”ื–, ืขืž’ ืฉื™”ื–) ืžื”ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ื” ื›ืชื‘:

ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื “ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื• ื™ืช’, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื ื• (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื”, ื˜) ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ “ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืžื™ ืื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ืš ื•ื‘ืจื›ืชื™ืš”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื ืฉื ืชืงืœืงืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื ื”ืจืก “ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืœื–ื›ื›ื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš, ื•ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื—ื˜ื.

ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื–ื”, ื™ืกื“ื• ื•ืชื™ืงื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืžืงื•ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื˜ื”ืจื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ืจื”, ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืขืกืงื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืœื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืžื–ื•ื›ืš ืžื›ืœ ืกื™ื’, ื•ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืชื™ื›ืฃ ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืช’, ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื”. ื•ืข”ื™ ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืชื”ื•ื” ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื”.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Levinshtein, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yechezkel ztโ€l

ื ืคืœื” ื ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื”’ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืื“ื ืืœ ืืคื•ืœื”
ืฉื ื—ืื™. ื™”ื‘ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื’ ืชืฉ”ื’.

ืžืื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืœืฃ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื—ืื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื—ืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.

ืืš ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™”ื‘ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื’ ื—ืœื—ืœื” ืื—ื–ืชื ืœืžืจืื” ื”ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื™ืฅ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™: “ืžืคื ื™ ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื—ืื™ ื™ื•ื’ื‘ืœื• ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืคื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืื” ื”ืื–ื”ืจื”: “ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื–ืืช ืื• ื™ืขื›ื‘ื• ืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ื ืฉ ื—ืžื•ืจ.”

ืืข”ืค ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื’ ื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ‘ื’ื˜ื•’ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ “ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช”.

ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื–ืจื”. ื”ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœ”ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช”, ืืš ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืชื ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื™ืคื˜ืจื• ืžื”ื’ื–ืจื”. ืื•ืœื ืื ื™ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืฉื”ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœ”ืžื—ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”” ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื—ืื™. ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช. ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื•, ืื™ื–ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืคื—ื•ืช. ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื˜ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”’ื’ื˜ื•’ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื—ืœื—ืœื”, ืืš ื’ื ื‘”ืžื—ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”” ื˜ืžื•ื ื•ืช ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช…

ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืฉื•ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื™ืกืขื• ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื™ื—ื ื•.

ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ื•ืคืกืง: “ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื’ื˜ื•! ‘ื ืคืœื” ื ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื”’ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืื“ื ืืœ ืืคื•ืœื”’. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”’, ื•ืœื ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื‘ื’ื˜ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ื•. ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืฉืœ ‘ื ืคืœื” ื ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื””. ืืš ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืจื™ ื ื”ื™ื” ‘ื‘ื™ื“ ืื“ื’.”

ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื‘ืœื• ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ- ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืžื”, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื, ื ืฉืžืขืช ื•ื ื›ื ืขืช ื›ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ ืื—ื“, ืœื“ืขืช ืงื“ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—. ื›ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ืœื’ื˜ื• ืฉื ื—ืื™.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ืชืฆื•ื”

ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘

ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืž”ืง ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืžืขืจื‘. ื•ืข’ ืชื•ืก’ ื‘”ื‘ ื›”ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.

ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘”ื‘ ื›”ื” ื“ื™”ื ื“ืžื””ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืกืงื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ืžื™ื”ื• ืื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืœื›ื”. ื•ื ”ืž ื’ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืชื•ื— ืข’ ืž”ื‘ ื’’ ื™’ ื“ืœื ื™ื”ื ืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ืœืžืขืจื‘ ื›ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘. (ื•ืข”ืฉ ื“ื””ื” ืœื ืœืžื–ืจื— ื›ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื›ื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ืข”ืฉ ืกืง”ื˜ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื’ื ืœื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื).

ื•ื˜ืขื ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืข ืžื•”ื  ื—”ื’ ืž”ื” ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ื’ื“ ืืœื• ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืžื–ืจื—. (ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ืคื ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืค’ ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžืžืฉ ื“ื”ืจื™ ืœื™ืช ืืชืจ ืคื ื•ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื”. ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ืชืคื”ื™ ืฉื, ื•ืข”ืฉ ืชืคื”ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื“ืœื–ื• ืฉืจื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžื–ืจื—ื• ื•ืœื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ, ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื• ื“ื”ื•ื™ ืœืžื–ืจื— ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื–ื• ื•ื”ืจื™ ื’ื ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช. ื•ืœื›ื’ ืœืคื™ ืžื•”ื  ื”ืฉ).

ื•ืข’ ืจ’ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืค’ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื•ืงืข ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, (ื•ืข”ืฉ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื• ืœื“ืจื•ื, ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ืขื•ืœื” ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกื•ืฃ). ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื™ืชื’ืœื”.

ื•ืข’ ืชื•ืก’ ื‘”ื‘ ื›”ื” ืืžืื™ ื™ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื’ืž’ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืœืš ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœ”ืœ ื›ื™ ืง”ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.

ื•ืชื™’ ืจื™ืฆื‘”ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืง”ืง ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—. ื•ืข’ ืฆืœ”ื— ื™ื•ืžื ื ”ื ืข”ื‘ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื—ื•ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ื›”ื› ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื ืค”ื“ ืžื‘ื””ื‘ ื””ื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืง”ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื•. ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ืขื›”ืค ืžืื—ืจ ื“ื™ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื’ืž’ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืœืš ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื“ืžื””ื˜ ื‘ืืžืช ืง”ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.

ื•ืข’ ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื’ ื™”ื‘ ืžื””ื˜ ืง”ืง ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.

ื•ืข’ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืฉืคืชื™ ืฆื“ืง ืคืœ”ื ืขืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืฆื“ ืžืขืจื‘ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื. (ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืœื›ื’ ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื).

ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื””ืฉ ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืื—ืจ ื›ืชืœื ื•, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ืฉืžื•”ืจ ื‘’ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืชืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื–ื–ื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื•ืง’ ืžื ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืงื ื›ื•ืชืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ื›ื•ืชืœ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืœื›ื’ ื™”ืœ ื›ื ”ืœ ื›ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืชื™’ ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื ื›ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืง”ืง ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ื•ืชืœ.

ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Aryeh ztโ€l

ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœืชืคืืจืช

ืดื•ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืงื“ืฉ ืœืื”ืจืŸ ืื—ื™ืš ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœืชืคืืจืชืด (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื—, ื‘), ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ (ื›ื—, ืž) ื ืืžืจ “ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ืชืขืฉื” ื›ืชื ืช, ื•ืขืฉื™ืช ืœื”ื ืื‘ื ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืžื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืชืขืฉื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœืชืคืืจืชืด, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื ื•: ืดืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ืด – ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื-ืœ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•ืด, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ: ืดืฉื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืงื“ืฉ ืœืื”ืจืŸ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ื”ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืืด.

ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ: “ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœืชืคืืจืชืด – ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืžืคื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื—ืชืŸ ื™ื›ื”ืŸ ืคืืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืกื, ื™), ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ื›ื“ืžื•ืชืŸ ื™ืœื‘ืฉื• ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืื™ื“ืš ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืž’ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื‘.): ืดื‘ื”ืจืื•ืชื• ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื™ืงืจ ืชืคืืจืช ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื•” (ืืกืชืจ ื, ื“) – ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื•ื ืชืขื˜ืฃ ื•ืขืžื“, ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื ื™ืงืจ ืชืคืืจืช ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื•, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœืชืคืืจืช.

ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืฉืข ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืžืดืง, ื•ื—ื™ืœืœ ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื›ื”ื•ื ื”, ื•ืœืงื— ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”.

 

ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• – ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“

ืดืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•ืด โ€“ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื ื‘ืจืื• ืืœื ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ืื—ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”’ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืณ ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžืœืš ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžืœืš.

ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืฉืจืชื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืงื‘”ื”.

ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื, ื•ื–ื• ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืชื ื ื’ื“ ื”’ ื•ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉื™ื—ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื ืืœื ืœืขืฆืžื.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืจืขื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื™ื ืœื• ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ื” ืœื™. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉืดื™ ืดืื™ื ื™ ื—ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”ืด.

ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืœื›ืœื•ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื‘ื“ื•, ื—ืคืฅ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•, ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื•.

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ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืกื ืฉืœื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืžื—ื” ืฉืžื• ืขื•ืœ ืขืžืœืง

ืดื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืœืš ืขืžืœืงโ€ (ื“ื‘ืจื™โ–ก ื›ื”, ื™ื–). ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•.

ืดืืฉืจ ืงืจืš ื‘ื“ืจืšืด – ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉืดื™ ืดืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื, ืฆื ื ืš ื•ื”ืคืฉื™ืจืš ืžืจืชื™ื—ืชืš, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื›ื ื•ื‘ื ื–ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืจืื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืœ ืœืืžื‘ื˜ื™ ืจื•ืชื—ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืจื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื‘ื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืงืคืฅ ื•ื™ืจื“ ืœืชื•ื›ื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื›ื•ื” ื”ืงืจื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ืืด.

ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืฉืจืื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขืžื”ื, ื•ื”ื ืžืžืœื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœื”’ ื™ืช’, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืืจื•ืจื™ื, ืขืžืœืง ื™ืฉืดื•, ื‘ื ื•ืฆื™ื ืŸ ื•ื–ืœื–ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื™ืจืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ.

 

ื‘ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ื”

ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื•ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง – ืขืฉื•, ืดื•ื™ื‘ื– ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”ืด – ื‘ื™ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื. ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื, (ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืกืชืดืจ), ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืขืฉื• ื ืืžืจ ืณื•ื™ื‘ื–ืณ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืŸ ื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ื™ื‘ื– ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื™ื“’ – ื‘ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ื”.

ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื–, ื˜ื–) ืดื›ื™ ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืก ื™-ื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื”’ ื‘ืขืžืœืง ืžื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจ” – ื ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืฉืœื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืกื ืฉืœื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืžื—ื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื›ืฉื™ืžื—ื” ืฉืžื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ืฉืœื ื•ื”ื›ืกื ืฉืœื (ืจืฉืดื™). ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืกื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขืžืœืง ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืกื ืฉืœื, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื™ืžื—ื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืขืžืœืง ื›ื•ืœื•, ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืขืžืœืง ืืช ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืžืดืฉ ืดื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ื” ืœื™ืด ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืืจ ื–ื›ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ืื– ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื”.

 

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื

ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื›ืจ ืขืžืœืง ืžืงืจื‘ื•, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื—ืดื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชืคืœื” ืื• ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืดื–ื›ืจ ืขืžืœืงืด.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืžืณ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•:) ืดื›ืจื•ื ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื–ืœื–ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื”.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืืžืจื• (ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื’.) ืดื™ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ื ื™ืืด ืžื›ื”ืดื’ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœืคื ื™ื, ื•ืœืžื” ื“ืจืฉื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉ, ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืดื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื ืืช ื”’, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืงืจื” ืืฃ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื–ื•.

ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช (ืคืดื’ ืžืดื‘) ืดืจืดื— ื‘ืŸ ืชืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“ืดืช ื”ืจื™ืดื– ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืฆื™ื, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ืด, ื•ืžื‘ืืจ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื (ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื) ืฉื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื ืืžืจ ืดื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืณ ื—ืคืฆื•ืด, ื”ืจื™ ื›ื™ ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืœืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืณ.

ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ื’, ืงืขื–), ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ืช ืœืฆื™ื, ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืขื™ื™ืดืฉ, ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉื ื”ื™ื: ืดื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืจื ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืงื‘ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื ืฆื— ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžื™ืจื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื – ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื–ื•ืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืณ ื•ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืืด.

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ืื ืชื‘ืงืฉื ื” ื›ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืžื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืคืฉื ื” ืื– ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ

ืดืื ืชื‘ืงืฉื ื” ื›ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืžื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืคืฉื ื” ืื– ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณืด (ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘, ื“) – ื›ืฉืชืขืงื•ืจ ืžืœื‘ืš ื›ืœ ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ ืื– ืชื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ื”’, ื›ื™ ืชื“ืข ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื™ืจืืช ื”’ ืืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ื”’ ืžื”ื™.

 

ื•ืœื ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื—ื™

ื•ื”ื ื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืฉืช ื™ืชืจื• (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›, ื›ื’): โ€ื•ืœื ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืชื’ืœื” ืขืจื•ืชืš ืขืœื™ื•โ€, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ื•ืฉืดื™: ื•ื”ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื•ืžื” ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืขืช ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ื ืŸ, ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ื™ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืš, ื•ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ื ื•, ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”.

ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืŸ, ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ืงืดื•, ืืš ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืกืจืš ืงื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืš ‘ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืš’ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืืดื› ื”ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื”ืจื™ืดื– ืคื•ื’ืข ื—ืดื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•, ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื–ื›ืจ ืขืžืœืง ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ืชื• ืžืœื‘.

ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืืช ื–ื›ืจ ืขืžืœืง, ืฉืœื ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื—ืดื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืจืืชื ื•, ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื™ืงืจ, ื•ืœืชืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืจื” ืœืชืคืœื” ื•ืœื™ืจืื”, ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืš. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช “ื›ื™ ืžื—ื” ืืžื—ื” ืืช ื–ื›ืจ ืขืžืœืงืด, ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื.

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Elefant, Harav Hagaon Yosef Shlita

Preempting Hamanโ€™s Shekalim

Parshas Tetzaveh

Harav Hagaon Yosef Elefant shlita

The Gemara (Megillah 13b) states that Hakadosh Baruch Hu ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืฉืงืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืฉืงืœื™ื• โ€” He preceded Hamanโ€™s shekalim with Klal Yisraelโ€™s shekalim. Haman wanted to pay money to Achashverosh for Klal Yisrael, so Hakadosh Baruch Hu ensured that Parshas Shekalim would be read before Purim so that our shekalim could preempt the shekalim of Haman.

Yet the money that Haman paid would seem to be a trivial part of the story: He wanted to pay money to convince Achashverosh to allow him to annihilate Klal Yisrael, and Achashverosh didnโ€™t want to take the money. What was so significant about Hamanโ€™s paying money โ€” or wanting to pay money โ€” that required Klal Yisrael to donate their machatzis hashekel first?

A similar, perhaps even stronger question can be asked about the message Mordechai sent to Esther via Hasach, in which he informed her of everything that happened to him โ€” ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืงืจื”ื• โ€” and then about the money that Haman wanted to pay: ื•ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ. Didnโ€™t โ€œeverything that happenedโ€ include the detail of the proposed payment, among the other aspects of Hamanโ€™s plan to annihilate the Yidden? Why is the money described as a separate saga โ€” ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ โ€” as if itโ€™s not even part of the story? What makes this even more puzzling is that in the end Haman didnโ€™t even pay the money. So why was this saga of the money singled out, if it never even came to pass? Clearly, Hamanโ€™s desire to pay the money was significant enough for Mordechai to notify Esther about it separately, not as part of โ€œeverything that happened.โ€

Tosafos (Megillah 16a) raise another interesting point about Hamanโ€™s offer of money. He wanted to pay ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ื›ื›ืจ ื›ืกืฃ, which is equivalent to half a shekel for every Yid. (Six hundred thousand half-shekels amount to precisely ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ื›ื›ืจ ื›ืกืฃ.)

Clearly, then, the money that Haman wanted to pay was not merely a lump sum of shekalim corresponding to the shekalim of Klal Yisrael in general, but rather a precise amount calibrated to the machatzis hashekel for each individual Yid.

Why did Haman want to pay specifically a machatzis hashekel? And why do we pay specifically a machatzis hashekel?

Before we explore that, let us focus on another intriguing aspect of Tosafosโ€™s chiddush: The money that Haman wanted to pay Achashverosh was not in order to get Achashverosh to agree to his decree; rather, he was paying Achashverosh for the Yidden โ€” in the language of Tosafos, he was being ืคื•ื“ื” them from Achashverosh. The purpose of this payment was not to bribe or persuade Achashverosh to sign on the decree; rather, it was a per capita payment.

What was the significance of Hamanโ€™s โ€œbuyingโ€ the Yidden from Achashverosh for a ย machatzis hashekel?

The Unique Stamp of a Person

The Mishnah states (Sanhedrin 37a):

ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืข ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืชื ืื—ื“ – ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื“ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื.

Chazal are teaching that Hakadosh Baruch Huโ€™s greatness is manifest in His ability to stamp each human being with the same imprint, that of Adam Harishon, and produce individuals who are all unique. In contrast, when a person mints coins using the same mold, they are all identical.

Consequently, the Mishnah continues, a person is obligated to declare: The world was created for my sake! Iโ€™m a unique event that never before occurred and will never happen again.

The Mishnah is expressing two distinct ideas here. One is that a human being is compared to a coin. The second is that each person is a unique, one-time event; Hakadosh Baruch Hu creates each of these โ€œcoinsโ€ as a one-time mint edition.

A coin, the Gemara teaches in Perek Hazahav of Bava Metzia, has two aspects to it: the chomer โ€” the actual material used to produce the coin, and the tzurah โ€” the stamp imprinted on it. The word for coin, matbeiโ€™a, originates from the word for โ€œstamp,โ€ which reflects the spiritual value of the coin. The chomer (material) and tzurah (stamp) on the coin form one unit, just as a human being โ€” who is compared to a matbeiโ€™a โ€” is a single unit of chomer, the body, and tzurah, the neshamah stamped onto it.

Chana declared, in her tefillah, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืืœืงื™ื ื•, which the Gemara expounds to mean, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื›ืืœืงื™ื ื• โ€” the Eibishter is the ultimate artist. He gives a tzurah to afar โ€” ืื“ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืžืขืคืจ โ€” and that tzurah is the neshamah, which lends purpose to the guf in much the same way a picture of George Washington gives a tzurah to a piece of metal and turns it into a quarter.

As the Gemara teaches, Hakadosh Baruch Hu has a mint, a conveyor belt where the earth passes as He stamps each individual with a unique imprint. Rashi there explains the significance of a person recognizing his own uniqueness: This will motivate him to refrain from sinning, because he will grasp the incredible weight of his actions โ€” his mitzvos, his speech, his thoughts, and, of course, his aveiros.

Not for Sale!

So the uniqueness of a human being is comparable to a coin because it represents a specific combination of guf and neshamah, just as a coin combines chomer and tzurah.

The Maharal (Gur Aryeh, Parshas Terumah) notes that the shekel was equivalent to 20 geirah, so a machatzis hashekel was ten geirah. He sees significance in this based on the Gemaraโ€™s teaching in Niddah that there are three partners in a person โ€” his father, his mother, and Hakadosh Baruch Hu. The father and mother each give the child five physical parts, while Hakadosh Baruch Hu gives ten parts, including the ruach, as well as the faculties of vision and hearing. The Maharal describes the ten parts that Hakadosh Baruch Hu gives as ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื. These ten parts correspond to the machatzis hashekel, the shekel being the totality of the person, who is composed of twenty parts.

We know from the Mishnah in Sanhedrin that a human being is compared to a coin. The machatzis hashekel corresponds to the neshamah, encompassing the ten spiritual aspects that Hakadosh Baruch Hu gives. That, says the Maharal, is why the machatzis hashekel was contributed toward the korbanos tzibbur, whose function was ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื›ื โ€” to atone for the neshamah.

On the words ื–ื” ื™ืชื ื•, in Parshas Ki Sisa, Rashi teaches that the machatzis hashekel is a matbeiโ€™a shel eish โ€” a fiery coin that Chazal say comes from under the Kisei Hakavod, representing the neshamah of a Yid, the ruchniyus half of his being.

Based on Tosafosโ€™s statement that the money Haman wanted to give Achashverosh was not to convince him to agree to kill the Yidden but rather payment of a machatzis hashekel per head for the Yidden themselves, the Shem MiShmuel observes that Achashverosh was actually selling Klal Yisrael.

But how is it possible to sell Klal Yisrael? Achashverosh was able to sell Haman only their guf, not their neshamah. A personโ€™s spirit cannot be owned by anyone else. So if Haman was buying the Yidden from Achashverosh, it means Achashverosh was selling their bodies, their chitzoniyus. The Shem MiShmuel explains that this was possible because the Yidden sinned by enjoying Achashveroshโ€™s feast โ€” this was the cheit that caused Hamanโ€™s gezeirah. They became mired in gashmiyus, they sunk into hedonism, and they became megusham, so their guf became dominant. Once that happened, they were for sale, because unlike the neshamah, the guf can fall under the control of an outside party.

We can explain, then, that because the Yidden partook of Achashveroshโ€™s feast and emphasized their own gashmiyus, Haman was able to โ€œbuyโ€ their guf with a machatzis hashekel, corresponding to the ten physical parts of a person.

Chazalโ€™s statement that Hakadosh Baruch Hu preceded Hamanโ€™s shekalim with Klal Yisraelโ€™s shekalim โ€” ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืฉืงืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืฉืงืœื™ื• โ€” can now be understood on a deeper level. We give our shekalim ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื›ื, giving expression to the matbeiโ€™a shel eish, the machatzis hashekel that represents our neshamah, our inner, spiritual core.

The matbeiโ€™a shel eish, signifying the ten parts of a person that the Eibishter gives, not only created a counterbalance for the machatzis hashekel that Haman gave, but also was mesakein the very concept that Klal Yisrael could be sold: In reality, we canโ€™t be sold for money.

When Mordechai sent his message to Esther, he was conveying that besides ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืงืจื”ื•, besides everything that happened, an additional degradation of Klal Yisrael had occurred: the ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, the fact that Haman wanted to pay money to โ€œbuyโ€ Klal Yisrael, as if they were for sale by the pound, or by the head. With this depiction, Mordechai was expressing to Esther the severity of the gezeirah: not only did all this happen, but beyond that, Klal Yisrael has sunk so low that they could actually be sold for a machatzis hashekel representing the guf.

But that is precisely why Hashem arranged for our shekalim to precede those of Haman. The tikkun for his would-be purchase was for us to find in ourselves the spiritual core, the pnimiyus, the matbeiโ€™a shel eish, the chelek Eloka mimaal. That was the beginning of the rectification for Klal Yisraelโ€™s partaking of the seudah of Achashverosh, for it declared that Klal Yisrael is holy, Klal Yisrael is spiritual, Klal Yisrael is connected to the Eibishter.

Gut Shabbos and a freilichen Purim.

 

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