VayikraTazria

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yechezkel Levinshtein, ztโ€l

ืžืฉื›ื• ื•ืงื—ื• ืœื›ื ืฆืืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื•ืฉื—ื˜ื• ื”ืคืกื— (ื™ื‘,ื›ื)

ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ื”ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื ืคืขืœื•. ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ืœื ื—ืกืจ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.

ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืชื•ืคืก ืื™ืœ ืื• ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื•, ื•ืฉื•ืคืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจ ื•ืžื‘ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœ, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื•ืื™ื ื•ืœื ื˜ื•ืขืžื™ื.

ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื,ืืชื ื–ื™ื ืงืชื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื, ืืฃ ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืฆืืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืืชื ื ืžืกื™ื.

ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆืขืจ ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ื ื›ืœืœ, ืฉื™ืœื ืœื”ื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ื, ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ื”.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Nosson Tzvi Finkel ztโ€l

ืื ื™ ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“’ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื—ื“, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืฆื‘ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืชืจื•ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื•ื ื” ื›ืขืช. ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ: “ืื›ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ืš ืงืฉื”, ืืš ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื” ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ืขืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขื ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืื›ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื›ื” ื”ื’ื•ื ื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืืš ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจื ”ืฆ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ืขื ื” ืœื•: “ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืก! ืžื” ืœืžืขืฉื”?” ืืžืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขืฉื™ืจ: “ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ืืš ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœืชืช ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืฉืœื” ืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง.” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืชืจืจื” ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืงืฆืจื”, ื•ืื– ืขื ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืขืกืงื”, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืฆืืชื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื””ื’ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื–ืฆ”ืœ: “ืื‘ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช?”

ืขื ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: “ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื›ืืŸ? ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”! ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื“ื™.”

ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืืžืฅ ืื•ืชื• ืขืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืจืื” ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ืชื–ืจื™ืข

ืฆืจืขืช ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข.

ืข’ ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื˜”ื– ืข”ื ื“ืขื•ื ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืœืฉื””ืจ ื‘ืฆืจืขืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืงืจื ื•ืข’ ืฉ”ืž ืืžืื™ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืžืจื™ื. ื•ืข’ ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืก’ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—”ื‘ ืžืจ’ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืจ’ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืžื•ืกื’ืจ ื•ืœื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ื•ืข’ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืง”ื’ ืกื•ืฃ ืข”ื‘ ื“”ื” ืื™ ืืžืจืช, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืกื’ืจืช.

ื•ืข’ ืฉ”ืž ืฉืชื™’ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืืกื›ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืžืจื™ื. ื•ื”ืงืฉื• ืข”ื– ื“ื’ื ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืœืฉื””ืจ, ื•ื”ื ื“ืžืชื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” ืœ”ื” ื‘ืืกื›ืจื” ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ื›ื™ ืœืฉื””ืจ ื‘ืืกื›ืจื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœ”ื’ ื“ืœืฉื””ืจ ื‘ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืืกื›ืจื” ื•ื›ืž”ืฉ ืฉื ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื (ืžืฉื”ื› ืžืจื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืืžืช). ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ื—ื–ืจ ืงื•’ ื”ืฉ”ืž ืœืžืงื•ืžื•.

ื•ืข’ ื—”ื— ื—”ื‘ ืค”ื› ืฉื”ืง’ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื™ื ื“ืœื ืื”ื ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื ืขื, ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืžื›ืคืจ, ื•ืชื™’ ื”ื—”ื— ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ื ื‘ื™ื ื”’, ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื“ืœืคื™ ื”ื—”ื— ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืงื•’ ื”ืฉ”ืž, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื” ืžืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ื ื‘ื™ื ื”’. ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื›ืชื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืืœืชื•ืช ืค”ื— ืื•ืช ืง”ื“ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืงื•’ ื”ืฉ”ืž, ืืœื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื—”ื— ื‘ืืžืช ืฆ”ืœ ื›ืŸ.

ื•ืงืฆ”ืข ื“ื”ืจื™ ืžืฉื ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื””ื ืœืžืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ื’ ื ืจืื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื—”ื— ื“ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืœื ืื”ื ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆืจืขืช, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืงื ื” ืข”ื™ ืžืขื™ืœ ืฉืžื›ืคืจ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื ื‘ื™ื ื”’ ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืขื™ืœ ืœื›ืคืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื” ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืœ ืœื ืื”ื ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจืขืช. ื•ืจืื™ื” ืœื–ื” ื“ื”ืœื ื”ื—”ื— ื›ืœืœ ื‘’ ื”ื’”ื” ื‘’ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืžืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื™ื ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื”ื•ื™ ืœืฉื””ืจ ื•ื“ืœื ื›ืžื”ืจ”ืœ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืžืฉื ื‘ื‘ืž”ื— ื”’ ื™”ื ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื™ ืœืฉื””ืจ. ื•ืœื ื“ื—ื” ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื“ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ื ื‘ื™ื ื”’, ื•ืž”ืฉ ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ืื”ื ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉื“ื—ื” ื›ืŸ. ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื ”ืœ ื”ืฉ.

ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Refoel Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ืœืงืจืืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื

ื

ื) ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ืืฉืจ ืงื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื•ืœืื‘ื“, ื›ื”ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืชื•, ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžืฆื™ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ื. ืืš ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืžืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–”ืœ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆ”ื“ ื‘’) ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืŸ, ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช, ืžื” ืขืฉื”, ื ืขืฅ ื—ืจื‘ ืขืœ ืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืž”ื“ ื•ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื™ื“ืงืจ ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื›ื•’.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื ืขืฅ ื”ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ืคืชื— ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ื“, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื–ืจื– ืืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ื“, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืก”ื’) ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจืคื” ืขืฆืžื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ื— ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืช ืฆืจื”, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื”.

ื‘) ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขืกืง ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœืชื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ืืžืจื• ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื˜”ื– ื‘’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื™”ื“ ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืขื ืฉ, [ืฉืœื ื ืขื“ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืžื ื• ืืœื ื›”ื‘ ืฉื ื” ื›ืื•ืชืŸ ื›”ื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืฉื”ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื™”ื“ ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื‘ืจ].

ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ืŸ ื ื“ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืงืœื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆื•ื” ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื“ื—ืžื™ืจื ื“ื”ื•ืงืฉ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืช”ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืž”ืž ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ืช”ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืืชื” ื•ืื‘ื™ืš ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ืช”ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื”, [ืขื™’ ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื˜’ ื]. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืžื™ ื ื“ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื™, ืื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื“ื•ื—ื” ืช”ืช ื›ืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื, (ื•ื›”ืž ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื ืœ”ื— ื‘’ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืจืš ื”ืื‘ ืœื”ื“ื™ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืช”ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘), ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื“ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื ื›ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื‘ื™ื• ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™’ ื“ืื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืช”ืช ื”ื› ืœืžื” ืœื ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื› ืืฃ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืช”ืช ืœืžื” ืœื ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘. ื•ืื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื” ืช”ืช, ื”ื› ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืขืžื ื“ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืช”ืช ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ืฉืืฃ ืื ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ืž”ืž ืช”ืช ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ืื‘ื™ื• ืืœ ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื ื™ืฉืžืข ืœื•, (ื“ืžืฉื•ื ืืชื” ื•ืื‘ื™ืš ื•ื›ื•’ ื ื“ื—ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืงืœื”, ืืข”ื’ ื“ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”, ื“ื”ื•ืงืฉ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื), ื•ืžื””ื˜ ืœื ื ืขื ืฉ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื” ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœ ืช”ืช ืžื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘.

ื’) ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืง’ ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื, ืž”ื˜ ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืžืกืชืžื ืžื—ืœื• ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื•ื”ื•, ื•ืž”ื˜ ื ืขื ืฉ, [ื•ืชื™’ ืฉืจื‘ืงื” ืฉืœื—ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ื™”ื“ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื”ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ืฆ”ืข ื) ื“ืž”ืž ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื ืืฉื”. ื‘) ื“ื”ื› ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืช”ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื—ื” ื ืกื™ืขืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืŸ, ื“ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื“ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืฉืืœื• ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื• ื™”ื“ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืฆ”ืข. ืžื™ื”ื• ื‘ืœื”ื” ื ืžื™ ื”ืจื™ ืœื ืžื—ืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืœื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ืœืคื“ืŸ ืืจื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืกื•”ืก ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžื—ืœ ืœื•, ืื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืื–. ื’) ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ”ื” ื”’ ื›’ ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืคื“ืŸ ืืจื].

ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืข”ืค ืฉื”ืœืš ืข”ืค ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื•, ืž”ืž ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืข”ื™ ืฉืœืงื— ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื“ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืคื™ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื•, [ืืข”ืค ืฉืขืฉื” ืข”ืค ืจื‘ืงื”, ืž”ืž ืœื ืขืฉื” ืข”ืค ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื•ืฆ”ื‘], ื•ืžืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื™”ื“ ืฉื ื” ืฉืžืขื™ื ืŸ ื“ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืช”ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื.

ื•ื ืจืื” ืœืค”ื– ื“ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืื, ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืฉื” ืืข”ื’ ื“ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš, ืืœื ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื—ืกืจื” ืœื• ืžืฆื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉ”ื ื‘ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื“ื‘ืขื™ื“ื ื ื“ืจื™ืชื—ื ืžืขื ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื“ืืžืจื™’ ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืž”ื ื’ [ื•ืขื™’ ืชื•ืก’ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื™”ื’ ื‘’ ื“”ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ, ื“ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ื™ืข”ืฉ] ื•ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืœื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžื ื”, ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื”.

ื•ืืฃ ืื™ ื ื™ืžื ื“ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฉื”ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืœื— ืœืคื“ืŸ ืืจื, [ื•ืž”ืž ื”ืจื™ ื ืขื ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›”ื‘ ืฉื ื” ืฉื ืฉืœื—, ื•ืข”ื› ื›ื“ืœืขื™ืœ, ื“ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืจื], ืž”ืž ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืกื•”ืก ืœื ืืžืจ ืœื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ืืœื ืจืง ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื• ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, [ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ืื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘].

ื•ืžืขืชื” ื”ืฉ ืžืฉื””ืง ืœืขื™ืœ ื“ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืช”ืช, ื“ื”ื ื” ืืžืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืจื™ืฉ ืคืื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจ”ืฉ ืฉื ืž”ื), ื•ื‘ืžื•”ืง ื˜’ ื‘’ ื›ืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ืš ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืคืฆื™ ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืž”ืž ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ืช”ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื”, [ืขื™’ ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื˜’ ื’] ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืข”ืค ืฉืžืขืœืช ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืขืค”ื› ื ื“ื—ื™ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ืžืฆื•ื”.

ื•ืœืค”ื– ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ืœื ื”ื•ื” ืžื”ื ื™ ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœืช ืช”ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื“ื”ืจื™ ื ื“ื—ื™ืช ืช”ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืข”ืž ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื™ื”, ื“ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื•ืจืง ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื—ืกืจื” ืœื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ืžืฆื•ืช ืช”ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ”ืœ, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื“ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืž”ืช, ื“ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืช”ืช ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื•ืจืง ื“ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ื””ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืขื ืฉ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ื ื’”ื› ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืช”ืช, [ื”ื  ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ื“ื”ื› ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื” ืขืœ “ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืช”ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘” ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”], ื”ื› ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ื”, ืื™ ืช”ืช ื ื“ื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ืื• ืœืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืช”ืช, ื“ืœ”ืฉ ืœื ืกื‘ืจืช ืืช ื•ืื™ื‘ืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœ”ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืช”ืช ื ื“ื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื“ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืช”ืช ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืข”ืž ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื•ืœ”ืฉ ื›ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืž”ืช, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืคื™ืจ ืžื•ื›ื— ืžืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื™”ื“ ืฉื ื” ื“ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืช”ืช ื•ื›ื•’.

ื“) ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื˜”ื– ื™ื•”ื“ ืกื™’ ืจื ”ื ืกืง”ื• ื‘ืžืฉ”ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื, ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืช”ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื ืžื ื” ื‘ืชื—ืœื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืฉืจ ื ืžื ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื•ืขื™”ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉื™ืจื“ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, [ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื•ืืขืค”ื› ื™ืจื“ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื•], ื•ื”ืง’ ืžื”ืจืฉ”ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•”ื“ ืจื ”ื ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืช”ืช ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืืžืจื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืช”ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ืชื™’ ื”ื˜”ื– ืฉื ืกืง”ื• ื“ืืžื ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืžืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื• ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื™”ื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืช”ืช ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืœื” ืžืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื—”ื› ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืชื•ืจื”, [ื•ื™ืขื•”ืฉ ืžืฉ”ื› ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง].

ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืžืขืœืช ืช”ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื• ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ื—ื” ืช”ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืงื˜ืŸ, ืืš ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ (ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื“ื”ืจื™ ืื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืช”ืช ื™ื™ืขื ืฉ ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ), ื•ืž”ืž ื›ืฉื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืœื”, ืช”ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื.

ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื™ื“ื•, ืื ืจืง ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื“ื•ื—ื” ืช”ืช, ื™ืขืฉื ื” ืข”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืช”ืช.

ื‘

ื”) ื”ืืžื ื ื“ืœ”ืž ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืžืžืจื™ื ืค”ื• ื”ื™”ื’, ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืฉืงื™ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ื™ื ื™ื— ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืช”ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื•ื›”ื› ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ื™ื•”ื“ ืกื™’ ืจ”ืž ืกื™”ื‘ ื•ืกื™”ื’, [ื•ืขื™”ืฉ ื‘ืฉ”ืš ื•ื‘ื˜ื•”ื– ื“ื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ืžื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืœื ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื‘ืจ], ื•ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื“ื™ื ื ืงืืžืจ, ืฉื™ื ื™ื— ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืช”ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืช”ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ืงืฉื”, ื“ืžืž”ื , ืื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืช”ืช ื ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื› ืžื” ืžื”ื ื™ ืžื” ื“ืชืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื•ื”ืจื™

ืช”ืช ื ื“ื—ื” ืžื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืงืœื”, ื•ืื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืช”ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ื› ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืช”ืช, ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืคื ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืงืœื” ื ื“ื—ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, [ื•ืฉื ื™ ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ืœ”ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื“ืงืืžืจ ื“ื™ื ื.

ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืช”ืช ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื• ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื• ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ, ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื“ื™ื ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืช”ืช ื•ืžื ื™ื— ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘. [ื•ืœืค”ื– ืจืื™ืช ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืžื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ืœืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืขืกืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ืื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื›ืœืœ ื“ื›ืฉืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื“ื–ื• ืกื‘ืจื ื”ื™ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืช”ืช ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘].

ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืจ”ื— ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืกื™’ ืจ”ืž [ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคืช”ืฉ ืฉื ืก”ืง ื—’] ืœื ื›”ื›, ื•ื–”ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืช”ืช ื•ื›ื•’, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืœืš ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืจืชื•, ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ื‘ืกื™’ ืจืž”ื• ืกื™”ื—, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืช”ืช ื ื“ื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื“ืื ื”ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ืข”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื™ื ื™ื— ืืช ืœืžื•ื“ื• ื•ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืก, ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื‘ืืจ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื, ื“ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื™ื“ื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืช”ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ืืฃ ื“ืช”ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืž”ืž ื”ืจื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆ”ืข ื“ืช”ืช, [ืขื™ืžืฉ”ื  ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™’ ื™”ื (ืž”ื‘) ืื•ืช ื’’ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื–ื”], ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœ”ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืืชื” ื•ืื‘ื™ืš ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื“ืืžืจื™’ ืœืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื, ื“ืช”ืช ื ื“ื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.

ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื•ื”ืฉื•”ืข ืื™ื ื ืืœื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืœืš ืœืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช, ื“ืื– ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืช”ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืข”ื– ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื’ืž’ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืžื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื–ื” ืฆ”ืข, ื“ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ ื–ื• ื“ืช”ืช ื ื“ื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช, ืฉืื– ืช”ืช ื“ื•ื—ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘.

ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื‘ืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื“ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื–ื• ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ืช ืื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืช”ืช ื ื“ื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช, ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื“ื”ืจื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื—ื” ืช”ืช, ื•ื”ื› ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืช”ืช ืื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, [ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื  ืœืขื™ืœ ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืืจ ืฆืจื›ื™ื•], ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื•, ืื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืจื• ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ืื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืช”ืช, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืืžืจื™’ ื“ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืช”ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘. [ื•ืขื™’ ืชืจื•ื””ื“ ืกื™’ ืž’ ื•ื”ื’ืจ”ื ื™ื•”ื“ ืกื™’ ืจ”ืž ืก”ืง ืœ”ื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆ”ืข ืฉื].

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Harav Hagaon Peretz Tarshish Shlita

Bringing the Story to Life

Pesach

Harav Hagaon Peretz Tarshish

R’ Chaim Soloveitchik famously asks, how does the mitzvah of sippur Yetzias Mitzrayim on the Seder night differ from the mitzvah of zechiras Yetzias Mitzrayim each day during Shacharis and Maariv? In both mitzvos, we are describing how we left Mitzrayim, so what is unique about the mitzvah of sippur Yetzias Mitzrayim that we do not have the rest of the year? R’ Chaim points to three halachic distinctions: One, sippur Yetzias Mitzrayim must be done in a manner of question and answer, with a give-and-take. Two, the story must be told in a specific way: ืžึทืชึฐื—ึดื™ืœ ื‘ึดึผื’ึฐื ื•ึผืช ื•ึผืžึฐืกึทื™ึตึผื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึถืื‘ึทื—. We start by describing how our ancestors worshipped idols โ€” ืžึดืชึฐึผื—ึดืœึธึผื” ืขื•ึนื‘ึฐื“ึตื™ ืขึฒื‘ื•ึนื“ึธื” ื–ึธืจึธื” โ€” and we finish with ืขึทื›ึฐืฉึธืื™ื• ืงึตืจึฐื‘ึธื ื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึธึผืงื•ึนื ืœึทืขึฒื‘ื“ึธืชื•ึน. Three, the story of Yetzias Mitzrayim must be told with matzah, maror, and pesach before us; indeed, Rabban Gamliel states that if we did not mention these three items we do not fulfill our obligation. In contrast, there is no obligation to mention the korban Pesach during Shacharis and Maariv, nor are matzah and maror featured in those tefillos.

My father, ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ื›ืคืจืช ืžืฉื›ื‘ื•, noted that although Lashon Hakodesh has a limited vocabulary, certain concepts have many different terms associated with them. One is the concept of expressing oneself, which can be described as ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื™ื—, ืืžื™ืจื”, ื ืื•ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื’ื“ื”, etc. What, he asked, is the difference between sippur and haggadah? This is particularly important to us because these are two terms the Torah uses regarding the mitzvah to tell the story of Yetzias Mitzrayim on the Seder night, as it says: ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึทึผื“ึฐืชึธึผ ืœึฐื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ and also ื•ึผืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ืชึฐึผืกึทืคึตึผืจ ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ. There are no exactly synonymous words in Lashon Hakodesh, so sippur and haggadah canโ€™t be the same; each one has its own meaning, so whatโ€™s the difference between them?

He answered that sippur connotes relating a story that you experienced, putting yourself into the tale. For instance, when Yisro came to join the Yidden in the Midbar, Moshe Rabbeinu told him how Hashem had saved Klal Yisrael, and described all that Klal Yisrael had endured while journeying from Mitzrayim, and the Torah describes Mosheโ€™s account with the words ื•ึทื™ึฐืกึทืคึตึผืจ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืœึฐื—ึนืชึฐื ื•ึน. These were not just the dry facts; the story was alive.

Engaging Emotion

That is the point of sippur: it means telling a story to someone else with your feelings engaged, and describing all the small details as you bring the story to life.

In contrast, haggadah is a term used regarding eidus, and it connotes delivering the dry facts alone. When you testify in beis din, beis din is not interested in your feelings about what you experienced and whether you were traumatized. Whatโ€™s relevant to beis din is the black-and-white information you witnessed. When two people testify, the account turns from a subjective experience into an objective reality; if two people witnessed the same event, we can assume the account is truthful.

Now, when do we use the term sippur regarding Yetzias Mitzrayim, and when do we use the term haggadah? When the Haggadah emphasizes the requirement to relate the story of Yetzias Mitzrayim, it uses the term sippur: ื•ึทืึฒืคึดื™ืœื•ึผ ื›ึปึผืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื, ื›ึปึผืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ื ึฐื‘ื•ึนื ึดื™ื, ื›ึปึผืœึธื ื•ึผ ื–ึฐืงึตื ึดื™ื, ื›ึปึผืœึธื ื•ึผ ื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืกึทืคึตึผืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื. If the mitzvah would be to merely relate the dry facts, a talmid chacham, an educated person, could say that he knows the story already. But thatโ€™s not the mitzvah; the mitzvah is to relive the experience, to transmit it in an animated way that makes it come alive. So even if weโ€™re chachamim and zekeinim, we have a mitzvah to relate the story in a manner of sippur.

We can now also understand the idea of ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืžึทึผืจึฐื‘ึถึผื” ืœึฐืกึทืคึตึผืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื–ึถื” ืžึฐืฉึปืื‘ึธึผื—. The more you bring the story to life, and the more you elaborate, the more optimally you fulfill the mitzvah. But for that, there canโ€™t be a prescribed nusach. There is no nusach for โ€œmachmirimโ€; Chazal didnโ€™t tell us how to be meshubach in telling the story of Yetzias Mitzrayim at length. Thatโ€™s because itโ€™s up to each person to turn the tale into a reality, and thereby fulfill the mitzvah of sippur.

What, then, is the obligation of ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึทึผื“ึฐืชึธึผ ืœึฐื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ? This relates to a crucial difference in whom you are addressing. Does your son have ears? If so, you can fulfill the directive of ื•ึผืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ืชึฐึผืกึทืคึตึผืจ ื‘ึฐึผืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ. But if, chas veshalom, your son a rasha, you have to do ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึทึผื“ึฐืชึธึผ ืœึฐื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ, telling him, ื‘ึทึผืขึฒื‘ื•ึผืจ ื–ึถื” ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ื”’ ืœึดื™ ื‘ึฐึผืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื. When the child is not so interested in listening, donโ€™t speak at length. Keep it short and to the point, and just tell him the facts: โ€œThis is what Hakadosh Baruch Hu did for me. Unfortunately, my son, if you would have been there, I canโ€™t guarantee that you would have made it out.โ€

If, however, you are zocheh to be able to speak at length, make it alive: ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืžึทึผืจึฐื‘ึถึผื” ืœึฐืกึทืคึตึผืจ.

Rav Hutner explains that the lashon of sippur is related to the term ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึทืช ื”ึทืกึทึผืคึดึผื™ืจ, meaning sapphire. What is the connection between the two? As we explained, sippur Yetzias Mitzrayim involves telling the story through the prism of your reality, and bringing it to life through your own emotions. Similarly, a sapphire is a gemstone that absorbs light and relays it in a new, radiant way; the brilliance it exudes is not the same as the light it took in. The point is to take the story of Yetzias Mitzrayim and express my connection to it as I relay it to others.

The Most Difficult Avodah

Pesach has many, many mitzvos and hiddurim. Perhaps youโ€™re zocheh to go down to the matzah bakery; you might even be zocheh to help clean for Pesach. But I think the most difficult avodah of Pesach is ื—ึทื™ึธึผื‘ ืึธื“ึธื ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืึถืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื›ึฐึผืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึธืฆึธื ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื. The mitzvah of sippur requires us to experience Yetzias Mitzrayim not as an event of the past, but as something that we ourselves went through. How can we do that?

So some people will imagine that they are in a time machine, or wear some garment that looks like itโ€™s from the time of Mitzrayim, and try to make it real that way. Thatโ€™s all good; at least youโ€™re trying.

But I think thereโ€™s a much more basic obligation here.

If you were to tell someone, โ€œYou know, right now thereโ€™s a group of Yidden being held in bondage, as slaves in Mitzrayim,โ€ he would likely respond, โ€œOne second, I have an uncle whoโ€™s a big askan, Iโ€™m going to see what he can do. Weโ€™ll have to use some clout to get them out. Weโ€™ll bribe someone, weโ€™ll pay the ransom, weโ€™re going to get them out.โ€

Itโ€™s out of our mindset to think that a Yid, or a group of Yidden, or all of Klal Yisrael is being held in bondage. Unfortunately, we had a reminder during the Holocaust that no weโ€™re not in control, and that Klal Yisrael has no existence without Hakadosh Baruch Hu. Thatโ€™s what the Holocaust came to teach us. And we had another, very sad reminder this past Simchas Torah, and itโ€™s still continuing, that without the Eibishter we have no existence.

This is the obligation of ื—ึทื™ึธึผื‘ ืึธื“ึธื ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ืึถืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื›ึฐึผืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึธืฆึธื ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื. We start off ื‘ึดึผื’ึฐื ื•ึผืช, expressing that we ourselves have no existence, not physical and not even spiritual, until the Eibishter draws us near and turns us into His people. Sure, we had to give our input, but our very existence as Yidden depends solely on siyatta dโ€™Shmaya.

The mitzvah of sippur Yetzias Mitzrayim requires us to return to our roots, and come to the recognition that without Hakadosh Baruch Hu redeeming us, we have no metzius, neither in gashmiyus nor in ruchniyus.

We should all be zocheh to fulfill the mitzvah bโ€™shleimus and be zocheh to the geulah sheleimah.

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