DevarimShoftim

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Shmulevitz, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim ztโ€l

ืœื ืชืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ (ื™ื–,ื™ื)
ื‘ื’ืžืณ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืง.): ืดื™ืชื™ื‘ ืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื•ืงื ื“ืจื™ืฉ, ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœืณ ืขืœ ืœืณ ืืžื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื›ื•’. ืœื’ืœื’ ืขืœื™ื• ืื•ืชื• ืชืœืžื™ื“, ืืžืจ ื”ืฉืชื ื›ื‘ื™ืขืชื ื“ืฆื™ืœืฆืœื ืœื ืžืฉื›ื—ื™ื ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื” ืกืคื™ื ืชื• ื‘ื™ื, ื—ื–ื™ื ื”ื• ืœืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ื“ืงื ืžื ืกืจื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ืืดืœ ื”ื ื™ ืœืžืืŸ, ืืžืจื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจ ืืฉื›ื—ื™ื” ืœืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’, ืืดืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื•ืœืš ื ืื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ, ื›ืฉื ืฉืืžืจืช ื›ืš ืจืื™ืชื™. ืืดืœ ืจื™ืงื”, ืื ืœื ืจืื™ืช ืœื ื”ืืžื ืช, ืžืœื’ืœื’ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืชื”, ื™ื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ืขื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืขืฉืื• ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืชืด.

ืฆ”ื‘, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉืœื’ืœื’ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื– ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื•?

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืชย  ืœืณ ืขืœ ืœ’, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ “ื”ืฉืชื ื›ื‘ื™ืขืชื ื“ืฆื™ืœืฆืœื ืœื ืžืฉื›ื—ื™ื ืŸ” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืœืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืดืœืš ื ืื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ืฉื ืฉืืžืจืช ื›ืš ืจืื™ืชื™ืด, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื–ื•, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืžืข ื›ืŸ ืžืžื ื•, ืืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืื” ื•ืกืžืš ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืชื•.

ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ืดืจื™ืงื”, ืื ืœื ืจืื™ืช ืœื ื”ืืžื ืช, ืžืœื’ืœื’ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืชื””. ืœื ื”ืชืคืขืœ ืจืณ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช, ืืœื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ื•: “ืจื™ืงื”, ืžืœื’ืœื’ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื”. ืื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื•, ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื• “ืขื‘ื“” ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื”ื• ืฉื ืœืดืืคืงืจื•ืชื”, ื›ื™ ืžืœื’ืœื’ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ “ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ืืด ื•ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ืขื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืขืฉืื• ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช.

ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Tiktinsky, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Rebbi Shmuel zt"l

ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื”ืจื””ื’ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ

ื‘’ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืงืฆ”ื”

ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงื ”ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื•, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ.

ืขื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืค”ื’, ื›ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืชื”, ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื” ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืจืื” ืื‘ื™ื• ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื›ื— ืขื–ืจ ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื•, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืื– (ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 28 ื‘ืœื‘ื“) ื›ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื’ืื•ืŸ ืื“ื™ืจ, ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ’ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื• ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขืชื•ืชื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืžืฉื›ื• ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืขืžืงื•ืชื, ื™ืฆืจ ืจ’ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื—ื• ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ืื‘ ืข”ืž ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืกืจ ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ‘ื™ืžื™ื’ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืจื ืกื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ื•ื ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ืจ’ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ื™ืฆื ืฉืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืชื‘ืœ.

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘’ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืงืฆ”ื”, ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ื ืœื‘”ืข ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ืชื• ื ื›ืชื‘: “ืืฉืจื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขืžืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืขืกืง ื‘ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื’ื ืฉืžืจื”, ืจื‘ืฆื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจื”, ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจืื•, ืžืื•ื“ื• ืคื–ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืจื”.”

ืช.ื .ืฆ.ื‘.ื”.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื

ื‘ืœ ืชืฉื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื

ืฉื•”ืข ืื•”ื— ืกื™’ ืง”ืข ืกืขืขื™ืฃ ื›”ื‘ ืฉื•ืคืš ืžื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืก ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืžืฉื”ื› ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ืข’ ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ื—”ื’ ืฉืข”ื” ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ื“ื”ืคืกื“ ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืœื•ื. (ื•ืœื›ื’ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื“ื”ื˜ืขื ื›ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ืงื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืชื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืœื’ืžืจื™). ื•ืข”ืฉ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืช ื“ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื“.

ื•ืข’ ืจืž”ื ื™ื•”ื“ ืฆ”ื” ื’’ ื•ืฉ”ืš ื•ืคืž”ื’ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืข ืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื” ื›ืœื•ื. ื•ืข’ ืฉืœืžืชย  ื—ื™ื™ื ื™”ื– ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืืœ, ื‘ื ื’ืข ื‘ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื ื˜”ื™ ืœื ื™ืฉืชื” ืžื””ื˜.

ื•ื”ืขื™ืจื• ื‘ื–ื” ืžื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืž”ื“ ืœื ื™ืฉืคื•ืš ืื“ื ืžื™ ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ืงื ืฉื ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื.

(ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ”ืœ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืก ืฉืฉืชื” ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื”ื ื” ืข’ ื˜”ื– ื‘ืฉื ืฆื•ื•ืืช ืจ”ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ืช ื ”ื“ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืžืžื” ืฉืฉืชื” ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื•ืข’ ืž”ื‘ ืกืงืœ”ื– ืžื”ื”ืจ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜”ื– ืžืกืขื™ืฃ ื›”ื‘ ื•ืชื™’ ื“ื”ื˜”ื– ืื™ื™ืจื™ ื“ื•ืงื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.

ื•ืข’ ืฉื“”ื— ื—”ื• ื‘ืคืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœ”ื ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืชื” ืžืกื“ืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื“ืจ”ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืขืค”ื™ ืฉื•”ืข ืกืขื™ืฃ ื›”ื‘ ื•ืกืขื™ืฃ ื˜”ื– ื”ื ”ืœ, ื•ืชื™’ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื“ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืื ื™, ื•ืจืื™ื” ืžืฉื•”ืข ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื“ื—ื” ื“ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื™ืฉืคื•ืš ืžื›ื•ืกื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืข’ ื‘ื”ื— ื‘ื””ื‘ ื™”ื’ ืฉืชื™’ ื‘ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ืž”ืฉ ื”ื˜”ื– ื”ื ”ืœ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•. ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื’”ื› ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื.

ื•ืข’ ืฉืฉ”ื› ืคืž”ื— ืกืงืก”ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืฉ”ื– ื“ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืก ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช, ื•ื“ืœื ื›ืกืขื™ืฃ ื˜”ื– ื”ื ”ืœ. ื•ืœื›ื’ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื“”ื— ืื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืฉ.

(ื•ืื’ื‘, ืข’ ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ืค’ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘’ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื–ื”ื– ื”ื•ื™ ืžืื•ืก, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื ืชืŸ, ืžืฉื”ื› ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื›ื•ืก ืื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืก ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื–ืจืงื•).

ืžืืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ ืจื‘ื ืŸ

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Aryeh ztโ€l

ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืืœื•ืœ

ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืงืจ. – ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื• ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ืขื ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื•ืžื›ื•ืคืœืช ืžืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ืืžืช ื•ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ.

ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื ืฉืžื” ื™ืชื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ืฆืขืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ืœื•ืงื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื˜ื–.) ืดื ืฉืžื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ืื“ื ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืžื ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ืณืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื ืคืฉืณ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื‘ืช ื•ื•ื™ ืื‘ื“ื” ื ืคืฉืด. ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื— ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ, ืืœื ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.

ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืงืจ, ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืงืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืงื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ืชื‘ื•ื ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื. ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื“ื“ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื”ื™ ื”ืืžืช ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ืฉืงืจ.

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื• ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘, ื’), ืณื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™’, ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื™ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื— ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•ืœ – ืณืื ื™ ืœื“ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ืณ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืืœ ื‘ื•ืจืื• ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืงืจื‘ืช ืืœืงื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืžืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ืืฆืœื• ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•, ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืงืจ.

ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื” ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ. ื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื•ืžื›ื•ืคืœืช.

 

ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช ืจืง ืขืดื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ืืžื ื ื’ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ, ื”ื’ื ืฉืกื’ื•ืœืชื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช, ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื” ืืœื ืขืดื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”.

ื›ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืดื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืœื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืชืคื™ืกื ื‘ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ, ืืœื ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ื–ืืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”.

ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืจืฉืดื™ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•,ื•) ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™, ืณื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš’, ื”ื™ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉื’ื” ื‘ื•, ืืœื ืณื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”ืณ ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ืžืชื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื•.

ื•ืืžื ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืื• ืขืดื™ ืฉื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืืš ืณืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ืืณ, ื•ืื ื• ืœื ื ื“ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืืœื ืขืดื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืขืžืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื’ื™ืขื”, ืจืง ื›ืš ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืกื’ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช – ืดื›ื™ ืืชื” ืืœืงื™ื ืืžืช, ื•ื“ื‘ืจืš ืืžืชืด.

ืดื•ื“ื‘ืจืš ืืžืช ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืœืขื“ืด, ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื›ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืงืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืจื’ืœื™ื, (ื’ืž’ ืฉื‘ืช ืงื“. ืดืฉื™ืงืจื ืื—ื“ื ื›ืจืขื™ื” ืงืื™ ื•ืืžืช ืžืœื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื”, ืงื•ืฉื˜ื ืงืื™ ืฉื™ืงืจื ืœื ืงืื™ืด), ื•ืืฃ ืื ืžืืจื™ืš ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ืชื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“, ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื•ืคืœ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื— ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœืขื“.

ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืœืš – ืชื•ืจื”

ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืœืš (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื–, ื™ื—): ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื‘ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืกื ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœื• ืืช ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื™ื. ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืžื• ื•ืงืจื ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•.

ื•ืคื™ืจืฉืดื™: ืณืืช ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”ืณ – ืฉืชื™ ืกืคืจื™ ืชื•ืจื•ืช, ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื ื–ื™ื• ื•ืื—ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืขืžื•.

ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืžืณ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื.): ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื• ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•, ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืขืžื”, ื ื›ื ืก ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืขืžื•, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืžื•, ืžื™ืกื‘ ื”ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืžื• ื•ืงืจื ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•.

ื•ื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืขื ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืคื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ – ื™ืจืื” ื•ืขื ื•ื”: ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืœืžื“ ืœื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืขืฉืชื. ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืžืื—ื™ื• ื•ื’ื•’.

ื•ืžื‘ืืจ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื ื•: ืณืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืœืžื“ ืœื™ืจืื”’- ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืžื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืคืช ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ื”ื-ืœ ื™ืชืขืœื”, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื–ื” ืชืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืขื ื•ื•ื” – ืดืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืžืื—ื™ื•ืด, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื, ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืฃ ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื‘ืขื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืดื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื™ืชื’ืื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื•.

ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื˜, ื›ื‘): ืืœ ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื—ื›ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื•ืืœ ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืืœ ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•. ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื–ืืช ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื”ืžืชื”ืœืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืชื™.

ืณืืœ ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ื•ืืœ ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•’, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืžืœื• ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขื•, ืืœื ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืืช ื”ืงื‘ืดื”, ืณื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื–ืืช ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื”ืžืชื”ืœืœ – ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื•ืชื™’, ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืื™ืชื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ืจืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื”ืžืชื”ืœืœ, ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื•ืœื ื ื˜ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ, ืืš ืœื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ื™ืชื”ืœืœ, ืฉื”ืœื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืข, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืืช ื”ืฉื™ืดืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื›ืœื•ื ืžืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื–ื• ื™ืชื”ืœืœ ื”ืžืชื”ืœืœ.

ื–ื”ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืืฃ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืขืœืช ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจื‘ื• ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื•, ืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื‘, ื’) ืดื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉื” ืขื ื• ืžืื“ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”ืด, ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืฉื‘ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืฃ ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื•ืžืขืœื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืื“ื ืขืดื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืคืจืฉ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื›ืืŸ:

ืณืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื‘ื•’, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ: ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืื•ืžืจื ื–ืดืœ (ืื‘ื•ืช ื•, ื) ืดื•ืžืœื‘ืฉืชื• ืขื ื•ื” ื•ื™ืจืื”ืด, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื™ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื‘ื• ื•ื’ื•’.

ืฉื–ื”ื• ื›ื— ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืกื’ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ื™ืจืื” ื•ืขื ื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืดืช, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืœื‘ืฉืชื• ื™ืจืื” ื•ืขื ื•ื”.

ืดืžืืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ ืจื‘ื ืŸืด

ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื ื”ื•ื – ืดื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื• ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉืœื”ืด.

ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืณืžืœืšืณ – ืดื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœืš! ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืจืš, ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืœืš.

ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ื— ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืขืดื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื—, ื˜ื•) ืดื‘ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื™ืžืœื•ื›ื•ืด, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืžืœื‘ืฉืชื• ืขื ื•ื” ื•ื™ืจืื” ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื• ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉืœื”.

ืณืื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ืจืฆื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืณ

ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื™ืจืฆื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืžืจื• ืžื™ื“ ืดื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืขืด, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื“ืข ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”’, ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ืื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ืื—ืจ ืจืฆื•ื ื. ืืš ืจืฆื•ื ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื, ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืงืจ ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืงื™ื•ื, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื™ืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื• ืกื•ืคื• ืฉื ื•ืคืœ, ื›ื™ ืœืฉืงืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื.

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” (ืžืœืื›ื™ ื, ื’) ืดืืช ืขืฉื• ืฉื ืืชื™ืด, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขืฉื™ื•, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืข, ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืงื‘ืดื” – ืดื•ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ืด, ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”.

ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื ืงืจื (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืžื, ื—) ืดืื‘ืจื”ื ืื”ื‘ื™ืด, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื—ืงืจ ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืฉื™ืดืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืขืดื™ ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื – ืดืืชื” ื‘ื—ืจืชื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ืื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ืจืฆื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืด. ืžื“ื•ืข, ืžืฉื•ื – ืดื•ืงืจื‘ืชื ื• ืžืœื›ื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืšืด, ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”.

 

ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœย  ึพ ื™ืžื™ ืื”ื‘ื”

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”.

ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ื• – ืดืœื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืœืงืจืืช ื›ืœื”ืด, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืง – ืดืื ื™ ืœื“ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ืด.

ืดื“ื•ื“ื™ืด ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื›ืžื•ืชื ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ.

ืื›ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ืดืช – ืดืื ื™ ืœื“ื•ื“ื™ืด, ื•ืื– ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืงืจื‘ืชื• ืืœื™ื ื• – ืดื•ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ืด. ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื•, ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ืขืดื™ ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืืœื•ืœ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืœ ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื•ืœืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืฉื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื•, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืณืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืœ’, ื ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขืชื”, ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืกื™ื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื ืœื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช.

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Wahrsager, Harav Hagaon Meir Shlita

The Court of Mind

Parashas Shoftim / Elul

Harav Hagaon Meir Wahrsager shlita

Parashas Shoftim starts with the mitzvah to appoint shoftim, who are the dayanim, and shotrim, who are the officers that carry out the judgment of the dayanim. The Ohr Hachaim cites the Pesiktaโ€™s statement that ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื โ€” there must be shotrim in order for there to be shoftim. The Ohr Hachaim is apparently wondering why the need for shotrim is mentioned here. The requirements of appointing shoftim and shotrim constitute two separate mitzvos. The role of the shoftim, the dayanim, is to determine the correct psak and issue a proper verdict, according to daas Torah, regarding the question at hand, and the role of the shotrim is to enforce that verdict, which is a separate mitzvah. Parashas Shoftim deals with issues related to judgment, as we see that the Torah goes on to prohibit bribery. Why, then, is the mitzvah to appoint shotrim brought in here as well?

The Pesiktaโ€™s statement regarding the necessity of shotrim conveys that the existence of shoftim depends on the existence of shotrim, who can execute their judgments. The Ohr Hachaim adds a chiddush lโ€™halachah, saying that if it would happen that the shotrim would be powerless, such as in a situation where Klal Yisrael are not listening to the shotrim because they have no clout and no one takes them seriously, then there would be no obligation to appoint shoftim, because the shoftim depend on the shotrim.

This is difficult to understand.

Obviously, it helps to have shotrim who will execute the words of the shoftim, and obviously, there will be some people who might not be inclined to listen and will need the shotrim to enforce the verdict. But there are also people who are obedient and will heed the judgment of the shoftim without the need for enforcement by the shotrim. Why, then, is the mitzvah to appoint shoftim contingent upon the mitzvah to appoint shotrim? Why canโ€™t we just appoint shoftim and have them issue judgments, at least for those members of Klal Yisrael who donโ€™t require the enforcement of the shotrim?

From the fact that the Torah links the shoftim and shotrim, it would seem that the existence of the shotrim, who enforce the din, is a crucial element in the shoftimโ€™s process of arriving at a psak. In order to reach a correct verdict, the shoftim have to invest great effort and examine all sides of the issue, and their ability to carry out this process properly and arrive at a just verdict hinges on their knowledge that this verdict will be executed. If the shoftim are unsure that their psak will be enforced, then they will not have the inner strength to work through the issue and determine the correct verdict. If so, the enforcement of the shotrim is not an independent step in the judgment; it actually impacts the first step of the judgment, in which the shoftim deliberate and arrive at a verdict.

Your Personal Justice System

Perhaps we can draw a lesson from here that relates to our avodah during the month of Elul.

The Shelah notes that Parashas Shoftim and the next parashah, Ki Seitzei, allude to our battle with the yetzer hara. Besides the shoftim and shotrim that we must appoint in the court system, every person must have a court in his own life, with shoftim and shotrim. What is this personal court system? Itโ€™s the idea of making a cheshbon hanefesh, which is similar to the judgment of the shoftim.

Regarding the mitzvah to appoint shoftim and shotrim, the Midrash teaches,ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”, and the baalei mussar interpret this to mean that if a person makes a din vโ€™cheshbon in his own life, then there is no need for Hashem to bring the middas hadin upon him โ€” and vice versa. The purpose of the middas hadin, which metes out judgment or punishment upon a person, is not to hurt the person, but rather to get him back on track. We get distracted, and we lose focus of where weโ€™re supposed to be going, and by performing cheshbon hanefesh, we regain clarity and focus. By bringing that din upon ourselves, we spare ourselves the need for Heavenly judgment.

We know that Elul is a time of cheshbon; in fact, R’ Eliezer Moshe Hurvitz, in his hagahos on Bava Basra 78b, calls Elul the โ€œZman Hacheshbon.โ€ But many of us find it difficult to make a cheshbon hanefesh, and I believe that the words of the Ohr Hachaim and the Pesikta at the beginning of this parashah shed light on why itโ€™s so difficult.

Elul is a time of immense opportunity; itโ€™s a time of rachamim and siyatta dโ€™Shmaya, when a person can gain focus, but many of us approach Elul with dread and despair. Perhaps this is because we are afraid to sit in judgment, as shoftim, without shotrim to carry out that judgment. Whatโ€™s the use of taking inventory of our lives, we reason, if weโ€™re not going to be able to implement real change? So often, when we attempt to make seder in our life, we become overwhelmed by the sheer volume of what needs to be fixed, and by the feeling that we donโ€™t have the ability to make those changes. In other words, we lack shotrim, and since shoftim depend on shotrim, whatโ€™s the use of attempting to make a cheshbon and take inventory, when we donโ€™t have the tools to implement the judgment weโ€™re about to make?

This is, perhaps, one of the greatest impediments and hurdles we encounter during this time, but I would like to suggest that there is a mistaken assumption here. The cheshbon hanefesh we perform in our own life is not exactly parallel to the court system, in which there is no purpose in rendering a judgment unless there are shotrim to enforce it. For us as individuals, the cheshbon itself yields major fruit, because the lack of cheshbon is itself the problem!

Can We be Like Malachim?

In this regard, I would like to quote from the Ramchalโ€™s Sefer Eitz Chaim, which is printed at the end of practically every edition of the Mesillas Yesharim. Rav Yerucham, in several places, quotes from Sefer Eitz Chaim and notes that it highlights one of the yetzer haraโ€™s strongest forms of ammunition, as it says:

ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืžืช ืžื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื•ืžืจื—ืงืช ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื•ื“ืื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืœืฉ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื›ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ื•ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืœื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื. ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืžืœืื›ื™ื.

Just knowing the reality, the Ramchal is saying, strengthens the neshamah and distances the yetzer hara, and there is nothing that weakens the neshamah before the yetzer hara as much as lack of clarity and knowledge. If that clarity and knowledge of reality were present and central in peopleโ€™s hearts, they would never sin; the yetzer hara wouldnโ€™t be able to approach them, just as it has no power over the malachim.

We think that the reason the malachim donโ€™t sin is that they are not baalei bechirah, but the Ramchal is teaching that itโ€™s because they possess such intense clarity of the reality that they are never distracted from what they are supposed to be doing, and they never lose focus of the correct path. Therefore, the yetzer hara has no power over them.

The Ramchal is conveying a profound insight, which is that clarity is a goal in and of itself. In Sefer Eitz Chaim, he goes on to elaborate on how a person should perform a cheshbon hanefesh and start makign seder in his life, by thinking about what brings him closer to Hakadosh Baruch Hu.

At the beginning of Mesillas Yesharim, the Ramchal explains that everything in the world can be divided into things that bring a person closer to Hakadosh Baruch Hu and things that distance a person from Him, and a person is supposed to contemplate what effect the various elements in his life have on him in this regard. Does this friend draw him closer to Hakadosh Baruch Hu, or distance him from Hakadosh Baruch Hu? What about this shiur, or that shul? This middah, and that middah? A person should also seek out role models and tzaddikim and see what they have done that caused Hakadosh Baruch Hu to desire them.

Making this type of cheshbon is an end for itself, and when a person does this, he leaves the yetzer hara no entrance path into his life, because he is in a state of clarity.

Many people wonder what is the point of Elul and its avodah, considering that the rest of the year we cannot maintain that level. We can compare this to the experience of bachurim who come to learn in Eretz Yisrael. Often, the growth and change they undergo during this time far overshadows that of the preceding years. What is so special about this experience? One answer is that they are in an atmosphere of focus. Every bachur knows that he is coming to Eretz Yisrael to establish seder n his life, and that focus itself sparks tremendous growth, enabling him to soak in and absorb all that his surroundings have to offer.

We do the same in Elul โ€” not for one day or two days, but for 30 or 40 days. This is the very purpose of Elul, and this is perhaps the key to overcoming our yetzer hara.

Be Your Own Shoter

We began by quoting the Pesikta cited by the Ohr Hachaim, which states that shoftim cannot exist without shotrim. The Ohr Hachaim himself concludes that although it is pointless to appoint shoftim if the shotrim are powerless, there is one exception: if the shofet is so well-respected that when he issues his verdict, everyone obeys. In that case, you must appoint a shofet even if there are no shotrim, because the shofet himself is the shoter.

Perhaps this is an answer to the yetzer hara who comes and tells us that thereโ€™s no use making a cheshbon hanefesh, because there is still so much we will need to do even after taking inventory, and we lack the tools to truly implement the necessary changes. The real problem, and the real reason we fell prey to the yetzer hara much of the year, is that we lived so much of the year without clarity. If that daas is not central in our life, then we donโ€™t make seder in our life, but if we do have that daas and we make seder, then the shofet itself becomes the shoter, and the cheshbon itself automatically brings about change in our life. Thatโ€™s because the clarity of perspective, and the focus of where weโ€™re supposed to be, is itself the goal, and the catalyst for change.

We should all be misโ€™chazek and have a moraโ€™dik Elul.

Gut Shabbos.

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