BamidbarNaso

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Shmulevitz, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim ztโ€l

ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ืžืช ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื (ื•, ื•)
ื”ืงืฉื” ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ื• ื›ื™ ื ื–ื™ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ืžื™ ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืœืžื“ืจื’ืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ “ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ืžืช ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื” – ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉืื ืชืฉืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžื—ืžืช ื ื–ืจื•, ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืข”ื›. ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”.

ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืื ื ื˜ืžื ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื™ืžื™ ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืชื•, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื—ื˜ืืช “ืขืœ ืฉืฆื™ืขืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ” (ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉื ื™ื), ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื• ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื˜ื. ื•ืฆ”ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืกืชื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื™ื™ืชื• ืœืžืขืœืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ “ื”ืžืฆืขืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ” ืฉื ืงืจื “ื—ื•ื˜ื”.

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื–ืฆ”ืœ: ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ “ืงื‘ืœื””. ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช. ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืชื” ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื— ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื–ื•, ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื•ื— ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขื“ ืœืžืขืœืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืžื ืข ืกืชื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื—ื•ื˜ื, ืžืฉื•ื “ืœื ื“ื™ื™ืš ืžื” ืฉืืกืจื” ืœืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื ื˜,ื).

ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืฉืืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืžื ื–ื™ืจ (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื.) ืฉืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ื ืงืจื “ืงื“ื•ืฉ”, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื ื ืงืจื “ื—ื•ื˜ื”. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉืกืชื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขื” ื•ื›ื•’, – ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื “ื—ื•ื˜ื”.

ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืขื ื” ‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื’ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ื”ื• “ืงื“ื•ืฉ”.

“ืงื‘ืœื”” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื— ื”ืžืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื”ื ืืช ืžืขืœืชื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Levovitz, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yeruchem ztโ€l

ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”
ื™”ื— ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืจืฆ”ื•
ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ืœืžื“ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื” ืžืจืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื” ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ื›ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื, ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืฉื. ื‘ืงืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืžืืฉืชื• ืฉืชืชืŸ ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื ืขื•ื“ 8 ืฉื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื•, ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืชื•, ืœื ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืคืชื—ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•. ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื” ื•ื ืกืข ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื“ืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”’ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื’ ื‘ืจืื“ื™ืŸ.

ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื”, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืืš ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืจืื“ื™ืŸ. ืžืจืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืžืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ’ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืจืื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืžืงื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื”.

ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ื””ืฆ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ืฉืœืžื“ ืื– ื‘ืจืื“ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจ’ ื™ืจื•ื—ื, ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืื™ื ื ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช, ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืืžื•ื ื”. ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืขื“ ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•.

ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื“ืจืฉ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื•ืขืžื“ ืข”ื› ืฉื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ื”. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ย  ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืจืื•ืชื ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ “ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ”.

ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื”ื’ืจ”ื” ื‘ืจื•ื™ื“ื ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ื—ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืžืงืœื: “ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืงืœื ืงื ืžืงื‘ืจื• ื•ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืจ’ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ื“ืจื•, ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื! ืืœื™ื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™!’ ื–ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืœื ืฉืœืฉืžื• ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืงืœื.”

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ื ืฉื

ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืช ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืคืชืข ืคืชืื•ื.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืžืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืช. ื•ืข’ ืื•”ื– ื”ืœ’ ืฉื‘ืช ืกื•ืก”ื™ ื ’ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืจ’ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืฉืœืงื— ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื›ื• ืื• ื™ืชื’ื“ืœ ืขืœ ืžื™ืชืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ืข’ ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ืœ’ ืื‘ืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ืจื™ื‘”ืฉ ืงื˜”ื– ื‘ืฉื ืืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื’ืจืก ื‘ืž”ืก ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื• ื”ืคื˜ืจื”. ื•ืขื›”ืค ื›ื•”ืข ืžื•ื“ื• ืขืœ ืงื“ื™ืฉ.

ืืžื ื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืžืก’ ื›ืœื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื›ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื ื ื“ื‘”ื ื–ื•ื˜ื ืคื™”ื– ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืฉื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”’ ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืจื›ื• ืืช ื”’ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจืš.

ื•ืข’ ื‘”ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื ืขืœื ืค’ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื•ืข’ ืฉืžื””ืœ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืค”ื– ื‘ืฉื ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื ืขืœื ืจื•ืช, ื•ืฉื ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืœื ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืžืงืจื ืชืคืœื” ืง”ืฉ ื•ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืื’ื“ื•ืช.

 

ื•ืขื›”ืค ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื•ืื ื”ื ืื– ื”ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื•ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ืžื•ืชื•, ื›ืž”ืฉ ื‘ืžื’”ื ืงืœ”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘. ื•ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืื ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘.

(ื•ืข’ ืื’”ืž ื™ื•”ื“ ื—”ื ืจื ”ื“ ื‘ืฉื›ืจื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืจืื™ื” ืžืชืงื ืช ืจืข”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืจืข. ืื‘ืœ ืจื‘ ืคืขืœื™ื ื—”ื‘ ื™”ื“ ื”ืžื—ืกืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืื—ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•).

ื•ืข’ ื›ืคื””ื— ื ”ื” ืœ’ ื•ื›ืŸ ืจื‘ ืคืขืœื™ื ื—”ื“ ื–’ ื‘ืฉื ื‘”ื™ ืช”ื’ ืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘”ื™ ืฉืžืชื” ื•ืœื ืขื–ื‘ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืช ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื” ืฉื›ืจื• ืžื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื“ ื ืคืฉื”. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ื•ืž”ืž ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื•ืข’ ืจืž”ื ืฉืข”ื• ื“’ ืขืœ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ืชื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื›”ื– ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื•ืข’ ืจืž”ื ืฉืข”ื• ื“’ ืื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื™ืชืคืœืœ, ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ. (ื•ื“ืœื ื›ื“ืขืช ืžื”ืจ”ื ืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื“ื—ื•ืœืง).

ื•ืœื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืžืชืคืœืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœ. ื•ืข’ย  ืœืขื™ืœ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืฉย  ื“ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื—ื•, ื•ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืจืž”ื ื•ื‘”ื™ ืขืœ ืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœืœ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ. ื•ืœื›ื’ ืง”ื• ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืž”ื ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ.

ื•ืข’ ืœืขื™ืœ ืœืคื™ ืชื ื ื“ื‘”ื ื–ื•ื˜ื ืคื™”ื– ื•ืžืก’ ื›ืœื” ื“ืžืขืฉื” ื“ืจ”ืข ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•, ื•ืœื›ื’ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉืœื™ื— ื›ืžื• ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืฉืืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืงื“ื™ืฉ.

ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืกื•ื˜ื”

Levovitz, Moreinu Hagaon Harav Nachman Shlita

ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื•ืœืชื•

ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™”ื— ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ – ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”

ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื ื“ืจื™ื ืœื—. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื ืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžืฉื” ืืœื ืžืคืกื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจ: ‘ืคืกืœ ืœืš’ ืคืกื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœืš ื™ื”ื. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื ืชื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืœืžืฉื” ื•ืœื–ืจืขื• ืฉื ืืžืจ: ‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืš’, ‘ืคืกืœ ืœืš’. ืžื” ืคืกื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœืš ื™ื”ื ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื™ื”ื ื•ืžืฉื” ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ: (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›”ื‘) ‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš’.

ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืž’ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืœืžืฉื” ื•ืœื–ืจืขื• ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื• ืฉืชื”ื ืฉืœื• ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืืœื ืฉืžืจืข”ื” ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืฆืœื• ืžืื•ืžื”. ืžืกืจื” ืœื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืžืกืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื›ืœ – ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกืจ ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš’. ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ – ื›ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•, ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื›ืœ.

ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.

ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื ”ื’ ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืŸ ‘ื™ื‘ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื’. ‘ื™ื‘ื ื˜ื•ื‘’ – ื–ื” ืžืฉื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ‘ื•ืชืจื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื’. ‘ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘’ – ื–ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ‘ื›ื™ ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื’. ‘ืžื˜ื•ื‘’ – ื–ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”’ ืœื›ืœ’. ‘ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื’ – ืืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ‘ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”’ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื’.

ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”’ ืœื›ืœ’ – ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืืชื” ืžื—ื™ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื”ื›ืœ ืžืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืž’ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš’.

ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืฉืคืข, ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืžืกืจืช ื”ืœืื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘. ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš – ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืš, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืจืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ื— ืœื‘ืจืš ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื”ื›ื— ืœื‘ืจืš ื”ืœืื” ื•ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ืžื›ื— ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืจืš ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ื”ืœืื” ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืœืื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืืื–ืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”. ืฉื‘ื–ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื”ืœืื” ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ, ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืขื™ืงื•ืœื™ ื•ืคื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื ืกืชื ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ืงื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื’ื ืขืฆื ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื. ื•ื’ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืขืœืชื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื.

ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื›ืœ. ื”ืฉืคืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื–ืจื•ื ื”ืœืื” ื”ืจื™ ืžืงืœืงืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืฆืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.

‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš’ ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžื‘ื•ืจืš, ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื, ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืžืกืจื™ื ื›ื ืชื™ื ืชื ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื•ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ื” ื’ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืฆืจ ื•ืžืชืงืœืงืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ.

ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ืขืช ืชื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ืฉืืœ ืœืžื” ืจืฆื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”’ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืงืœ ื™ืช”ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ืืžื ื ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘, ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘. ื–ื”ื• ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื” ื™ืช”ืฉ ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื ื‘ืจืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื. ื–ื• ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœืฉืžื” ื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืžื ื•.

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืืื–ืžื•”ืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืฉ ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืช”ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื, ื”ื›ืœ ืœืžืขื ื ื•. ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื• ื•ืœื”ื ืืชื ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ ืืคืฉื™ ื‘ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•. ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืฉื’ื’ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืŸ. ืืœื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉ’ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘’, ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”’ ืœื›ืœ. ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื‘ืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”, ืœื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœืœ, ืืœื ื ืชื™ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื”ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื–ื•ืœืชื• ื ืชื™ื ื” ืœืฉื ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ื‘ืจื ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื ื‘ืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ืœื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ ืœืชืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘’, ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืชืช ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื•, ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืชืช, ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืžื ื• ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืš ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ. ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ, ืฉื™ื”ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืœืฉืžื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื ื‘ืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ื•ื”ืื“ื – ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื• ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืขื™ื™”ืฉ.

ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช ืชื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื ื”ืžื ื“ื›ื™ืกื•ืคื ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืกืชื ื‘ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืžืฆื“ ืฉื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ, ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉ’ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘’, ืืœื ืฉืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืฆื“ ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื›”ืช ืฉื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ.

ื ืžืฆื ืฉืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื – ‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืืชื™ื• ื™ืฆืจืชื™ื• ืืฃ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ื•’. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืจื, ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉ’ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘’, ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื“ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืžื ื• ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžืขื ื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื• ื•ืœื”ื ืืชื ื•, ืืœื ืฉืžืฆื“ ืขืฆื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉ’ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘’. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš’ ืฉืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืงื‘”ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืžื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืขื™”ื– ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืจืš, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืžื• ืฉื”ืจื™ ‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘’ ื•ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื˜ืจืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืžื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืฉื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื ืœื ื ื‘ืจืื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš. ื•ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื•ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืืจืช ื›ืœื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขืฆืžื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉื ื•ื›ื“ื•’ ื”ื›ืœ ื ื‘ืจื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืชืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื›ืœื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฅ ืžืขืฆื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืื“ื ืืช ื”ื›ื— ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืขืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื•, ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื• ื•ืœืชืช ืœื• ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืœื ืœืงื—ืช ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื–ื•ืœืชื•. ื•ืข”ื– ืืžืจ ืจ”ืข ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ‘ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš’ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื“ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืืช ื ืคืฉื•, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ืœื™ืžื“ (ื‘”ืž ืก”ื‘ ื) ื“ื—ื™ื™ืš ืงื•ื“ืžื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจืš, [ื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืœื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ืงื™ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื, ืื ืฉื•ืชื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืชื™ื, ื•ืื ืฉื•ืชื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื“ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื•ืช]. ืืœื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืื”ื‘ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขื™ื™”ืฉ.

ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื—ืจ, ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขื ื”ืื—ืจ ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืจ”ืข ืœืœืžื“ ืฉืžืฆื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื“’ื•ื—ื™ ืื—ื™ืš ืขืžืš’ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืื‘ืœ ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืš ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื“ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ, ื“ื”ืจื™ ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช. ื“ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืื—ืจื™ื.

ื•ืžืจื’ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืžื™ื” ื“ืืื–ืžื•”ืจ ื“ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื ื•ื’ืข ืื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•. ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœืœ. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืจื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœื–ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืคืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ‘ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช’ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”’ ืœื›ืœ, ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืคืข ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•’ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘’ ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš’ ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ื ืืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืž’ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘’.

ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช (ืค”ื‘ ื™”ื‘) ‘ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื’ ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ‘ืœืฉืžื”’ ‘ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื”’, ืืœื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื•ื—ื•, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื–ื•ืœืชื•, ืฉื–ื”ื• ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ.

ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืข”ื™ ืžื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ืœื–ื•ืœืชื•. ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื—, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ืกื“. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”’ ืœื›ืœ’ ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืงื™ื” ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื•ืœืชื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื—ืคืฅ, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืจื™ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื•ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ืืช ืชื›ืœื™ืชื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘, ืฉื–ื”ื• ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ‘ืฉื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘’ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื–ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.

ื”ืื“ื – ื™ืฆื™ืจ ื›ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื‘ื—ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ื™ืฉืข ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืื•ืžื” ื•ืื ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืกื• ืขืœื™ื•, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืงื™ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“. ื•ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ืœืชื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืš. ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื ื“ืื’ืชื ืœืขืฆืžื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืจืง ืœื–ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืœื ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ ื•ื–ื”ื• ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืืชื•. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื•ืœืชื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื• ืฉืžื ื—”ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืข”ื—, ื•ื”ืจื™ ‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘’ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื–ื•ืœืชื•.

ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• (ืื‘ื•ืช ืค”ื“ ื›”ื) ‘ื”ืงื ืื” ื”ืชืื•ื” ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื’. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืœื–ื•ืœืชื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื ืื” ืชืื•ื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืงื ืื” ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืชืื•ื” ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ืœืชืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ื.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื•ืœืชื• ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื™ ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจ. ื“ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื‘”ืจ ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื” ืคืจืฉื” ืก”ื) ื™”ื‘ ืืœืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืจ”ืข ืžืขื›ื• ื•ืขื“ ืื ื˜ืคืจื™ืก ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืคืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•, ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฆืจื” ืืœื• ื‘ืืœื• ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื”, ื•ื›ื•’ ื”ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื• ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฆืจื” ืืœื• ืœืืœื• ืชื ื• ื“ืขืชื›ื ืฉืœื ืชืขืฉื• ื›ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื, ืขืžื“ื• ื•ืžืœืื• ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ืจื”.

ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฆืจื• ืืœื• ื‘ืืœื•, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืžื“ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื ื“ืื’ ืœื–ื•ืœืชื•, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืœืื™ื ืจืง ืžืขื›ื• ื•ืขื“ ืื ื˜ืคืจื™ืก ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™. ื•ืข”ื– ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืจ”ืข ืชื ื• ื“ืขืชื›ื ืฉืœื ืชืขืฉื• ื›ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืฉืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ืœื ืœืขืฆืžื, ืขืžื“ื• ื•ืžืœืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ ืชื•ืจื”.

ื”ืจื™ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื• ืืœื ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ื”ืœืื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข, ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื“ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ – ืื– ื”ื•ื ‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš’. ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ื— ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื–ื•ืœืชื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ืจื™ ‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘’.

ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจ ืœืจื’ืœื™ ืืื–ืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื. ืขืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชืืกืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจื•, ืฉื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื•, ื™ื”ื™ ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืจื•ืš.

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Wagschal, Harav Hagaon Yehuda Shlita

The Magnetic Pull to Hashem

Parshas Nasso

Harav Hagaon Yehuda Wagshal shlita

In this weekโ€™s parshaha we have the korbanos of the Nesiโ€™im; each day, one Nasi brought a korban, and each korban was exactly the same. Yet the Torah repeats, at length, the details of each Nasiโ€™s korban.

Why didnโ€™t the Torah just write that each day one of the Nesiโ€™im brought a korban and state, once, what the korban was? Why does it have to repeat the details of each identical korban?

The answer is that although the Nesiโ€™im all brought the same korban, they did not do so because they were commanded to bring this specific offering. Each one decided, on his own, to bring this korban, without discussing it with the others. The Torah enumerates each oneโ€™s offering individually because each one brought his korban independently.

Now, obviously, as Chazal say, the Nesiโ€™im had ruach hakodesh when deciding what korban to bring. And in this context, the Shem MiShmuel differentiates between ruach hakodesh and nevuah. No two neviโ€™im deliver their nevuos in exactly the same way, as Chazal teach that ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืชื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.

A nevuah is not something that a person knows by himself. Itโ€™s a message that Hashem tells him, which he has to process. Since each navi is a unique individual, no two neviim absorb their nevuah the same way, nor do they express their nevuah in the same style.

The Nesiโ€™imโ€™s inspiration, says the Shem MiShmuel came not from nevuah, but from ruach hakodesh. Although Hashem didnโ€™t command them to bring a specific korban, they understood on their own that Hashemโ€™s ratzon was for them to bring this particular korban. They all figured it out themselves, which means that at this time, they reached a madreigah of instinctively knowing the ratzon of Hakadosh Baruch Hu without being told anything.

The Shem MiShmuel sees this concept of doing ratzon Hashem instinctively, without being told, in last weekโ€™s parshah as well, where Bnei Yisrael are counted. All the shevatim were counted from the age of twenty, except Shevet Levi, whose members were counted from the age of thirty days. Why were Shevet Levi counted from this young age?

After Klal Yisrael said naaseh vโ€™nishma at Har Sinai, they sinned with the eigel, and then, the Midrash teaches, Hashem told them: ืฉื‘ืจืชื ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื”ืจื• ื‘ื ืฉืžืข โ€“ you destroyed naaseh, be careful with nishma.

Removing the Barrier

The Avnei Nezer, the Shem MiShmuelโ€™s father, gives the following explanation. What does it mean that Klal Yisrael said naaseh before nishma? How could they do before hearing what to do? The answer is that Klal Yisrael reached a madreigah where they instinctively knew what Hashem wants, and what the mitzvos are, without ever being commanded. But how is it possible to determine what Hashem wants without being told?

The Mesillas Yesharim teaches that essentially, deveikus with Hakadosh Baruch comes naturally; the neshamah is drawn to Him as metal is drawn to a magnet. Theoretically, then, a person needs to do nothing in order to come close to Hashem.

If so, why isnโ€™t every person automatically davuk to Hakadosh Baruch Hu? Returning to the mashal of metal and the magnet, the two can only be drawn to each other if thereโ€™s no barrier between them. If a barrier exists between the two, they cannot connect. Similarly, the physicality of our guf separates our neshamah from Hashem, preventing it from coming close to Him.

Since the problem is the barrier, if you want to come close to Hashem, you donโ€™t really have to work on connection. You have to work on breaking down the walls, or at least minimizing them. Once thereโ€™s no wall, or the wall has been reduced, you will naturally be drawn close to Hashem.

At the moment of Maamad Har Sinai, Chazal say, ืคืกืงื” ื–ื•ื”ืžืชืŸ โ€“ Klal Yisraelโ€™s contamination disappeared, meaning that a personโ€™s guf, his โ€œself,โ€ no longer created a mechitzah between his neshamah and Hakadosh Baruch Hu. Once the mechitzos fell, there was natural pull drawing each personโ€™s neshamah to Hashem.

How does a neshamah come close to Hashem? By doing mitzvos. The Zohar Hakadosh teaches that the 613 mitzvos are 613 eitzos, ideas of how to reach deveikus in Hashem. So if, in the absence of any mechitzah, we are naturally drawn to Hashem, we also know, naturally, how to do the mitzvos. When Klal Yisrael said naaseh, therefore, they reached the madreigah of being drawn naturally to Hakadosh Baruch Hu, and instinctively knowing His will. But then they sinned with the eigel, reverting to the state of zuhama in which the guf creates an obstruction between us and Hakadosh Baruch Hu.

Shibartem naaseh โ€” we lost that madreigah of naaseh, but we still had nishma. Naaseh means doing Hashemโ€™s will naturally, instinctively. Nishma means doing Hashemโ€™s will through understanding and processing and learning.

The Avnei Nezer goes on to explain that the reason Klal Yisrael are counted from the age of twenty is that this is the age when a person becomes a full bar daas who is wholly responsible for his actions; heโ€™s a bar onshin even min hashamayim. When a personโ€™s avodah is nishma, he counts fully from the age of twenty, when he is in full possession of daas and can achieve the nishma. But Shevet Levi, who did not sin with the eigel, were still on the level of naaseh. Therefore, they could be counted from the age of thirty days, which marks the first day of established life; until then, an infant is considered a possible nefel who might not survive. As soon as a child from Shevet Levi reached the age where he was considered truly alive, he had the naaseh.

The rest of Klal Yisrael is nishma, but Shevet Levi is naaseh, and thatโ€™s why theyโ€™re counted from the age of thirty days.

Naaseh After Nishma

In any event, we see that a madreigah exists at which a Yid can instinctively know the ratzon of Hashem. The Nesiโ€™im reached this madreigah, the level of naaseh, when they brought their korbanos. How did they attain that level?

At the beginning of the pesukim that descibe the offerings of the Nesiโ€™im, the passuk states, ย ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึฐึผื™ื•ึนื ื›ึทึผืœึผื•ึนืช ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืœึฐื”ึธืงึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ. Rashi says that the term ื›ึทึผืœึผื•ึนืช is related to the word kallah, and that on that day Klal Yisrael were like a kallah at her chuppah.

What is the meaning of this analogy? A kallah represents the concept of hisbatlus. The kinyan of kiddushin works, explains the Ran in Nedarim, is not that the kallah is makneh herself like a regular kinyan. Rather, she makes herself available for the husband to be koneh her and bring her into his reshus.

This is the meaning of the concept that an ishah kesheirah is one who does the will of her husband. Often, a wife understands instinctively what her husband wants, without being told. Because of her hisbatlus, she possesses the intuition that guides her to do his will.

Similarly, on this day when the Mishkan was completed, the Nesiโ€™im attained the madreigah of naaseh, and they naturally knew how to do the ratzon of Hashem, just as Klal Yisrael had known how to do Hashemโ€™s ratzon when they were at Har Sinai.

We, today, are obviously no longer at the madreigah of naaseh. Naaseh is broken; we have to observe the nishma. But itโ€™s still important for a Yid to know that there is this concept of naaseh, because it has practical applications even today.

True, we canโ€™t decide on our own that something is ratzon Hashem just because our instincts tell us that; that approach could lead us to a lot of bad places. Yet the concept of naaseh is still relevant to the way we approach the mechitzos that separate us from Hakadosh Baruch Hu.

To someone who is separated from Hakadosh Baruch Hu by a very thick mechitzah, even the nishma doesnโ€™t come naturally. He knows whatโ€™s right, and he knows he has to do it, but doing it is always a huge struggle, and he doesnโ€™t feel drawn to it. Someone who has less of a mechitzah between him and Hashem, whose โ€œselfโ€ is less of a barrier, will experience it differently.

Although weโ€™re not at the madreigah to figure things out ourselves, once we hear the nishma, we can revert back to a little bit of naaseh too. Our response can be: โ€œOkay, thatโ€™s what I have to do? Iโ€™m all in, and Iโ€™m naturally part of it.โ€ This is a major difference. Though we can no longer achieve naaseh before nishma, perhaps, on some level, we can attain naaseh after nishma, by feeling a cheshek to do what we have to do, and being drawn toward avodas Hashem.

Besides working on nishma โ€” listening, understanding, and knowing what Hashem wants โ€” we also have to work on breaking down the mechitzos between us and Hakadosh Baruch Hu that come from the focus on gashmiyus, so that we can be zocheh to some level of naaseh.

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