ShmosMishpatim

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva V'Av Bais Din Mir Hagaon Rebbi Eliyahu Baruch Kamai Ztvk"l

ื•ืืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืชืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื”ื (ื›ื,ื)
ืจืฉ”ื™: ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ืืœื”’ ืคืกืœ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ‘ื•ืืœื”’ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื™ื ื™ ืืฃ ืืœื• ืžืกื™ื ื™.

ื•ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืœืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ื‘ื ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื’ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ืขื™”ืฉ.

ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงื™ื ื™ื: “ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขืงืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ื–ืงื ื™ ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื–ืงื™ื ื™ื ื“ืขืชืŸ ืžื˜ืจืคืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ… ืื‘ืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืŸ, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื–ืงื™ื ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ”, ื•ื›ื•’. ืืžืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื‘”ื“ ืžื™ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ืงืžืื™ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ: ื–ืงื ื™ ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ืื– ื“ืขืชืŸ ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคืกื•ืง.

ืื•ืœื ื–ืงื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืš ื”ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื , ื•ื“ืขืชื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.

( “ืœืคืจืงื™ื”)

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yechezkel Levinshtein, ztโ€l

ื•ืขื‘ื“ืชื ืืช ื”’ ืืœืงื™ื›ื… ื•ื”ืกืจืชื™ ืžื—ืœื” ืžืงืจื‘ืš
“ืž’ืฉืœืขืคืข ืงื™ืฉืงืข’ ืœื ืžืชื™ื”
ืกื™ืคืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืœื•ืจื ืฅ ื–โ€ืœ: ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™ – ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ื ื–ืงืง ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ, ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ืžื•ื•ืช.

ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ืฉืืกืข ืขืžื• ืœื•ื™ืœื ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.

ื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” , ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ืขื” [ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ืœื ืขื–ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—]. ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ืชื™ ืœืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ืื–ื”ืจืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืคื ื™ ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ.

ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™, ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื›ืกื™ื“ ื•ืจืขื“ ื›ื•ืœื• ื›ืขืœื” ื ื“ืฃ. ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื•, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืžื™, ืฉื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ืœืฉืžืข ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืงืฉื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืกื›ื ืช ืžื•ื•ืช.

ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื‘ื“ืชื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื™ ืœืคืชืข ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื–ื•ืขืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•, โ€ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจืช. ืž’ืฉืœืขืคืข ืงื™ืฉืงืข’ (ืžืขื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ) ืœื ืžืชื™ื, ืžืชื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžื—ื˜ื!โ€ – ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื–ืขืงื” ืžืขื•ืžืง ื”ืœื‘. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื”, ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจ ื›ืกื™ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื• ืจื•ืขื“; ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื™ืจืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื˜ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื—ืœื—ืœื• ืขืžื•ืง ืœืœื‘ื™. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืขื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืืžืจื.

ืžืื– ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ื ืžื—ืง ืžืœื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืขื– ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื—ื” ื–ื•. ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื–ืขืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—, “ืž’ืฉืœืขืคืข ืงื™ืฉืงืข’ (ืžืขื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ) ืœื ืžืชื™ื, ืžืชื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžื—ื˜ื!โ€

ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื ื™, ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื–ื” ืœื™ื•ื” ืื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™.

ืžืชื•ืš ‘ืื•ื”ืœ ืžืฉื”’

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืจ”ื— ืื“ืจ ื’

ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช

ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœ’ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™’ ืงื ”ื ื“ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืจ”ื— ืื“ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืื“ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ื ืžืฆื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ืขื“ ืจ”ื— ืื“ืจ ืฉื ื™.

ื•ืข’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื””ืœ ื—”ื• ื˜’ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืคืกืง ื›ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ืจ”ืฉ ื“ื›ืœ ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื“ืจ ื’ ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื” ื“ืœื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘’ ื””ื” ื‘ื ื•ืœื“ ืœ’ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืจ”ื— ืื“ืจ ื‘’. (ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืข”ืค ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืœื›ื”).

ืื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืกืœืื ื˜ ื•ืžื”ืจื™ืœ”ื“ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ.

ื•ืข’ ื‘ืืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื˜”ื• ืกืงื›”ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืฉ”ื– ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืื“ืจ ื‘’, ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื“ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืกื™’ ื ”ื” ื“ืื•ืœื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉื•”ืช ื”ื‘”ื— ืงืž”ื” ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืœ’ ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื””ื” ื›ืืŸ.

(ื•ื ืžืฆื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืก”ื˜ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื’ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื›”ื˜ ืฉื‘ื˜, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืœ’ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืจ”ื— ืื“ืจ. ื•ืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืื—ื™ื•).

ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื’”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื“ืื ืฉื ืช ื™”ื’ ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ ืฉืชื ืชืฉืค”ื“) ื•ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข”ื) ื‘ืื“ืจ ื’ ื’ื ื”ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืื“ืจ ื’ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ืฉื. ื•ื›”ื› ื‘ืื””ื˜ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืžื’”ื ื“ืืฉืชืงื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื™”ื‘ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืกืชื ื•ื”ื› ืœื ืžืœืื• ืœื• ื™”ื’ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืื“ืจ ื‘’.

ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืงื•’ ื”ืžื’”ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืจื”ื“ ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš ื–ืฆ”ืœื“ื™ืฉ ืœืชืžื•ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉื•”ืข ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื’ื•ืจ ื“ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื’ ืื“ืจ ื‘’ ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ ืื“ืจ ื•ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›”ื˜ ืื“ืจ ื’ ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื›”ื˜ ืื“ืจ, ื“ืžื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›”ื˜ ืื“ืจ ื’ ื”ื ืž”ืž ื’ื ื‘ื’ ืื“ืจ ื‘’ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืื– ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื• ื™”ื’ ืฉื ื™ื ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื‘ื’ ืื“ืจ ื›ื“ื—ื–ื™ื ืŸ ืžื”ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื’ ืื“ืจ ื‘’, ื•ืื˜ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื’ืจืข ื’ืจืข, ื“ืœ ืžื”ื›ื ื”ืื™ ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™”ื’ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื• ืืœื ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื– ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ื•ืขื›ืฆ”ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ืš ื“ื™ื ื ื“ื™”ื’ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”, ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›”ื˜ ื”ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื“ื™ืœื™ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื• ื™”ื’ ืฉื ื™ื.

ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืงื•’ ื”ืžื’”ื ื“ืืฃ ื“ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื ื” ืžืืฉืชืงื“ ืž”ืž ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉืคื™ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”.

ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคืชื™ื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Refoel Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ื

ื. ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›”ื‘ ื‘’ ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื™’ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืงื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ “ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื, ื•ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื•ืงื ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืชื™ืจืฆืข ืข”ื›. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™’ ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ืจืฆืข ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ืžื›ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื– ืขืœ “ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื”. ื•ื‘ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืฆ”ืœ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ืžืช ื“ื•ื—ืงื•, ืœื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขื ืฉ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืขื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื›ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืื™ ื™ืจืฆืข, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืž”ื“ ื“ืจืง ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ื ืจืฆืข, ืื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืคื™’ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืจื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœืชื, ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื ืชื’ื ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื ื‘ ืชื™ืจืฆืข, ื•ืื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ”ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื•’ ืชืจืฆืข. [1]

ืืžื ื ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ื“ืžื” ืฉื ืจืฆืข ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืœื ืชื’ื ื•ื‘, ื•ื–ื” ืชืžื•ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื, ื“ืžื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆืื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ืคืจืข ืžืžื ื• ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ืœื ืืฆื ืœื—ืคืฉื™, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™’ ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฆืข, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืืฆืœ ืื“ื•ื ื•, ื•ื’ื ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืœื ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ืคืฉื™ ื”ืจื™ ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื”, ื•ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื‘ื–ื”.

ื‘. ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื“ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ืžื›ืจ, ืฉืขืฆื ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉื• ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื“ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืข”ืข ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืฉื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื‘, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื‘, ื•ื’ื–ื””ื› ืฉืœื ื”ืขื ื™ืฉืชื• ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืขื‘ื“ ืื”ื› ื™ืฉื•ืœื ื’”ื› ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืžื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ื›ื— ื‘ืกืคื””ืž ืž”ืข ืจืœ”ื˜, ืฉืฆื™ื•ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื‘ ืฉื ืงื ื•ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ื•ื›ื•’ ืื• ื ืžื›ืจื”ื• ืขื›”ืœ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืข”ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื—ืœืง ืžืขื™ืงืจื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื‘, ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืืœื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืœ”ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืข”ื› ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืคืœ ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืข”ืข, ื•ืจืง ืฉืขื•ื ืฉ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืžืœืงื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืชื”, ืืœื ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื•ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืš.[2] ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘’ ื‘’ ื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืž”ื“ ืœื”ื™ืžื›ืจ, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืž”ื“ ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืข”ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืชื•, ื•ืข”ื› ื“ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืค”ืข, ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ืž”ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื•ืขื™’ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืื–ืœ ืค”ื’ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™”ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืข”ืข ืข”ืค ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ืขื ืฉ ืข”ืค ืขืฆืžื•, ื™ืข”ืฉ, ื•ืฆ”ื‘ ื“ืืฃ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืจืฉืข, ืž”ืž ื ืืžืŸ ืื“ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืคืœ, ืืข”ื’ ื“ืžืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืจืฉืข, (ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ืžื›ื•ืช ื’’ ื’), ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ื”ื ื ืืžืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืข”ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืชื•, ื•ืข”ื› ืฆ”ืœ ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ืฉ, ื•ืœื–ื” ืก”ืœ ืœืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ืจืช ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ืขื ืฉ ืข”ืค ืขืฆืžื•.[3]

ืืš ืื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ืคืฉื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื•’ ืœื ืืฆื ืœื—ืคืฉื™, ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื’ืœืื™ ืžื™ืœืชื ืฉืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื•, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ, ื•ื ืžืฆื ื“ืœื ืจืื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ืขื•ื ืฉ, ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ื— ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื•, ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื• ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœืฉื›ืจ, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืช ืขื•ื ืฉื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืกืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื›ื™ื•, ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ, ืœื ื ืชืžืœืื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ. ื›ืš ืงื‘ืขื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืชืจืฆืข ืื•ื–ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื’ื ื‘, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ.[4]

ื‘

ื’. ืžื™ื”ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™’ ืœืžื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื• ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ,[5] ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื˜ืขื ื“ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื• ืœื ื ืžื›ืจ ืืœื ืœืฉืฉ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื—ืžืจ ืขื•ื ืฉื• ื›ืขืช.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืงืฉื” ืงืฆืช ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืื•ื–ื ื• ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ”ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื•ืงื ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืชื”ื ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืขื•ืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

ื“. ื•ื›ืฉื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืข”ื™ ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืข”ืค ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ื“ื”ื ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื ื’ ื‘’ ื—-ื˜) ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืžืš ืฉืžืขื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืœืœื ื™ ืงืœืœื” ื ืžืจืฆืช ื›ื•’ ื•ืืฉื‘ืข ืœื• ื‘ื”’ ืœืืžื•ืจ ืื ืืžื™ืชืš ื‘ื—ืจื‘, ื•ืขืชื”, ืืœ ืชื ืงื”ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื›ื ืืชื”, ื•ื™ื“ืขืช ืืช ืืฉืจ ืชืขืฉื” ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื“ื ืฉืื•ืœ ืข”ื›. ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื, ืืžืจ ืœื• ืœืฉืžืขื™ (ืฉื ืœ”ื• ื•ื”ืœืื”) ื‘ื ื” ืœืš ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื”ื™’ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืืชืš ื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืืช ื ื—ืœ ืงื™ื“ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืชื“ืข ื›ื™ ืžื•ืช ืชืžื•ืช, ื“ืžืš ื™ื”ื™’ ื‘ืจืืฉืš, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœืžืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ืš ื•ื’ื•’ (ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš). [ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืงืฅ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืจื—ื• ืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžืขื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื™ืงื ืฉืžืขื™ ื•ื™ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื—ืžื•ืจื• ื•ื™ืœืš ื’ืชื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœืฉืžืขื™ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื•, ื”ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ืš ื‘ื”’ ื•ืืขื™ื“ ื‘ืš ื•ื’ื•’ ื•ืชืืžืจ ืืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื™, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืฉืžืจืช ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”’ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื•ื™ืชื™ ืขืœื™ืš ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืชื•].

ื•ื›ืฉื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืชืžื•ื” ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื, ื“ื”ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฆื™ื•ื” ืข”ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœื ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžืขื™, ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืœื ืœืฆืืช ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื” ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืฉืขืœื™’ ื ืืžืจ ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœืื• ืงื˜ืœื ืงื ื™ื ื”ื™’ ืฉืžืขื™, ืืœื ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ. ืืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืงืฅ ื•ื›ื•’ ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืœื ื”ื™’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื•.

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ [ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ืœ’ ื•ืข”ื—], ื“ื”ื ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืžื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื• ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ืชืจื” ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืืชื• ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื’ื ื‘ืœืื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจืื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจืื”. ืืœื ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืฃ ืฉืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื™ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืžืฉื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื• ืชื™ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืœื, ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื• ื™ื•ื›ืจื— ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื›ืœืื• ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฆืืช, ืข”ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจืื”, ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื›ืœืื•, ืข”ื› ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.

ื”. ื•ืข”ืค ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ืœื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื”, ืฉื›ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ืœื ืืฆื ืœื—ืคืฉื™, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื’ืจืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืขืจื‘ ืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื• ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืคืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” (“ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื”), ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืกืจ ืข”ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื) ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื•, ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื• ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื‘ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ื›ืžื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“. ื•ื‘’) ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ ื ืจืฆืข ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื“ื‘ืข”ื› ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื•, ื•ืžืฆืื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืœืœืžื“ื• ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืžืชื•ืง ื•ื›ืขืจื‘ ืืœื ืข”ื™ ืฉื ืื›ื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™’ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืจืง ืื– ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ “ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื”. ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืฆืจืข ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืฆื ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ “ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื” ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื .

ื•. ืื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ “ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืฉืชืขื‘ื“ ืœืงื•ื ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื•, ืืœื ืฉื™ื”ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœื›ืš, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• ื—”ื ืขืž’ 117, ื‘ืฉื ืจ’ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื•ื›ืจื—, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจ”ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”’ ืœื‘ื“ื•, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืกืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืื ื•, ืžืขืชื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ืช’ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืื ื•.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื”ืจ”ืœ (ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืขื””ืช) ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืก’ ืฉื‘ืช ืค”ื— ื’ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข, “ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉ”ื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื•, ืืžื ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืžื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืงื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืข”ื›, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืจืฆื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.

ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืืจื™ืš ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, (ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ื ”ื˜ ื•ื”ืœืื”) ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื“ ืœืงื•ื ื•, ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืœื ืžืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืœืš ืื“ื ืื—ืจ “ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื” ื•ืืคื™’ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื“, ืืœื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉ”ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™’ ื‘’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ “ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื—ืœื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื™ื• ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืืžื•ืฅ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื•, ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื“’, ืฆื• ืœื‘ื™ืชืš, ื›ื™ ืžืช ืืชื” ื•ืœื ืชื—ื™'” ื•ื’ื•’, ื•ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืž’ ืžืื™ ืžืช ืืชื” ื•ืœื ืชื—ื™’, ืžืช ืืชื” ื‘ืขื•ื””ื– ื•ืœื ืชื—ื™’ ืœืขื•ื””ื‘, ื”ืœ, ืžืื™ ื›ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™, ื”ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืœื ืขืกืงืช ื‘ืคืจื™’ ื•ืจื‘ื™’, ื”ืœ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื—ื–ืื™ ื‘ืจื•ื””ืง ื“ื ืคืงื™ ืžื™ื ืื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื“ืœื ืžืขืœื•, ื”ืœ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื”ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ ื“ืจื—ืžื ื ืœืžื” ืœืš, ืžืื™ ื“ืžื™ืคืงื“ื™ืช ืื™ื‘ืขื™ ืœืš ืœืžื™ืขื‘ื“, ื•ืžื” ื“ื ื™ื—ื ืงืžื™ ืงื•ื‘”ื” ืœื™ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืฆ”ืข ื“ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ื””ื– ื•ื›ืจืช ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื””ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื›ืคืจื™’ ื•ืจื‘ื™’, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื “ื“ื—ื–ืื™ ื‘ืจื•ื””ืง ื“ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ืื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื“ืœื ืžืขืœื•”, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื˜ืขืžื• ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืงื• ืคื˜ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืคืจืง ืขื•ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืขืœื™ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืœื ืžืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื• ื•ืชื• ืœื, ื•ืื ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืื™ืžืช ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืื™ืžืช ื™ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื”ืจื™”ื– ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื“ ืืœื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืืคื™’ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ืž”ืž ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืจื‘ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื.

ื–. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“’ ื‘’) “ืœื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื ืชื’ืจืขื• ืžืžื ื•”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื“ืื›ืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ืข ืืกื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ื•ื›ื™ ืžื” ืจืข ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื• ืื“ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.
ื•ืขื™’ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ืชื—ื›ื ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆื•ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืœื›ืš ืืžืจ ืœื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชื•ืกืคืช ื•ืžื’ืจืขืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืข.
ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื•ืจืข, ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื›”ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื”, ืืฃ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืข.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ ื“ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœื•, ื“ืื– ื””ื– ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ืขืฉื”.
ื—. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื–ื• ืžื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืฆืœ ืื•ื””ืข ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืขื””ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืช ืค”ื‘ ื˜”ื–, ื™ืชืจื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืžืจ ืœืข”ื– ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื ืžืฉื” ื‘ืชื• ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืžืฉื” ืœื™ื“ื•ืจ ืœื• ืฉื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืžืจ ืœืข”ื–, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ืข”ื—, ืฉืืข”ืค ืฉื™ืชืจื• ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืข”ื– ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืคืกื•ืชื”, ืืขืค”ื› ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื–ืจืขื• ืžืœื™ื“ืชื• ื‘ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืืžืช, ืืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืœ’ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื’”ื› ื‘ื”ื’ืจ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ืืขืค”ื› ืžืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื”, ืœื ืจืฆืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื ื—ื–”ืœ ื‘ืจ”ืจ ืคืจืฉื” ืž”ื” ื’, “ื•ืชืงื— ืฉืจื™ ืืฉืช ืื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื’ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืคื—ืชื”, ืœืงื—ืชื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื” ืืฉืจื™ืš ืฉืืช ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ”, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื’ืจ ืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืืžื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ืืš ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื—ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืจืฆืชื”.

[1] ย ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘”ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืจืฆืข ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื ืชื’ื ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืฆืข ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืื•ืžืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื’ื•’, ืฉื™ื™ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘”ื“, ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื“, ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจืฆืข ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.

[2] ย ื•ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืกื””ืž ืฉื “ืื• ื ื”ืจื’ื”ื• ืื ื‘ื ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช”, ื ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ืžืง”ื ื“ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื ื‘ ื•ืื™ื›ืž”ืง.

[3] ย ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžืžืื™ ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื–ืžื•, ืกื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ื ื ืœืžื™ืžืจ ื“ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื, ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืข”ืข ืืข”ื’ ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืžื‘ ืฉื–ืžืžื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ืžืžื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื“ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ื‘ืื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉื•, ื•ืจืง ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืข”ื™ ื“ืžื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืข”ื’ ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ.

[4] ย ืื“”ื ืชืฉ”ืข โ€“ ื•ืฉื•”ืจ ืฉื›”ื› ื‘ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ ืค’ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื.

[5] ย ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื“’ ืชื•ืก’ ืจื™”ื“ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›”ื ื‘’, ื“ืื ื”ืงื ื” ื”ืื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืขื™”ืฉ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืžื’ืจืขืช ืžื”ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.

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Harav Hagaon Yehuda Wagshal Shlita

Chessed: Itโ€™s Not for Hashem

Parashas Mishpatim

Harav Hagaon Yehuda Wagshal Shlita

We all know that one of the unique characteristics of Klal Yisrael is that we are gomlei chassadim, and there are many mitzvos in the Torah, some of them in this weekโ€™s parashah, that involve various forms of chessed. Now, the simple understanding of the mitzvah of gemilus chassadim is that we are meant to provide needy and less-fortunate people with what they are lacking. But if we look into some of the mitzvos of gemilus chassadim in this weekโ€™s parashah, we will see that they have a deeper meaning as well.

The passuk states, regarding the mitzvah of perikah: ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึดืจึฐืึถื” ื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจ ืฉึนื‚ื ึทืึฒืšึธ ืจึนื‘ึตืฅ ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ืžึทืฉึธึผื‚ืื•ึน ื•ึฐื—ึธื“ึทืœึฐืชึธึผ ืžึตืขึฒื–ึนื‘ ืœื•ึน ืขึธื–ึนื‘ ืชึทึผืขึฒื–ึนื‘ ืขึดืžึผื•ึน โ€” if you see someone elseโ€™s donkey carrying packages, and itโ€™s buckling under the burden, will you refrain from helping him? You have to help him out! The related mitzvah, teโ€™inah, is that if you see someone loading packages and he needs help, youโ€™re supposed to help him load his packages.

Regarding the mitzvah of perikah, the Torah stresses that even if the donkey thatโ€™s suffering belongs to your enemy โ€” ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึดืจึฐืึถื” ื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจ ืฉึนื‚ื ึทืึฒืšึธ ืจึนื‘ึตืฅ ืชึทึผื—ึทืช ืžึทืฉึธึผื‚ืื•ึน โ€” you should still help him. The Torah makes it clear that your dislike of the person should not stop you from helping him out in his time of need. So the simple meaning of the passuk is that despite the fact that you hate him and you donโ€™t really want to help him, you should overcome your hatred and help him. The Gemara (Bava Metzia 32b) actually says that if you have the choice of helping with teโ€™inah for an enemy or perikah for a friend, you should do teโ€™inah for your enemy, even though in doing so you are ignoring the donkeyโ€™s discomfort. Why? Because helping your enemy involves overcoming your yetzer hara โ€” ืœื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฆืจื• โ€” and is therefore a more important mitzvah.

The Targum Onkelos understands the passuk differently, however, interpreting the words ืขึธื–ึนื‘ ืชึทึผืขึฒื–ึนื‘ ืขึดืžึผื•ึน to mean: ืžืฉื‘ืง ืชืฉื‘ื•ืง ืžื ื“ื‘ืœื‘ืš ืขืœื•ื”ื™ ื•ืชืคืจื™ืง ืขืžื™ื”. The word ืขึธื–ึนื‘ can mean โ€œhelp,โ€ but it also means โ€œabandon,โ€ and Onkelos teaches that you are meant to abandon whatโ€™s in your heart against him, and unload with him. You canโ€™t just remain his enemy and help him despite your hatred for him; you are required to eliminate your ill feelings and help him.

Now, itโ€™s always good to abandon oneโ€™s hatred of another person โ€” thereโ€™s an issur of ืœึนื ืชึดืฉึฐื‚ื ึธื ืึถืช ืึธื—ึดื™ืšึธ ื‘ึดึผืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึถืšึธ โ€” but this would seem wholly unrelated to the mitzvah of perikah, which applies even if you still hate the person. But Onkelos is teaching that the mitzvah is specifically to stop hating him and then help him.

Rabbeinu Chananel explains that when the Gemara states that itโ€™s better to help your enemy than your friend, in order to overcome your yetzer hara, the point is ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืœืฉืœื•ื, to compel your yetzer hara to make peace.

We see, then, that the purpose of the mitzvah of gemilus chassadim is not only to give the other person what he needs โ€” itโ€™s to love him and then give him what he needs. If you give him what he needs without loving him, thatโ€™s not the full mitzvah of gemilus chassadim.

First, Feel His Pain

This idea is also reflected in another mitzvah of chessed in this parashah, the mitzvah of lending money: ืึดื ื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ืชึทึผืœึฐื•ึถื” ืึถืช ืขึทืžึดึผื™ ืึถืช ื”ึถืขึธื ึดื™ ืขึดืžึธึผืšึฐ ืึดื ื›ึถึผืกึถืฃ ืชึทึผืœึฐื•ึถื”. Regarding the words ืึถืช ื”ึถืขึธื ึดื™ ืขึดืžึธึผืšึฐ, Rashi comments: ื”ื•ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžืš ื›ืืœื• ืืชื” ื”ืขื ื™. Look at yourself as if youโ€™re the pauper, and then lend him the money. This means that if a person is asked to lend money to someone, and he doesnโ€™t put himself in the borrowerโ€™s shoes, but instead feels every bit the rich man in the comfortable chair whoโ€™s extending his magnanimity to the needy borrower, he has not fulfilled the mitzvah of lending money in its complete sense. The true fulfillment of the mitzvah is when you view yourself first as the needy person, and then you lend him the money.

Why is that? If youโ€™re the baal chessed, and not the ani, then why do you have to feel like the pauper? The answer is that the real mitzvah of chessed is not just to supply the personโ€™s needs. Hakadosh Baruch Hu has other ways of providing for people โ€” but He wants us to feel the pain of others in need. We should connect to another Yid and feel what heโ€™s going through. Just as when Iโ€™m in pain I want to relieve the pain, and Iโ€™ll do anything I can to get myself out of my predicament, when I see another Yid suffering I have to feel what heโ€™s going through, feel his humiliation, and then help him out. Thatโ€™s the meaning of ืึถืช ื”ึถืขึธื ึดื™ ืขึดืžึธึผืšึฐ.

The mitzvah of chessed is meant to connect one Yid to another. When another Yid is having a problem, and you feel what heโ€™s going through and you want to ease his pain just as you would want to ease your own pain, that is the ultimate fulfillment of the mitzvah of chessed.

Perhaps the same idea applies to the mitzvah of perikah for an enemy. The point is not that the person should continue hating his enemy and help him out anyway saying, โ€œIโ€™m not interested in doing him a favor, but what can I do? The Torah commands me to help him.โ€ When doing mitzvos bein adam laMakom, it is crucial to do them lโ€™sheim mitzvah. But when it comes to chessed, lโ€™sheim mitzvah isnโ€™t enough. You have to do the mitzvah lโ€™sheim the other person, out of understanding for what heโ€™s going through and empathy with his plight.

The main point of the mitzvah bein adam lโ€™chaveiro of chessed is to do it for him, not to do it for Hashem. Therefore, if you continue to hate him, then even though you supplied his needs and he received the help he required, that defeats the main purpose of chessed, which is to feel for the other person. And the only way to feel with him is by giving up your hatred and make peace. Once you become close again, you can feel his pain and feel the desire to help him. Only then can you fulfill the mitzvah of chessed properly.

Prohibited Even Without the Bite

Another mitzvah related to lending money is the prohibition of ribbis, which the Torah also refers to as neshech: ืœึนื ืชึฐืฉึดื‚ื™ืžื•ึผืŸ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื ึถืฉึถืืšึฐ. The Gemara, at the beginning of ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื ืฉืš, explains that the term โ€œneshechโ€ connotes a bite, since interest takes a โ€œbiteโ€ out of the borrower. The term ribbis connotes increase (ribui), since charging interest causes the lenderโ€™s money to increase, since he is repaid more than he lent. The Torah forbids both aspects: Donโ€™t bite the borrowerโ€™s assets by charging interest, and donโ€™t increase your own assets that way.

Why does the Torah care if the lender increases his own assets? Isnโ€™t the main concern that the borrower shouldnโ€™t be bitten? Accordingly, isnโ€™t the term neshech more apropos than the term ribbis?

Furthermore, the Gemara discusses the ramifications of these two terms, and says that theoretically, if you could have a situation of neshech without ribbis โ€” where the borrower loses but the lender doesnโ€™t benefit โ€” that would be forbidden. The reverse scenario, ribbis without neshech โ€” where the lender would gain without the borrower losing โ€” would be forbidden as well. The Gemara tries to find ways in which these scenarios could play out, and concludes that it is impossible; whenever thereโ€™s ribbis, thereโ€™s neshech, and vice versa. But even hypothetically, if the lender would only gain while the borrow would not lose, that would be forbidden as well.

Why is that? Isnโ€™t that a classic win-win situation? The borrower received his loan, while the lender received his interest, so everyone is happy!

Clearly, the Torah has a problem with ribbis as well โ€” and itโ€™s the same problem as lending money just to supply the borrowerโ€™s needs. Thatโ€™s not the mitzvah of halvaah! If the purpose of this mitzvah was just to give the borrower the loan he requires, then ribbis should be perfectly acceptable under those circumstances; I gained, and he didnโ€™t lose. But the mitzvah is to lend him money because you feel his pain and you empathize with his predicament. The man is in trouble, and because you understand his helplessness, you reach out and lend him the money. Youโ€™re doing it for him. If you are gaining through the transaction by earning ribbis, however, then even though the borrower is not losing anything, youโ€™re not doing it for him, and itโ€™s not true chessed.

Donโ€™t Do It Lishmah?

We pasken, regarding mitzvos dโ€™Oraysa, that mitzvos tzrichos kavanah โ€” you fulfill the mitzvah only if you had in mind to be yotzei. The Chofetz Chaim seems to say that this concept of mitzvos tzrichos kavanah applies to chessed and bein adam lโ€™chaveiro as well, so when, say, you lend someone money, you should have in mind to do it lโ€™sheim mitzvah.

The Chazon Ish disagrees, maintaining that not only is there no requirement of kavanah lโ€™sheim mitzvah when doing chessed, if a person does do chessed lโ€™sheim mitzvah, he practically loses the whole mitzvah of chessed. Why? Because if youโ€™re doing it lโ€™sheim mitzvah, that means youโ€™re doing it for Hashem, and Hashem wants us to do chessed for the sake of the other person! When a person is in pain and he seeks to ease his pain, he doesnโ€™t do it lโ€™sheim Hashem โ€” he does it lโ€™sheim himself, because he’s in pain! Hashem wants our friendโ€™s pain to be our pain, and we should feel a need to solve his problem in order to ease that pain.

Doing chessed lโ€™sheim the friend and not lโ€™sheim Hashem is what we learn from the mitzvos in this weekโ€™s parashah, which teach us the ultimate meaning of the mitzvah of chessed.

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