ShmosMishpatim

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yechezkel Levinshtein, ztโ€l

ื•ืจืฆืข ืื“ื ื™ื• ืืช ืื–ื ื• ื‘ืžืจืฆืข ื•ืขื‘ื“ื• ืœืขืœื (ื›ื, ื•)
ืจืฉ”ื™: ืื–ืŸ ื–ืืช ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื ืชื’ื ื‘ ื•ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื ื‘, ืชืจืฆืข.

ืงืฉื”: ืžื“ื•ืข ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืจืฆื™ืขื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืฆืขื• ืžื™ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘?

ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”ย ื™ืกื•ื“ ื ืคืœื: ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื ืื˜ ืื˜ ื ืจืื™ื ืืฆืœื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข. ืื“ื ื–ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืขืชื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืคืชื— ื”ืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืืฃ ืฉืœืขืช ืขืชื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืื™ืช ืจืขืชื•.

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืื“ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืง ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ ืืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืืš ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆื ืฅ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื™ืฆื””ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืื•ื•ืชื™ื•. ืื“ื ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืฉืื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื ื™ืจืคื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืชื•, ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ืชืขืœื” ืžืขืœื” ืžืขืœื”, ืืฃ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืคืœื•ืชื• ื•ืžืขืœืชื• ืื™ื ื” ื ืจืื™ืช.

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื“ืดืงืœืืด ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืื“ื ืฉืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื“ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืขืชื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืจืคื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืืฃ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืœืœ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืดืขื•ืœื”ืด, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืดื™ื•ืจื“ืด. ื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžื˜ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืฆื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืขื“ ืจื“ืชื• ืฉื—ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื•ืข ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืข, ืคืฆื•ืข ื•ืฉืคืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืขื” ื•ื ืชืงืจืจื” ืืฆืœื• ืืฉ ื”ืชืื•ื” ื•ื ื•ื›ื— ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืคืœ ื”ื•ื ื•ื—ื“ืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื, ื“ื•ืงื ืื“ื ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื•, ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.

ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืจืฆื•ืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืง ื”ื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ื•ืฉืคืœื•ืชื•, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืจืฆื™ืขืช ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงื ื•. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืจืข ืขื“ ืฉื ืฉื ืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืืžืจ ืดืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื•’ืด, ื“ื•ืงื ืื– ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉื•. ื“ื•ืงื ืขืชื”, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื‘ืจืื•ืชื• ืืช ืจืขืชื• ื•ืฉืคืœื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื ืคืฉื• ืžืฉื—ืช.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yeruchem Levovitz, ztโ€l

ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ืจืง ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื›ืคืคื” ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ืช
ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง “ืขื–ื‘ ืชืขื–ื‘ ืขืžื•” ื‘ืžื•ื—ืฉ. ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฆืขืจ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื•.

ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื“ืขืช: โ€ืื ืขื•ืฉื” ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืืœ ื™ื—ืคื•ืฅ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื•ื ืชื•ืขืœืช, ืœื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืžื•ืŸ. ื•ื™ืชืœืžื“ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• – ื–ื”ื• โ€ืฉื›ืจื•โ€. ื›ืš ื”ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘โ€ื”.

ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ืคืจ, ืคืขื ืขืœื” ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืœืจื›ื‘ืช, ืืš ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงืจื•ืŸ, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื—ืง ื•ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉืžื˜ื” ื›ืคืคื” ืžื™ื“ื•. ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ, ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื ืกื’ืจื•, ื”ืกืคื™ืง ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืคืคื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืžืจืžืก ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื.

ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืกื’ืจ. ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืข ื–ืจืง ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื›ืคืคื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ. ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื ืกื’ืจื• ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื›ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื™ื•ืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—.

ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืฆืคื” ื‘ืžืชืจื—ืฉ, ืื–ืจ ืื•ืžืฅ, ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื•ืฉืืœื•: โ€ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ืจืง ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืืช ื”ื›ืคืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื›ืคืคื” ืื—ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“?!”

ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืจืŸ: ื‘ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉื™ืžืฆื ืืช ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืŸ.

ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื›ื–ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ… ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข, ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื–ื•ืœืช…

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืจ”ื— ืค’ ืฉืงืœื™ื

 

ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืกื— ืืชื” ื™ืฆืจืช

ื ื•ืกื— ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื•ืกืฃ ืชื™ืงื ื• ืืชื” ื™ืฆืจืช (ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ืชื›”ื” ื’’ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื), ื•ื”ืงืฉื• ืืžืื™ ืชื™ืงื ื• ื ื•ืกื— ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•”ื˜ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืคืœืช ื™ื•”ื˜, ื•ืข’ ืฉ”ื’ ืขืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื“ืฃ ื›”ื“, (ื‘ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืื•ืช ืจืข”ื’ ืกืง”ื’), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื• ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืจ”ื—. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฉื‘ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืฉืœ ืจ”ื— ืื• ืื™ืคื›ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื™ืงื ื• ื ื•ืกื— ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื•ืข’ ื›ื ื””ื’ ื‘ื”ื’ื””ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจืกื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจ”ื—.

ื•ืข’ ืž”ื‘ ื‘ืœื ืืžืจ ืืชื” ื™ืฆืจืช (ืืคื™ืœื• ืืžืจ ื™ืขืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื) ื—ื•ื–ืจ. (ื•ื”ืงืฉื• ืžืฉืขื””ืฆ ืชืงืฆ”ื ื•’ ื‘ืืžืจ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืกื“ืจื ื•ืžื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื”ืœื›ืชื ื‘ืจ”ื” ื™ืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจ”ื—).

ื•ื›ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจ”ื— ืข’ ืื’”ืž ืื•”ื— ื—”ื“ ืข’ ื™”ื“ ื“ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืชืคืœืœ ืจืง ืฉืœ ืจ”ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื›”ื™ ืช”ืฆ ื˜’ ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืชื” ื™ืฆืจืช. (ื•ืžืกื‘ืจื ื™”ืœ ื“ืชื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื ”ืœ, ื“ืœืคื™ ืฉ”ื’ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืชืคืœื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืจ”ื— ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืชืงื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื•ื”ื› ืื ืœื ืืžืจ ื›ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืชืคืœืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื›ื ื””ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจืกื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจ”ื— ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืชืคืœื” ื’ ืขื ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื”).

ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื• ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจื• ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื—, ืืชื” ื™ืฆืจืช ื•ื›ื•’ ืื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ืจืฆื™ืช ื‘ื ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื›ื’ ื›ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืœ ื™ื•”ื˜. (ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื™ืงืฉื™ ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื ื•ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ื“ื’ืจืกื• ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ืืชื” ื™ืฆืจืช, ืืชื” ื‘ื—ืจืชื ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืชื™ืš). ื•ืžื˜ื ื‘ื‘ื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืจ”ื— ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ื™ื•”ื˜ ืืœื ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื› ืœื›ื’ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื ื™ื•”ื˜, ื•ืข’ ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื’ ื‘’ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•, ื“ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืขืœื• ืœื‘ื”ืž”ืง ื›ืœ ืจ”ื—. ื•ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื•ื””ื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืจ”ื— ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจ”ื— ื”ื•ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื•”ื˜. ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื“ืžื””ื˜ ื‘ืขื™ ื ื•ืกื— ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.

ื•ืข’ ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ ืค’ ื ื— ืชืจืข”ื’ ื•ืชืจืข”ื• ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืจ”ื— ื”ื•ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ืข”ืฉ.

 

ื•ื”ื ื” ืข’ ื”ืจ ืชืจืค”ื” ื™”ื“ ืฉื”ืง’ ืœืžื” ืœื ืชื™ืงื ื• ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ื ืœืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื” ื•ืจืง ืค’ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื•ืค’ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ. (ื•ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืืžืช ืชื™ืงืŸ ื”ืงืœื™ืจ ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ื ืœืžื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื”, ื•ืื›ืชื™ ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ืืœื ืฉืงืœื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ืจืฆื• ื›ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืจ”ื— ืื“ืจ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื—ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื ื—ืœ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืจ”ื— ื›ื™ ื‘ื’ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืค’ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ื™ ืืžืจื• ืคืกื—ื™ื ื•’ ืข”ื‘ ืžืฉื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจ”ื— ื ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ, ื•ืื– ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืชืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืจ”ื— ื•ืœื ืจืง ืื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืคืœืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช. (ื•ื”ืฉ ื˜ืคื™ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืืชื” ื™ืฆืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื›ื ื””ื’ ื‘ื”ื’ื””ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจืกื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจ”ื—, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื“ืฉื‘ืช ืจ”ื— ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจ”ื— ืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช).

(ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืข’ ื‘ื’ืž’ ืžืื™ ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืจื‘ ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืืช ื‘ื ”ื™, ื•ืข’ ื˜ื•”ื ื“ืก”ืœ ื“ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื› ื‘ื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื›ื, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืข’ ืคื ”ื™ ื“ืก”ืœ ื“ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืคืจืฉืช ืฆื• ืืช ื‘ื ”ื™ย  ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืชืฉื. ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืกืชืžื ื“ื’ืžืจื ืžืื™ ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืงืœื™ื ืงืื™ ื“ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืจ”ื— ืื“ืจ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื ”ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื‘ืจื ืืช”ืœ ื›ืœ ืค’ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื™ืš ื—ื™ืœืงื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื ”ืœ ื”ืฉ ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืงื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื, ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื” ืชื™ืงื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื™ืื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื—ืœ ื‘ืจ”ื—).

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Refoel Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ื

ื. ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›”ื‘ ื‘’ ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื™’ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืงื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ “ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื, ื•ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื•ืงื ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืชื™ืจืฆืข ืข”ื›. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™’ ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ืจืฆืข ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ืžื›ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื– ืขืœ “ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื”. ื•ื‘ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืฆ”ืœ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ืžืช ื“ื•ื—ืงื•, ืœื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขื ืฉ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืขื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื›ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืื™ ื™ืจืฆืข, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืž”ื“ ื“ืจืง ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ื ืจืฆืข, ืื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืคื™’ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืจื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœืชื, ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื ืชื’ื ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื ื‘ ืชื™ืจืฆืข, ื•ืื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ”ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื•’ ืชืจืฆืข. [1]

ืืžื ื ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ื“ืžื” ืฉื ืจืฆืข ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืœื ืชื’ื ื•ื‘, ื•ื–ื” ืชืžื•ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื, ื“ืžื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆืื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ืคืจืข ืžืžื ื• ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ืœื ืืฆื ืœื—ืคืฉื™, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™’ ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฆืข, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืืฆืœ ืื“ื•ื ื•, ื•ื’ื ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืœื ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ืคืฉื™ ื”ืจื™ ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื”, ื•ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื‘ื–ื”.

ื‘. ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื“ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ืžื›ืจ, ืฉืขืฆื ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉื• ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื“ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืข”ืข ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืฉื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื‘, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื‘, ื•ื’ื–ื””ื› ืฉืœื ื”ืขื ื™ืฉืชื• ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืขื‘ื“ ืื”ื› ื™ืฉื•ืœื ื’”ื› ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืžื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ื›ื— ื‘ืกืคื””ืž ืž”ืข ืจืœ”ื˜, ืฉืฆื™ื•ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื‘ ืฉื ืงื ื•ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ื•ื›ื•’ ืื• ื ืžื›ืจื”ื• ืขื›”ืœ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืข”ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื—ืœืง ืžืขื™ืงืจื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื‘, ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืืœื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืœ”ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืข”ื› ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืคืœ ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืข”ืข, ื•ืจืง ืฉืขื•ื ืฉ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืžืœืงื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืชื”, ืืœื ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื•ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืš.[2] ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘’ ื‘’ ื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืž”ื“ ืœื”ื™ืžื›ืจ, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืž”ื“ ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืข”ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืชื•, ื•ืข”ื› ื“ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืค”ืข, ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ืž”ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื•ืขื™’ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืื–ืœ ืค”ื’ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™”ื’ ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืข”ืข ืข”ืค ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ืขื ืฉ ืข”ืค ืขืฆืžื•, ื™ืข”ืฉ, ื•ืฆ”ื‘ ื“ืืฃ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืจืฉืข, ืž”ืž ื ืืžืŸ ืื“ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืคืœ, ืืข”ื’ ื“ืžืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืจืฉืข, (ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ืžื›ื•ืช ื’’ ื’), ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ื”ื ื ืืžืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืข”ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืชื•, ื•ืข”ื› ืฆ”ืœ ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ืฉ, ื•ืœื–ื” ืก”ืœ ืœืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ืจืช ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ืขื ืฉ ืข”ืค ืขืฆืžื•.[3]

ืืš ืื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ืคืฉื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื•’ ืœื ืืฆื ืœื—ืคืฉื™, ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื’ืœืื™ ืžื™ืœืชื ืฉืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื•, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ, ื•ื ืžืฆื ื“ืœื ืจืื” ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ืขื•ื ืฉ, ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ื— ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื•, ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื• ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœืฉื›ืจ, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืช ืขื•ื ืฉื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืกืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื›ื™ื•, ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ, ืœื ื ืชืžืœืื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ. ื›ืš ืงื‘ืขื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืชืจืฆืข ืื•ื–ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื’ื ื‘, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ.[4]

ื‘

ื’. ืžื™ื”ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™’ ืœืžื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื• ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ,[5] ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื˜ืขื ื“ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื• ืœื ื ืžื›ืจ ืืœื ืœืฉืฉ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื—ืžืจ ืขื•ื ืฉื• ื›ืขืช.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืงืฉื” ืงืฆืช ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืื•ื–ื ื• ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ”ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื•ืงื ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืชื”ื ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืขื•ืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

ื“. ื•ื›ืฉื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืข”ื™ ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืข”ืค ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ื“ื”ื ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื ื’ ื‘’ ื—-ื˜) ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืžืš ืฉืžืขื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืœืœื ื™ ืงืœืœื” ื ืžืจืฆืช ื›ื•’ ื•ืืฉื‘ืข ืœื• ื‘ื”’ ืœืืžื•ืจ ืื ืืžื™ืชืš ื‘ื—ืจื‘, ื•ืขืชื”, ืืœ ืชื ืงื”ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื›ื ืืชื”, ื•ื™ื“ืขืช ืืช ืืฉืจ ืชืขืฉื” ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื“ื ืฉืื•ืœ ืข”ื›. ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื, ืืžืจ ืœื• ืœืฉืžืขื™ (ืฉื ืœ”ื• ื•ื”ืœืื”) ื‘ื ื” ืœืš ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื”ื™’ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืืชืš ื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืืช ื ื—ืœ ืงื™ื“ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืชื“ืข ื›ื™ ืžื•ืช ืชืžื•ืช, ื“ืžืš ื™ื”ื™’ ื‘ืจืืฉืš, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœืžืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ืš ื•ื’ื•’ (ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš). [ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืงืฅ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืจื—ื• ืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžืขื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื™ืงื ืฉืžืขื™ ื•ื™ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื—ืžื•ืจื• ื•ื™ืœืš ื’ืชื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœืฉืžืขื™ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื•, ื”ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ืš ื‘ื”’ ื•ืืขื™ื“ ื‘ืš ื•ื’ื•’ ื•ืชืืžืจ ืืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื™, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืฉืžืจืช ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”’ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื•ื™ืชื™ ืขืœื™ืš ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืชื•].

ื•ื›ืฉื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืชืžื•ื” ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื, ื“ื”ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฆื™ื•ื” ืข”ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœื ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžืขื™, ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืœื ืœืฆืืช ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื” ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืฉืขืœื™’ ื ืืžืจ ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœืื• ืงื˜ืœื ืงื ื™ื ื”ื™’ ืฉืžืขื™, ืืœื ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ. ืืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืงืฅ ื•ื›ื•’ ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืœื ื”ื™’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื•.

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ [ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ืœ’ ื•ืข”ื—], ื“ื”ื ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืžื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื• ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ืชืจื” ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืืชื• ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื’ื ื‘ืœืื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจืื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจืื”. ืืœื ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืฃ ืฉืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื™ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืžืฉื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื• ืชื™ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืœื, ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื• ื™ื•ื›ืจื— ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื›ืœืื• ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฆืืช, ืข”ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจืื”, ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื›ืœืื•, ืข”ื› ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.

ื”. ื•ืข”ืค ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ืœื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื”, ืฉื›ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ืœื ืืฆื ืœื—ืคืฉื™, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื’ืจืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืขืจื‘ ืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื• ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืคืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” (“ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื”), ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืกืจ ืข”ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื) ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื•, ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื• ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื‘ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ื›ืžื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“. ื•ื‘’) ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ ื ืจืฆืข ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื“ื‘ืข”ื› ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื•, ื•ืžืฆืื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืœืœืžื“ื• ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืžืชื•ืง ื•ื›ืขืจื‘ ืืœื ืข”ื™ ืฉื ืื›ื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™’ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืจืง ืื– ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ “ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื”. ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื ืฆืจืข ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืฆื ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ “ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื” ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื .

ื•. ืื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ “ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืฉืชืขื‘ื“ ืœืงื•ื ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื•, ืืœื ืฉื™ื”ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœื›ืš, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• ื—”ื ืขืž’ 117, ื‘ืฉื ืจ’ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื•ื›ืจื—, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจ”ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”’ ืœื‘ื“ื•, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืกืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืื ื•, ืžืขืชื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ืช’ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืื ื•.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื”ืจ”ืœ (ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืขื””ืช) ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืก’ ืฉื‘ืช ืค”ื— ื’ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข, “ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉ”ื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื•, ืืžื ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืžื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืงื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืข”ื›, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืจืฆื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.

ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืืจื™ืš ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, (ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ื ”ื˜ ื•ื”ืœืื”) ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื“ ืœืงื•ื ื•, ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืœื ืžืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืœืš ืื“ื ืื—ืจ “ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื” ื•ืืคื™’ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื“, ืืœื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉ”ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™’ ื‘’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ “ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื—ืœื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื™ื• ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืืžื•ืฅ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื•, ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื“’, ืฆื• ืœื‘ื™ืชืš, ื›ื™ ืžืช ืืชื” ื•ืœื ืชื—ื™'” ื•ื’ื•’, ื•ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืž’ ืžืื™ ืžืช ืืชื” ื•ืœื ืชื—ื™’, ืžืช ืืชื” ื‘ืขื•ื””ื– ื•ืœื ืชื—ื™’ ืœืขื•ื””ื‘, ื”ืœ, ืžืื™ ื›ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™, ื”ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืœื ืขืกืงืช ื‘ืคืจื™’ ื•ืจื‘ื™’, ื”ืœ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื—ื–ืื™ ื‘ืจื•ื””ืง ื“ื ืคืงื™ ืžื™ื ืื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื“ืœื ืžืขืœื•, ื”ืœ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื”ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ ื“ืจื—ืžื ื ืœืžื” ืœืš, ืžืื™ ื“ืžื™ืคืงื“ื™ืช ืื™ื‘ืขื™ ืœืš ืœืžื™ืขื‘ื“, ื•ืžื” ื“ื ื™ื—ื ืงืžื™ ืงื•ื‘”ื” ืœื™ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืฆ”ืข ื“ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ื””ื– ื•ื›ืจืช ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื””ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื›ืคืจื™’ ื•ืจื‘ื™’, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื “ื“ื—ื–ืื™ ื‘ืจื•ื””ืง ื“ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ืื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื“ืœื ืžืขืœื•”, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื˜ืขืžื• ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืงื• ืคื˜ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืคืจืง ืขื•ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืขืœื™ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืœื ืžืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื• ื•ืชื• ืœื, ื•ืื ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืื™ืžืช ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืื™ืžืช ื™ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื”ืจื™”ื– ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื“ ืืœื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืืคื™’ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ืž”ืž ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืจื‘ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื.

ื–. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“’ ื‘’) “ืœื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื ืชื’ืจืขื• ืžืžื ื•”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื“ืื›ืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ืข ืืกื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ื•ื›ื™ ืžื” ืจืข ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื• ืื“ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.
ื•ืขื™’ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ืชื—ื›ื ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆื•ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืœื›ืš ืืžืจ ืœื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชื•ืกืคืช ื•ืžื’ืจืขืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืข.
ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื•ืจืข, ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื›”ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื”, ืืฃ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืข.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ ื“ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœื•, ื“ืื– ื””ื– ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ืขืฉื”.
ื—. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื–ื• ืžื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืฆืœ ืื•ื””ืข ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืขื””ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืช ืค”ื‘ ื˜”ื–, ื™ืชืจื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืžืจ ืœืข”ื– ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื ืžืฉื” ื‘ืชื• ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืžืฉื” ืœื™ื“ื•ืจ ืœื• ืฉื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืžืจ ืœืข”ื–, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ืข”ื—, ืฉืืข”ืค ืฉื™ืชืจื• ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืข”ื– ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืคืกื•ืชื”, ืืขืค”ื› ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื–ืจืขื• ืžืœื™ื“ืชื• ื‘ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืืžืช, ืืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืœ’ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื’”ื› ื‘ื”ื’ืจ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ืืขืค”ื› ืžืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื”, ืœื ืจืฆืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื ื—ื–”ืœ ื‘ืจ”ืจ ืคืจืฉื” ืž”ื” ื’, “ื•ืชืงื— ืฉืจื™ ืืฉืช ืื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื’ืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืคื—ืชื”, ืœืงื—ืชื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื” ืืฉืจื™ืš ืฉืืช ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ”, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื’ืจ ืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืืžื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ืืš ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื—ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืจืฆืชื”.

[1] ย ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘”ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืจืฆืข ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื ืชื’ื ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืฆืข ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืื•ืžืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื’ื•’, ืฉื™ื™ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘”ื“, ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื“, ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจืฆืข ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.

[2] ย ื•ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืกื””ืž ืฉื “ืื• ื ื”ืจื’ื”ื• ืื ื‘ื ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช”, ื ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ืžืง”ื ื“ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื ื‘ ื•ืื™ื›ืž”ืง.

[3] ย ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžืžืื™ ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื–ืžื•, ืกื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ื ื ืœืžื™ืžืจ ื“ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื, ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืข”ืข ืืข”ื’ ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืžื‘ ืฉื–ืžืžื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ืžืžื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื“ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ื‘ืื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉื•, ื•ืจืง ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืข”ื™ ื“ืžื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืข”ื’ ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ.

[4] ย ืื“”ื ืชืฉ”ืข โ€“ ื•ืฉื•”ืจ ืฉื›”ื› ื‘ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ ืค’ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื.

[5] ย ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื“’ ืชื•ืก’ ืจื™”ื“ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›”ื ื‘’, ื“ืื ื”ืงื ื” ื”ืื‘ ืืช ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืขื™”ืฉ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืžื’ืจืขืช ืžื”ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.

โ€ซโ€ชParshaโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชPreview

Harav Hagaon Shmuel Friedman Shlita

Know Who You Are!

Harav Hagaon Shmuel Friedman

Parashas Mishpatim

Parashas Mishpatim, which is the first parashah after Mattan Torah, deals with dinim and mishpatim in the realm of bein adam lโ€™chaveiro. The reason the first parashah after Mattan Torah discusses these matters is to convey to us that even mitzvos bein adam lโ€™chaveiro, mishpatim and dinim are also from Sinai.

The parashah starts with a discussion of eved Ivri. A thief who cannot afford to pay back what he stole is sold as an eved for six years. The meforshim โ€”Ramban, Rabbeinu Bachaye, the Haโ€™amek Davar, and others โ€” wonder why the parashah starts with this topic. Wouldnโ€™t it be better to start with matters of chessed, like halvaโ€™ah, prikah, or shomer chinam that appear later in the parashah? This question is all the more in place considering that the Maharal teaches that when the Torah first addresses a subject, the first topic raised in that discussion is very fundamental and special. Whatโ€™s special about this mitzvah of eved Ivri?

One interesting aspect of eved Ivri is that if he decides, after six years of servitude, that he likes his situation and does not want to leave his master โ€”ืึธื”ึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ืึถืช ืึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึธื ึธื™ ืœึนื ืึตืฆึตื ื—ึธืคึฐืฉืึดื™ โ€” then he gets his ear pierced: ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืฉืื•ึน ืึถืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึถืœึถืช ืื•ึน ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื” ื•ึฐืจึธืฆึทืข ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™ื• ืึถืช ืึธื–ึฐื ื•ึน ื‘ึผึทืžึผึทืจึฐืฆึตืขึท ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ื•ึน ืœึฐืขึนืœึธื.

Rashi cites R’ Yochanan Ben Zakkaiโ€™s explanation of this phenomenon: ืื–ืŸ ื–ืืช ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื ืชื’ื ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื ื‘ ืชืจืฆืข โ€” an ear that heard at Mattan Torah, โ€œYou shall not steal,โ€ but stole anyway, should be pierced.

Another way a person can become an eved is if he sells himself to earn parnassah, in which case his ear is pierced if he chooses to stay beyond the initial six-year period because he heard Hashem say, at Har Sinai, that Klal Yisrael are His servants, yet he went and sold himself to a human master.

What is puzzling, however, is that the eved Ivriโ€™s ear is pierced only when he decides, after six years of servitude, to stay with his master. Shouldnโ€™t his ear have been pierced right after he stole, or right when he decided to sell himself into slavery? Why do we wait until he says: ืึธื”ึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ืึถืช ืึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึธื ึธื™ and only then pierce his ear?

Another interesting halachah pertaining to the eved Ivri is derived from the words: ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœื•ึน ืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ, which the Gemara expounds to mean: ืขืžืš ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ืขืžืš ื‘ืžืฉืชื”. You shouldnโ€™t eat good bread while he eats coarse bread; you shouldnโ€™t drink good, old wine if heโ€™s drinking new wine; you shouldnโ€™t sleep on a comfortable mattress while he sleeps on straw. The Gemara goes on to observe that one who buys an eved Ivri is actually acquiring a master for himself, because he is obligated to supply him with good food, drink, and sleeping arrangements, as well as with any other comfort that he himself has. In fact, Tosafos, in Kiddushin, cites from the Yerushalmi that if the master has only one mattress, heโ€™s obligated to give it to the eved.

How do we understand this? Why is the master obligated to treat his eved Ivri better than himself? Furthermore, asks the Maharam Shif, donโ€™t we have a rule that ื—ื™ื™ืš ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื? Why should the one good bed go to the eved and not to the master?

Finally, how do we understand the halachah that when the eved Ivri leaves, the master is required to give him presents (haanakah)? Why does this eved, who was once a lowly ganav, deserve such a display of honor?

A Stark Contrast

The story is told that R’ Yechezkel Abramsky was once asked by a judge in England, โ€œHow can it be that your Torah promotes slavery? Slavery is degrading, so how can the Torah obligate a person who stole to be sold as a slave?โ€

R’ Yechezkel responded by comparing the way a thief is treated in modern society with the way the Torah treats a ganav. In our world, when someone steals, he is locked up in jail. The thief is not obligated to return the stolen goods or money, for how can he make restitution while sitting in prison? Furthermore, he said, in prison the thief learns worse behaviors, living as he does with a bunch of other criminals.

In the meantime, what happens to the ganavโ€™s family? They donโ€™t have what to eat because they have no one to support them, and his children have no role model. Not that this thief was a great role model to begin with, but now his family doesnโ€™t even have a normative family setting, so they themselves resort to lowlier behavior.

Once the thief is freed from jail, no one wants to hire him for a job, since he has a criminal record. Heโ€™s also not used to working; heโ€™s used to being served and not having to do anything.

The Torahโ€™s way of treating a thief is vastly different, explained R’ Yechezkel. First of all, he is sold into servitude so that he can make restitution for what he stole. Second, his family remains with him, so they continue to have a father figure. Third, the eved lives in a normal family setting, spending his days with upstanding people who conduct themselves appropriately.

On top of that, the master is obligated to treat the eved with respect, taking care of all his needs, to the extent that if thereโ€™s only one of a certain item, the eved gets it. The master thereby accords chashivus to his eved, conveying to him that he is a ben melech: ื‘ึผึธื ึดื™ื ืึทืชึผึถื ืœึทื”’ ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ื›ึถื. And a ben melech doesnโ€™t steal.

When the eved leaves, he is showered with presents and money, so that he can set himself up respectably in his next setting. In essence, the Torah is providing a full rehabilitation program for the thief, so that by the time he is released as a free man, he will not revert to his former criminal habits.

If, however, the ganav goes through the six years of his servitude and did not internalize the idea of ื‘ึผึธื ึดื™ื ืึทืชึผึถื ืœึทื”’ ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ื›ึถื, but instead wants to remain with his master, that is the time to pierce his ear. At that point, after he underwent this reeducation program, we pierce his ear for not understanding that he is a ben melech.

Before his six-year stint, it wasnโ€™t possible to talk to him; you canโ€™t talk to a ganav, and lecturing him wonโ€™t accomplish anything. But now that he has gone through this system of rehabilitation and learned how to live like a regular person, while being honored by his master and absorbing the message that he is a ben melech, he is expected to know better.

Hashemโ€™s Concern for Every Jew

R’ Yisroel Salanter used to say that there are two things a person must know: Who is the Ribbono Shel Olam, and who are you?

In Parashas Yisro, we learned who the Ribbono Shel Olam is. And now, in this opening section of Parashas Mishpatim, we learn what a Yid is: ืžึทืžึฐืœึถื›ึถืช ื›ึผึนื”ึฒื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื’ื•ึนื™ ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื. This appreciation of what a Yid is introduces the entire topic of bein adam lโ€™chaveiro.

The Alter of Kelm explained that the reason the Torah places the subject of eved Ivri first is to show us the concern we need to have for another Yid โ€” even a ganav. Just as a father would have rachmanus on his son even if he was a ganav, and would try to help him as much as possible, the Ribbono Shel Olam cares about this ganav and tries to bring him back onto the correct path, out of His love for every Yid and recognition of who we are.

The Sefer Darkei Mussar sees a similar lesson in the halachah in this weekโ€™s parashah that one who steals an ox is obligated to repay more than one who steals a sheep, because stealing the sheep involves greater indignity for the thief. That bushah of the ganav is reckoned into his punishment, just as a father would take pity on his son even if he was a ganav and would try his best to understand what the child is going through. A Yid is not intrinsically bad; a Yid is inherently good. Even if he stooped to this transgression, due to his particular circumstances, we still take note of his embarrassment and deduct from his penalty accordingly.

From here we see the tremendous love that the Ribbono Shel Olam has for every Jew. And if this is how much He loves even a ganav, then how much more so does He love and have rachmanus for Yidden who are ื™ืจืื™ื ื•ืฉืœืžื™ื!

The Ribbono Shel Olam should see the tzaar of Klal Yisrael, and those who are sick Rโ€l should have a refuah sheleimah, and we should be zocheh to yeshuah bโ€™karov.

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