BereishisMikeitz

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื ืก ื—ื ื•ื›ื”
ืžืื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, [ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื ืก ืงื‘ืขื•ื”, ืจืฉ”ื™], ื“ืช”ืจ ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืžืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ื•ื›ืฉื’ื‘ืจื” ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ื•ื ืฆื—ื•ื, ื‘ื“ืงื• ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื• ืืœื ืคืš ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ื””ื’, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืœื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื ืขืฉื” ื ืก ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ืžืžื ื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื, ืœืฉื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืงื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืขืฉืื•ื ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœืœ ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื” (ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื.).
ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื ืก ืคืš ื”ืฉืžืŸ.

ื•ืฆ”ื‘: ื”ืจื™ ืขืžื“ื” ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื ืชื•ืจืชืš ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ืจืฆื•ื ืš, ื•ื ืขืฉื• ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘’ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ ื•ื”ื“ืขืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืฉื™ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ?

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช ืื‘ื“ ื™ื”ืœื•ื ื™ืงืจ ืขืจืš, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื ืžื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจ. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจื• ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื˜ืจื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ืœื•ื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ืœื•ื, ืขืžื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื ืฉืงื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืžื—ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืื•ืœื ืœื™ืœื“ ื ื•ืกืคื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืงื” ืžืื‘ื™ื•.

ืขืค”ื– ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืก ืคืš ื”ืฉืžืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืก ื–ื” ื”ื•ื “ืจืง” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืืš ื–ื” ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืก ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื ืฆืจืš, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ืชื• ื™ืช’ ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื ืก ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ื “ื ืฉื™ืงื”” ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืงื‘ืขื• ื“ื•ืงื ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ื”ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”.

ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”

ื ืœื‘”ืข ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’’ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช – ื–ืืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืชืฉืœ”ื˜

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”
ื ืœื‘”ืข ื’’ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืœ”ื˜
ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืืฆืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”
ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช, ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืงืžื˜ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืขืจืคื•ืœ. ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื™ืจ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ื”ื’ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืฉืžืฅ ืžืžื ื• ืœื ื™ืฉืžื˜ ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื›ื— ื—ืœื™ืœื”.

ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืชื•ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉืคืขื ืื—ืช ื›ืฉื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืจื””ื™ ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืืชื• ืžืฆืื• ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื‘ืดื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœื™ื“ ืจื””ื™, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื•, ืกืคืจ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืžืจืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื‘ืดื. ืžื” ืงื“ื ืœืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืœื ื™ื“ืข, ืื•ืœื ืžืจื’ืข ืฉืขืžื“ ืœื™ื“ื• ื•ืขื“ ืœืจื’ืข ืฉืจืจื””ื™ ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•, ืกืคืจ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืคืœื.

ื”ืžืจืื” ื ื—ืจื˜ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื ืคืฉื•. ืฉืงื“ื ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืงืฉื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื” ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขื”, ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืžื—ื ืš ืจื‘ ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื ืคืฉื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืจืš ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœ’ื”ืชืžื“ื”’ ื•’ื™ื’ื™ืขื”’ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื.

ืืœื” ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืกืชื•ืคืฃ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื• ืจื›ืฉื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืืžื•ืช ืžื“ื” ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ื ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืขื ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื“ ืจ’ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™. ืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืคืจืš ื”ื™ื” ืงื ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืœ ืžืขื•ื ื ืœื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืชื ื•ืžื” ืงืœื”, ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ืขืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื. ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœ’ืชื—ื ื”’, ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืขื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื ืชื. ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืกืคืกืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื“ืœืช, ืฉืขืจ ื”ื—ืฆืจ, ืœื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ‘ื—ื“ืฉ’ ืžืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืขื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœื™ื“ ืขืžื•ื“ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืจื””ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืฆืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ืดื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ืด. ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”’ื—ื–ืจื”’ ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืกื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืคื™ืœื”. ื›ืš ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉืฉ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืช, ืœืžื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžืงื™ืคื”.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”

ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื

ืฉื‘ืช ื›”ื’ ืข”ื‘ ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืชื“ื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืก’ ืฉื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืจ”ื— ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ืงืฉื• ืžื’ืž’ ื“ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื ืขื“ื™ืฃ (ื“ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืœื”ื• ืœืชื•ืก’ ื“ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’”ื› ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื), ื•ืชื™’ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ืื ื”ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืชื“ื™ืจ ืงื•ื“ื. ื•ืฆ”ืข ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง.

ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืž’ ื”ื ”ืœ ื“ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืชื“ื™ืจ, ืข’ ืขืžืง ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืž’ ืก”ื˜ ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื›ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื, ื•ืชื™’ ื—ื“ื ื“ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืื—ื“ ื“ื•ื—ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื”ืชื•ืก’.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืชื™’ ื“ื’ื ืžืขืœืช ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื ื”ื•ื ืžื””ืช ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืค’ ืขืงื‘ ื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื•ืข’ ืก’ ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืž”ืข ืžื””ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ืค”ื (ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ื“ืฉ ืคืจืง ื˜’) ืื•ืช ื›”ื’ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืข”ืช ืฉ”ื’ ื™”ื– ืฉื”ื•ื ืž”ืข ืžื””ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ื“ื ืœืžื•ื“ ืžื–ื” ืง”ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืขืžื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืง”ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•’.

(ื•ืข”ืข ื’ืจื™”ืค ืขืœ ืจืก”ื’ ืžืฆื•ื” ื ”ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืžืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื ืžืจ”ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืกื™’ ื’ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื• ืจ’ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ื“ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืœื ืชื—ืœืœื• ืืช ืฉื ืงื“ืฉื™ ื•ื ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘ืชื•”ื›).

(ื•ืข’ ืจ’ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืค’ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืขื””ืค ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงืœื™ ืขื‘ืจืชื™, ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจืขื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ื ื• ื•ื™ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืงื‘”ื” ืข”ื–, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืข”ื”, ืงื”ืœืช ื–’ ื™”ื“, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืขื” ืจืื”, ืคื™’ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืขื”).

ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืœืœ โ€“ ื•ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ืื”

Hagaon Harav Tzvi Partzovitz Shlita

ื•ืงื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืขืฉืื•ื ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื•ืชืžื”ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื“ื‘ืฉืœืžื ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืœืœ, ื”ืจื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืœื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืœืœ, ืืš ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื”ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืืœื ืฉื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื ืชืงืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื•ื”ื› ืžื” ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉืœืžื ื‘ื”ืœืœ ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืœืœ, ืืš ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ืื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืž”ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืืจ”ื™ ืฉืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ืชืงื ื• ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืขื•ื™’ ื‘ืก’ ืฉืคืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ื ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ “ืชืžื ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื•ื” ืžืฉื‘ื— ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”’ ื•ื“ื ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื“ืื™”, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉืœ ืืœื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื“ื™ืžื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”.

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ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœ’ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืžืฆื•ืช ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืžืื“, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื ืก ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืฉื‘ื— ื”ื-ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืกื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื“’ ื”ืจ”ืž ื ’ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืฆื ื”ื ืจ-ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืก, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืคืจืฉ ื“ื›ืŸ ืคื™’ ื”ืจ”ืž ื‘ื”ื ื“ืงื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื“ื”ืš ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจ [ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื›ืคื™ืจืฉ”ื™ ื“ืงื‘ืขื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื, ื“ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจ”ืž ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื›ืœืœ] ื•ื›”ื” ื‘ืคืกืงื™ ื”ืจื™ื”ื– ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฉื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืงื‘ืขื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœืœ, ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืก ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ื“ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื”ืจื™ ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ”ื— ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›”ื” ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืœ’ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™’ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื•ื›ื•’ ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืœืœ, ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืก, ื•ืœืฉื™’ ื”ืจ”ืž ื“ืžื” ืฉืงื‘ืขื•ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื•ืœืคืจืกื ื”ื ืก, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืข”ื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉ”ื› ื”ืจ”ืž ื“ืžืฆื•ืช ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืžืื“ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืก”ื“ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื“ื”ื ื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื“ืฃ ื™”ื’ ืื™ืชื ืžื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืืžืจื• ื—ื ื ื™’ ื‘ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ื•ื›ื•’ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉื ื’ืืœื• ืžื”ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืก ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœืฉื‘ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ืืข”ืค ืฉื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืž”ืž ื™ืžื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœื•, ื•ื›ื“ืื™’ ื‘ืจ”ื” ื“ืฃ ื™”ื— ื‘’ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื™ืคืจืกื ื ื™ืกื, ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจ”ืž ื“ืžืฆื•ืช ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืื“, ื›ื™ ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื” ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื ื•ื›”ื– ื›ืžืฉ”ื  ื‘ืฉื™’ ื”ืจ”ืž ื“ืขืฆื ื”ื ”ื— ื”ื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ืจ โ€“ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืก ืข”ื™ ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื“’ ื”ืจ”ืž ืฉื, ื“ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื“ ืžืื“ ืข”ื› ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืกื•ืชื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื. [ื•ื›”ื– ืœื ื›ืคื™ืจืฉ”ื™ ืจ”ื” ืฉื].

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™’ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ”ื“ ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื•ื“ื•ื™ื™ ืงืžื™’ ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืชืจื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉื™ื”ื™’ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื”ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื—ืžื™ ืชื•ื“ื” ื“ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ื•ื™ืงืจื ื–’ ืื™’ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื ื™ืชืคืจืกื ื”ื ืก ืœืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›”ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฆื™”ื‘ ืฉื ื“ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”’, ื•ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืจื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื—ื ื•ืžื™ืขื˜ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื”ื™’ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื™ื”ื™’ ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ื ืก ืœืคื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื›”ื– ืžืงืจื ืžืœื ื™ื•ื“ื• ืœื”’ ื—ืกื“ื• ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื™ื–ื‘ื—ื• ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืชื•ื“ื”, ื•ื›”ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ื“ื›ืŸ ื™ื ื”ื’ ื”ืื“ื ื“ืžื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื ืก, ื™ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœืชื•.

ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืจืื” ื“ื”ื ื” ื‘ื›”ืž ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืžื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื— ื•ืชื”ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™’ ืœืคื ื™ืš ื”’ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืœืœ ื•ืœืฉื‘ื— ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืขืžืš ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ื“ื• ื•ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื•ื™ืคืืจื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื“’ ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ืคืืจื• ื•ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืžืžื• ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคืœื’ืช ื‘ื ื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ื• ื•ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื•ื™ืคืืจื•. ื•ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื›ืœืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ืœืœ.

ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉืžื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืขื™ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื•ื›”ื  ืžืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื“’ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื•ื—”ื˜ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™”ื— ื™ืืžืจ ื ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ืื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืžื™ ืžืขื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื—ืกื“ ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืขืžื“ื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืงื˜ื•ื ืชื™ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ืกื“ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”’ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื•’ ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื›ืœ ื“’ ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืก”ืค ื‘ื ื“ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื“’ ื•ื ื•ื“ื” ืืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืื ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ืื“ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืœืืœื•ืงื™ื• ืฉื‘ืจืื•, ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’ ืฉื™ื”ื™’ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ื•ื™ื•ื“ื• ืœื’ ืฉื‘ืจืื, ื•ื™ืคืจืกืžื• ื–ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื•.

[ื•ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืž”ืฉ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•”ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื”ืจื™”ื˜ ื–”ืœ ื‘ืคื™’ ืžื” ืืฉื™ื‘, ืฉืžืจื™ืฉื ืืžืจ ืื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ื‘ืŸ ืืžืชืš ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•, ื•ืื—”ื› ืื•ืžืจ ืคืชื—ืช ืœืžื•ืกืจื™, ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ืข”ื– ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืื–ื‘ื— ื–ื‘ื— ืชื•ื“ื”, ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ, ื•ื–”ืœ ืฉื, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ ืœื›ืคื•ืจ ืœ”ืž ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ื›ื“ืื™’ ื‘ื—ื•”ืž ืกื™’ ืค”ื–, ื•ืข”ื› ืื•ืžืจ ืื ื™ ืœื ื›ืŸ ืขืžื“ื™ ืืœื ืื‘ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืžืš, ื•ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื“ืืช ื‘ืข”ื“ ืžืžืฉ].

ื•ืžืขืชื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื—, ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื“ื•ืš ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืš ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืืžืจื• ืื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœื”’, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ืื” ื ืืžืจืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ื ืื›ืœืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืกืคืจ ื—ืกื“ื™ ื“’ ื•ื›ื“’ ื”ื ืฆื™”ื‘.

ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื›”ื– ื“ืœื›ืื•’ ืžื” ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”’, (ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”) ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื“’ ื”ื™ืœืงื•”ืฉ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™”ื— ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื“’ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืœื ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื. ื•ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื” (ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื ื™ ืœื–ื” ื—ื›”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜”ื) ื“ื”ื ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘, ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื•ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื™ ืข”ื™ ืชื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืชื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืž”ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื›”ื‘ ืžื™ื™ืชื‘ ืขืœืžื ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื˜ื™ื‘ ืข”ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ื“ื ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”’ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘, ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉืžืฉืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืข”ื› ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืขืœ ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”’. (ื•ื™ืขื•ื™’ ื‘ืก’ ื™ื”ืœ ืื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ืจ”ื ื–”ืœ).

ื•ื”ืจื™ ืžืขืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื”ืจื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื”ื• ืขืžื ื•, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื ืฉืžื›ืœืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉืชืชืคืจืกื ื•ืชืืžืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ื“’ ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื“ื• ืœื-ืœ ื•ื™ืคืจืกืžื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื•”ืฉ. [ื•ื›”ื” ื’ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื ื‘ื“’ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช [ืขื™’ ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื™”ื‘ ื’] ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื™ืงืจื ืœื”ื•ื“ืื” ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื] ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื”ืž”ื– ืžืฉื•ื ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื ื•ื›”ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›”ื“ ื’, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื•ื›ืž”ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™, ืข”ื› ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ ื ื™ืกื (ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืขื•ื™’ ื‘ืก’ ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื—”ื‘ ืœืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจืฉ”ื– ืื•ื™ืจื‘ืš ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื“’ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื”ื•ื™ ืข”ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจ ืืžื ื ื™ืขื•ื™’ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉื›’ ื•ื–”ืœ “ื“ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจ ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ื”ื”ืœืœ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืข”ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืชืŸ ืืœ ืœื‘ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื“'” ื•ืžืœืฉื•ื ื• ื ืจืื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื”ื›ืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืืœ ืœื‘ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืื›ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ”ืœ ื™ื”ื™’ ื”ืคื™’ ื“ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ืื”. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืขื•”ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื ืค”ืž ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›”ื–].

ื‘.

ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืš – ย ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื•ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื›”ืž ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื ืืžืจืช ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืคื”, ื•ืฆ”ืข ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช, ื“ื”ื ื” ืžื‘ื•’ ื‘ื›”ืž ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืคื’ืžื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืž”ืฉ ืœืš ื”’ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืš ื”’ ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• โ€“ ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื–ื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื›ื“ืœืขื™ืœ โ€“ ื•ืข”ื› ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ื›ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”, ืžื™ืขื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ื ืคื’ื ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื” ืชืงื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ ืข”ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื”, ื“ื”ื ื” ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™’ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ื ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื”ืจื™ ื’ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื–ื” ืข”ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื ืคืœืื•ืช, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืข”ื™ ื”ื ืจื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื ืชืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืืจ ืœื ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœืื”ืจืŸ ืฉืœืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื‘ืคื™’ ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ื›’ ื‘ื–ื” ืงืื™ ืื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ, ื•ืข”ื› ืžื” ืฉื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืžื ื•ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื”ื•ื™ ืข”ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“, ื•ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื’ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฉื‘ื ืจ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื™ ืข”ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืœื”ื. ื•ื”ื› ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื ืชืงื ื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื“ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ื™ื”ื™’ ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื ื•ืจื”, ืœืชืงืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“. (ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืค”ื™ ื”ื’ืž’ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืš ื”’ ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ ื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืข”ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืžืฉื˜ืžืื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื ื•ืจื” ื ืคื’ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ืข”ื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื ืชืงืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื–ื• ืžืžืฉื›ืช ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”).

ื•ื”ื› ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื• ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืžื” ืฉืชืžื”ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื”ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืืžื ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื•ื›”ื– ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื“ ืชืžื ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ื“ื—ื ื•ื›ื” (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื) ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืš ืžื™ืœืชื ื“ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื›”ื“ ื’ ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื™ืœืชื ื“ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืขื™ืงืจื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืชืงื ื”, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื“ื–ื” ืงืื™ ื’ื ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื‘ื•’ ืœืขื™ืœ.

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Harav Hagaon Yehuda Wagshal Shlita

The Little Light Amidst the Darkness

Parashas Mikeitz/Chanukah

Harav Hagaon Yehuda Wagshal

 

We see from Chazal that thereโ€™s something unique and special about the Yom Tov of Chanukah. This Yom Tov, the Gemara says, was established lโ€™hodos ulehallel. Now, itโ€™s clear that there are many things about the nissim, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, that we should be thankful for. On other Yamim Tovim, like Pesach, Sukkos, and Shavuos, thereโ€™s also plenty to be thankful for: Yetzias Mitzrayim, Mattan Torah, the ananei hakavod. But those arenโ€™t Yamim Tovim of hodaah specifically. Chanukah is different. The essence of the Yom Tov is hodaah.

In order to understand this, we need to gain a deeper understanding of the middah of hodaah.

We know that thereโ€™s a mitzvah to remember the incident with Miriam every day: ื–ึธื›ื•ึนืจ ืึตืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ื”’ ืึฑืœึนืงึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืžึดืจึฐื™ึธื ื‘ึทึผื“ึถึผืจึถืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผืฆึตืืชึฐื›ึถื ืžึดืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื. Itโ€™s one of the sheish zechiros that weโ€™re supposed to say every day. The Arizal notes that all these six remembrances are alluded to in the words of the berachah of Ahavah Rabbah, which we say before Krias Shema. The zechirah of Miriam, he says, is alluded to in the words ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืš, since those words remind us that the mouth Hakadosh Baruch Hu gave us was created for the purpose of thanking Hashem, not for talking lashon hara.

It sounds like hodaah and lashon hara are opposites. But I would think the opposite of lashon hara is lashon tov, or maybe shtikah. Why is hodaah, thanking Hakadosh Baruch Hu, the opposite of lashon hara?

The aveirah of lashon hara, Chazal tell us, is different from all other aveiros. All other aveiros bring a person pleasure, and thatโ€™s why itโ€™s a nisayon to avoid the aveirah. Lashon hara, in contrast, provides no real pleasure. Why, then, would a person speak lashon hara? If it provides no pleasure, why is it such a major nisayon?

See No Evil, Speak No Evil

Hakadosh Baruch Hu created every person with an innate need to feel good about himself, to feel satisfied and accomplished. That is a very important drive, which is given to us to motivate us to do the right thing. Since doing the right thing makes me feel good and accomplished, and if I donโ€™t do the right thing I wonโ€™t have that good feeling, I am motivated to do the right thing.

Sometimes, however, a person feels empty, lacking, unaccomplished. Such a person is in danger of stumbling in the prohibition of lashon hara, since speaking lashon hara is an artificial way of making yourself feel good. When a person doesnโ€™t feel good about himself, dwelling on other peopleโ€™s flaws and shortcomings gives him the illusion of feeling good about himself โ€” as if the other person has all the chesronos, and he doesnโ€™t.

This idea is expressed by Rashi in this weekโ€™s parashah. The Torah says that in Pharaohโ€™s dream, there were ืฉึถืื‘ึทืข ืคึธึผืจื•ึนืช ื™ึฐืคื•ึนืช ืžึทืจึฐืึถื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐืจึดื™ืึนืช ื‘ึธึผืฉึธื‚ืจ, alluding to the seven years of plenty. We can understand that the cows being fat and robust would indicate the years of plenty, but what does their being good-looking, ื™ึฐืคื•ึนืช ืžึทืจึฐืึถื”, have to do with years of plenty? Rashi explains that during a time of plenty, people look good to others. When a person is satisfied, he looks at others and they look good to him. But when a person feels hungry, then people look at others begrudgingly, and they look bad.

Thatโ€™s what spurs a person to speak lashon hara. A person who feels good about himself sees good in other people, but a person whoโ€™s starving, who feels empty and dissatisfied, sees bad, and that prompts him to speak lashon hara.

We are obligated to thank Hakadosh Baruch Hu for everything we have. The Chovos Halevavos explains that the reason people donโ€™t always feel thankful to Hakadosh Baruch Hu is that they donโ€™t realize what they have. Theyโ€™re too fixated on what they donโ€™t have, and on what other people have that they feel they should have, so they canโ€™t even notice and appreciate what they do have. Therefore, they donโ€™t thank Hashem.

When someone does thank Hakadosh Baruch Hu, itโ€™s a sign that heโ€™s not dwelling on whatโ€™s missing; heโ€™s focusing on what he has.

This clarifies why lashon hara and hodaah are opposites of the same middah. Someone whoโ€™s starving will use his mouth to speak lashon hara, and he wonโ€™t thank Hashem, because in his mind, what does he have to be grateful for? But someone whoโ€™s satisfied and feels good about himself has no need to speak lashon hara, so heโ€™ll use his mouth to thank Hakadosh Baruch Hu, not to speak lashon hara.

Did We Win?

Many times, Klal Yisrael were in galus, and eventually they left the galus, having emerged victorious over the empire that had subjugated them. In Galus Yavan, however, there was no total victory. The purpose of Galus Yavan, we say in Al Hanissim, was ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื ืชื•ืจืชืš, and that never ended. Chazal note that from the time of Maamad Har Sinai until Galus Yavan, there was never any machlokes n Klal Yisrael. The mesorah, as transmitted at Har Sinai, remained intact, and the Torah was preserved exactly the way it was given.

The first Torah machlokes in Klal Yisrael began during Galus Yavan. Thatโ€™s ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื ืชื•ืจืชืš. Even after the Chashmonaโ€™im defeated the Yevanim, ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื ืชื•ืจืชืš did not go away. The culture of Yavan, which the Greeks tried to instill in Klal Yisrael and the whole world, persisted. So what was the victory? We have a Yom Tov of Chanukah because we defeated Yavan, but if the Torah continued to be forgotten, and the culture of Yavan endured, then how can we claim victory?

Chazal teach that Yavan is symbolized by darkness: ื•ึฐื—ึนืฉึถืืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ืชึฐื”ื•ึนื. That means that before Galus Yavan, there was only light, no darkness. After Yavan was defeated, the darkness remained, but within that darkness, there was a nes, the nes of the neiros. Amid the darkness, there was a small light โ€” and that was the victory.

The victory over Yavan was not banishing the darkness, but having light within the darkness. Although we are still forgetting a lot of Torah, as we move further and further away from Maamad Har Sinai, and although so much of Yavanโ€™s culture still seeps into our consciousness, causing much darkness, still, we can light a small fire and have light amid the darkness of galus.

What value is there, one might argue, in one little ner surrounded by darkness?

If we donโ€™t learn to appreciate what we have while weโ€™re still in galus, then the darkness will remain. The only way we can win over Yavan is by having the light amid the darkness, and valuing and appreciating that little ner. Itโ€™s pitch dark all over, but when we focus on the small ner that we have and cherish it, we no longer feel the gnawing hunger and emptiness of the darkness around us. Instead, we feel satisfied with the little light that we have โ€” and thatโ€™s the victory over Yavan.

This is why the Yom Tov of Chanukah was established lโ€™hodos ulehallel. We need to stress this point, that the only way out of Galus Yavan is to appreciate the small ner we still have and build our lives around it.

As the galus continues, there is so much darkness in Klal Yisrael, so much tumah. Our challenge is to find the light and value it, no matter how small it is, and to thank Hakadosh Baruch Hu for the bit of light we still have. This is relevant on a Klal Yisrael level and also on a personal level. A person might feel overwhelmed by the darkness in his life, to the point that he forgets to notice and give thanks for the little bit of light that remains. Chanukah teaches us that despite the darkness that envelops us, we have to focus and build on that ner amid the darkness.

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