DevarimKi Setzei

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Levovitz, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yeruchem ztโ€l

ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืœื ืชืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื™ ืžืฆื ื‘ื” ืขืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœื” ืกืคืจ ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื” (ื›ื“,ื)
ืืžืจ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืงย  ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืจืข, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืจืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื›ืœ ืจืข ืฉืžืฆื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•. ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืืคื™’ ื‘ืืฉืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื”, ืืš ืืขืค”ื› ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืœื ืชืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ืฉืžืฆื ื‘ื”.

ืœื ื™ืขืœื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžื—ืžืช ืื”ื‘ืชื•, ืืœื ื™ืชื—ื–ืง ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ.

ื””ืขื•ืœื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช, ืžืชื’ืจืฉื™ื ืžื—ืžืช ืจื™ื‘ ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื•ืžื—ืžืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ืขืก. ืื•ืœื ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ. ื•ืืคื™’ ืื ืืœืฃ ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื›ื” ื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.

ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืžื ื•ื—ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”’ ืฉื‘ื”, ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืชื ื•ืงืจื‘ืชื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Finkel, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Chaim Zev ztโ€l

“ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“”
ืกื™ืคืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื˜ื•ืจืง ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืจืื” ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“’ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืื‘ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”:

ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืชืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื’ื” ืฉื”ืงืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“.

ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—, ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืื‘ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืฉื˜ื•ื— ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—. ื›ื‘ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงื”, ืชื‘ืขื• ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—. ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืขืžื“ ืžื‘ื™ืš ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื•ื—ื” ืžืื•ื“…

ื”ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื’ื‘ืจื•, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื”ื• ื•ืขืœื•, ืืš ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื ืฉืืจ ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืจื’ื•ืข ืžื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช.

ื•ื”ื ื”, ืœืคืชืข ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืžื›ื™ืกื• ื—ืคื™ืกืช ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืžืฆืจืš ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืฉ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขืฉืŸ. ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื”ืชืคื•ื’ื’ ื”ืžืชื— ื•ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืจื’ื•ืขื” ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื”.

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—: “ืจื‘ื™, ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื”?” ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉืจ ืœื™, ื•ืฉืืœืชื™: ืดื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื—ื“?ืด ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš: ืดื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ื—ื“! ืื‘ืœ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื™, ืœืื™ื–ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“? ื”ืื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช? ืœื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืกืจื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช? ื”ืื ืœื ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื—ื“, ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื•?!ืด

ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ‘ื”ืื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื”’

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ื›ื™ ืชืฆื

ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ

ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ืกื™’ ืจื›”ื’ ืงื ื” ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื‘ืจืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•. ื•ืœืงืžืŸ ืกื™’ ืจื›”ื” ืจืื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื• ืืœื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœื‘ืจืš ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.

ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืฉื ืžืืž”ืจ ื•ืžื•”ืง ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืขื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืœื ื›ืฉื•”ืข ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื˜ืขื ื”ืฉื•”ืข ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืžื™ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืž”ื‘ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื ื” ื‘ืจืื™ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืจื•ื””ืฉ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื™ ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ืคืจื™, ื•ืข’ ืจื“ื‘”ื– ืจืฆ”ื– ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ื›ืœย  ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•”ืข. ื•ื˜ืขื ื”ืžืืž”ืจ ื“ื””ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื™”ืœ ื›ืž”ืฉ ืื’”ืž ืื•”ื— ื—”ื’ ืœ”ื“ ื›ื™ ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”. (ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•”ื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืืœื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืก ืœื›ื‘ื“ื•. ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื›ื’ ื””ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื.

 

ื•ืข’ ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ื‘ืงื ื” ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื• ื•ืื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืžื• ืžื‘ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื™ื‘. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘”ื” ื“ื””ื” ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืœื• ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืžื‘ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื™ื‘, (ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื•”ืข ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื•, ืœื ืคื™’ ื›ื—ื™ื™”ื ืืœื ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฉื). ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื—ื™ื™”ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืืฉืชื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืืชื” ื›ืคืจืขื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•, ืืš ื“ื—ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืœืืฉืชื•. ื•ื‘ื‘”ื” ืžืฉื™ื’ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืฉ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื“ื—ื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ื””ื– ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื›ืž”ืฉ ืื’”ืž ื™ื•”ื“ ื—”ื ืงืž”ื‘.

ื•ืข’ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง”ื‘ ืจื›”ื’ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื™ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘”ื” ืœื ืคืกืง ื›ืŸ.

(ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื’ืจ”ื– ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื•ืœื›ื’ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž”ื ื“ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืฉื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืž”ื‘ ื“ืž”ืž ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ืจืš ืื‘ืœ ืขื›”ืค ื”ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืจืฉื•ืช. ื•ืœื›ื’ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืจ”ื– ื‘ื”ืœ’ ื‘ืจื›ืชย  ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืŸ ื™”ื‘ ื™”ื‘ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื–ื›ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื™ื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ื”ื› ืœื›ื’ ื‘ืงื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืœื• ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘”ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื‘ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื”).

ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ืกื•ืคื•

Partzovitz, Hagaon Harav Refoel Shlita

ืคืจืฉืช ื›ื™ ืชืฆื
ื•ื™ืกืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืžืข ืืœื™ื”ื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื, ื™ื—), ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ื–”ืœ: “ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ืชืจื˜ื™ืžืจ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื™ืฉืชื” ื—ืฆื™ ืœื•ื’ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ ื ื”ืจื’ ืขืœ ืฉื ืกื•ืคื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืกื•ืฃ ื“ืขืชื• ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืžื›ืœื” ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื, ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžืœืกื˜ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ืืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘”, ืขื›”ืœ.

ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืž’ ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืข”ื‘, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืž’ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ “ื•ืกื•ืคื• ืžืฉื›ื— ืชืœืžื•ื“ื•”, ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืžืฉื›ื— ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื”, ื“ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงื ื” ืงื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ืืš ื”ืขื™ืจื• ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืžื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉื›ื— ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืžืœืกื˜ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื“ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ื” ืื ื™ืฉื›ื— ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืื• ืœื.

ื•ืœื‘ืืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ืจืื” ืขืค”ื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื•, ื“ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื›ืื™ ื•ืืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืกื•ืชืจ ืœืžื” ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืž’, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืค’ ื•ื™ืจื (ื‘ืืฉื™ืช ื›ื, ื™ื–) ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื™ ืฉืžืข ืืœืงื™ื ืืœ ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื, ื•ื–”ืœ: “ืœืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืžืงื˜ืจื’ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ืฉ”ืข ืžื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื–ืจืขื• ืœื”ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืš ื‘ืฆืžื ืืชื” ืžืขืœื” ืœื• ื‘ืืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื• ืจืฉืข, ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืฆื“ื™ืง, ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื“ื ื•, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”, ืขื›”ืœ. ื•ื”ื› ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ืกื•ืคื• ื•ืœื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืชื™ืจืฆื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื›ืขืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืกื•ืคื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืกื˜ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื› ืฉื•ื ื” ื–ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ื’ ื‘ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, ืฉืฉื ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื›ืขืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื•ื ืฉ, ื•ืœื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ ื“ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื”ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœืกื˜ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช.

ื•ืžืขืชื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืืจ ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื–ื” ืฉืกื•ืคื• ืžืฉื›ื— ืชืœืžื•ื“ื•, ื“ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ืื–ื™ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื›ืขืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“. ืืš ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืœื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ืื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืงื•ื”, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืกื•ืคื• ืžืœืกื˜ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืขื ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืขืช.

ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืงืฆืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืืจ, ื“ืืฃ ื“ื•ื“ืื™ ืกื•ืคื• ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื”, ืž”ืž ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืงื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืื–ื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ืจื’, ื•ืจืง ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืงื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืื—”ื›, ืืš ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื›ื— ืชืœืžื•ื“ื•, ืื–ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ืจื’ ืืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืข”ืฉ ืกื•ืคื•. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื–ื” ืฉืกื•ืคื• ืžืฉื›ื— ืชืœืžื•ื“ื•, ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื›ื— ืชืœืžื•ื“ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื ืกื•ืคื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ.

ื•ืขืฆื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืž’ ื“ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ืกื•ืคื•, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ, ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืžืฆื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืœืกื˜ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ื™ืชื‘ืืจ ืžื” ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืž’ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ (ืขื ืข”ื‘), ืื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ, ื•ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืž’ ื•ื˜ืขืžื ืžืื™ ืืžืจ ืงืจื ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืข ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื• ื•ืœื ื‘ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื. ื•ืคืจืฉ”ื™ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื ื”ื•ื ื•ืœืืคื•ืงื™ ื”ืื™ ื“ืืฃ ื‘ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืข. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฆ”ื‘ ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ื“ืจืง ืื ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืจ ืื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืคืจื•ืฉ, ื“ื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืจื™ืฉ ืค’ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื› ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื”ืจื’ืœื•, ืืš ืื ืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืชื•, ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืข”ืฉ ืกื•ืคื•.

ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื”
ืœื ืชืจืื” ืืช ื—ืžื•ืจ ืื—ื™ืš ืื• ืฉื•ืจื• ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžืช ืžื”ื, ื”ืงื ืชืงื™ื ืขืžื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘, ื“). ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ื–”ืœ: “ื–ื• ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉืื•ื™ ืฉื ืคืœ ืžืขืœื™ื•”, ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจืฉ”ื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืจื™ ื‘ื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื”ื› ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื•ืข”ื– ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื ืคืœ ื”ืžืฉืื•ื™ ืžืขืœื™ื• ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื•. ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืจืฉ”ื™ ื“ืœืœื ืฉื ืคืœ ืžืฉืื•ื™ ืžืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื“ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืชืงืž”ื ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ื–”ืœ: ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืืช ืื—ื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ื”ืžืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื•'”. ืืš ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ืฉื ืคืœ ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ืžืฉืžืข ื›ืจืฉ”ื™, ื•ืจืง ื“ืฆ”ื‘ ื“ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ืฉื ืคืœ.

ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืืจ ื“ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืžืจืืฉ ืืœื ืฉื ืคืœ ื”ืžืฉืื•ื™ ืื– ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ, ืืš ืื ืื“ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืชื• ื•ืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”. ื“ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื™ื“ืื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืฉื›ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื, ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื ืคืœ ืžืฉืื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™, ื•ื–ืงื•ืง ื›ืขืช ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื, ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื”.

ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื—ื–ื™ื ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื“ื‘ืคื™”ื’ ืžื”ืœ’ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืœ’ ื’ ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืจื•ื‘ืฆืช ืชื—ืช ืžืฉืื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืœ’ ื‘’ ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื–”ืœ: “ื•ืœื ื™ืคืจื•ืง ื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ื”ืœ, ืืœื ื™ืงื™ื ืขืžื• ื•ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืžืฉืื• ืžืขืœื™ื”, ืฉื ื’ ื”ืงื ืชืงื™ื ืขืžื• ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ื›ื•'” ืขื›”ืœ.

ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉืคืจืง ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื“ืืฃ ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืคืจื™ืงื”, ืž”ืž ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฆื•ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืื—ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืจื‘ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ืžืฉืื• ื’ื•ืจื ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืขืžื• ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื”ืœ ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืกื™ื™ืขื•, ื•ื–ื” ืžื”ืœ’ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืœ’ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื ืคืฉ. ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ืขืฆื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืคืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื“ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืจื‘ืฆื” ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืชื—ืช ืžืฉืื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื ื‘ื”ืœ ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ืื–ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ื’ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ.

ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืœื›ื•”ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื“ืื’ ื‘ืขื””ื‘ ืœืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืขืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื•, ื“ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉืงืจื” ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืขืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ, ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื˜ืขื™ื ื”. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื“ืื™ื™ืจื™ ืฉื ืคืœ ื”ืžืฉืื•ื™ ืžื”ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืฉืจืง ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื ื‘ื”ืœ ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื”ืœ’ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื ืคืฉ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืคืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื”ืœ ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ, ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื”.

ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคื™”ื’ ืžื”ืœ’ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื ืคืฉ, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืฉืข ืฉืœื ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื–”ืœ: “ื•ืืข”ืค ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื ืžืฆืื• ื ื‘ื”ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืื• ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืคืจื•ืง ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืขืžื•, ื•ืœื ื™ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ืฉืชื”ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื ืœื•ื™ื ืืœ ื“’ ื•ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื›ื•'”, ืขื›”ืœ. ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘”ื, ื“ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ, ื“ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืจืฉืขื™ื, ืืœื ืื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื“ื’ื ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืจืฉืขื™ื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืจืฉืขื™ื, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืกื•ืง, ื—ื™ ืื ื™ ื ืื•ื ื“’ ืืœืงื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ืื—ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืข ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืฉืข ืžื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื—ื™ื”. (ื•ื”ืืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื ื• ืžื ื—ืช ืจืคืืœ ื‘”ืž ืกื™’ ืœ’ ื™ืขื•”ืฉ).

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Elefant, Harav Hagaon Yosef Shlita

Elul: The Journey from Brain to Heart

Parashas Ki Seitzei/Elul

Harav Hagaon Yosef Elefant shlita

The Gemara (Megillah 17b) discusses the order of Shemoneh Esrei, and wonders why the berachah of binah, ืึทืชึผึธื” ื—ื•ึนื ึตืŸ ืœึฐืึธื“ึธื ื“ึผึทืขึทืช, is juxtaposed with the berachah of teshuvah, ื”ึฒืฉืึดื™ื‘ึตื ื•ึผ ืึธื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืชื•ึนืจึธืชึถืšึธ? To answer this question, the Gemara brings a passuk in Navi that links the two concepts: ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึน ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื•ึธืฉืึธื‘ ื•ึฐืจึธืคึธื ืœื•ึน. The words ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึน ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ mean that a personโ€™s heart will understand, meaning that he will have binah, while ื•ึธืฉืึธื‘ ื•ึฐืจึธืคึธื ืœื•ึน signifies that he will do teshuvah and be healed.

Thatโ€™s why thereโ€™s a connection between daas and teshuvah. The Maharsha there explains that if a person who has daas, he realizes what is a cheit, what damage a cheit causes, and before Whom the person did the cheit โ€” and thatโ€™s the ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึน ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ, the ืึทืชึผึธื” ื—ื•ึนื ึตืŸ ืœึฐืึธื“ึธื ื“ึผึทืขึทืช. When a person has daas and binah, he understands what he did, and then he can do teshuvah.

Perhaps we can suggest another approach.

The Ramban in Parshas Eikev explains the passuk ื•ึผืžึทืœึฐืชึผึถื ืึตืช ืขึธืจึฐืœึทืช ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ึฐื›ึถื as follows: ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ืคืชื•ื— ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืืžืช. Evidently, there is a covering over the heart, and when the person does โ€œmilahโ€ on his heart and removes the blockage, the heart knows the truth.

Itโ€™s interesting that the Ramban attributes knowledge of the truth to the heart, since we generally assume that emes is an intellectual concept. What does it have to do with the lev?

The Gemara teaches (Yoma 39a): ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื˜ืžื˜ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืœื ืชื˜ืžืื• ื‘ื”ื ื•ื ื˜ืžืชื ื‘ื ืืœ ืชืงืจื™ ื•ื ื˜ืžืืชื ืืœื ื•ื ื˜ืžื˜ื. An aveirah causes a personโ€™s heart to become blocked โ€” metumtam, farshtupt โ€” which we derive from the phrase ื•ื ื˜ืžืชื ื‘ื, which the Gemara says we can be read not as ื•ึฐื ึดื˜ึฐืžึตืืชึถื, but as ื•ึฐื ึดื˜ึผึทืžึฐื˜ึถื.

We would think this means that if a person does an aveirah, thereโ€™s some sort of tumah, some sort of ruchniyusdike deterioration or contamination that happens to him, and his sensitivities, his emotional awareness, becomes blocked. Then, he loses his sensitivity for ruchniyus, for Torah, for avodas Hashem.

But Rashi there gives a different explanation. An aveirah, he explains, is ืื•ื˜ืžืช ื•ืกื•ืชืžืช ืžื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžื” โ€” it blocks and closes off the heart so that no chochmah can enter.

Rashi is saying that the main spiritual damage of an aveirah is that it obstructs the personโ€™s heart from absorbing chochmah. Why is that?

Rashi is teaching a fundamental lesson here: The essence of a human being is his ability to use his seichel, his daas, to control himself and be the master over his own heart. Indeed, the sefarim state that the word melech is an acronym for moach, lev, and kaved, conveying that the moach has to rule over the lev. Thatโ€™s the real malchus.

The Loss of the Essence

The knowledge that a person possesses has to enter his heart and permeate his reality and daily life. When Rabbeinu Yonah speaks about charatah, he says that a dramatic part of charatah is to realize that the Eibishter gave me a neshamah, and granted me the seichel to rule over myself.

Thatโ€™s the essence of humanity, and thatโ€™s the whole purpose of creation. And, he continues, and now that I didnโ€™t use my neshamah โ€” which is my seichel โ€” to control myself, lamah li chaim? What meaning does my life have?

The essence of a human being is that Hakadosh Baruch Hu gave him a neshamah: ื•ึทื™ึผึดืคึผึทื— ื‘ึผึฐืึทืคึผึธื™ื• ื ึดืฉืึฐืžึทืช ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื. On the words ื ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึฐืฆึทืœึฐืžึตื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึดื“ึฐืžื•ึผืชึตื ื•ึผ, Rashi says that a personโ€™s being formed in Hashemโ€™s image is manifested in his intellect, his ability to understand: ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ. Thatโ€™s the articulation and the expression of the tzelem Elokim in a human being. Thatโ€™s the essence of humanity, and thatโ€™s the godliness inside a person.

The Eibishter gave you seichel to help you channel and harness all your kochos in the right way โ€” and thatโ€™s the nekudah of Godliness in a person. The sheleimus of a human being is that he uses the tzelem Elokim and the seichel it gives rise to, in the correct way. If he doesnโ€™t, then, as Rabbeinu Yonah declares, lamah li chaim? So seichel is not just an added tool or an extra darga. The essence of the human being is to have seichel and use it for the right purposes.

When a person does a cheit, at the forefront of his wrongdoing is that he didnโ€™t use seichel, and didnโ€™t follow the emes of the tzelem Elokim inside of him. The damage of a cheit, as Rashi says, is that it blocks chochmah, which would perhaps naturally enter a personโ€™s heart, from penetrating it.

Restarting the Flow

We can now understand what the Ramban is expressing when he says that ื•ึผืžึทืœึฐืชึผึถื ืึตืช ืขึธืจึฐืœึทืช ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ึฐื›ึถื means that the lev will be open to know the truth. There is the truth, and then there is the truth running a personโ€™s life โ€” that he lives what he knows, he feels what he knows, he strives for what he knows: ื•ึฐื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึธึผ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื•ึทื”ึฒืฉึตืื‘ึนืชึธ ืึถืœ ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึถืšึธ. Thatโ€™s taking the orlah off the lev, taking off the blockage and letting the chochmah enter so that the heart should know the emes. Itโ€™s not enough for the brain to know the emes; the heart needs to know it as well.

The is the basis of the entire Mussar movement. Rโ€™ Yisrael Salanter started it in order to address this challenge of a person knowing the emes but not feeling or acting on it. Mussar enables a person to constantly remind his body, his lev, his emotional system, his retzonos, and his base desires what the emes is.

So now we have a new understanding of what the Gemara in Megillah means when it cites the passuk ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึน ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื•ึธืฉืึธื‘ ื•ึฐืจึธืคึธื ืœื•ึน to explain why the berachah of binah immediately precedes that of teshuvah. According to the Maharshaโ€™s explanation, the passuk specifiesื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึน ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ย because the person who has daas recognizes what the significance of a cheit is. Rashi in Yoma, however, is teaching that the damage caused by a cheit is that it stops chochmah from entering the heart. The tikkun and teshuvah for a cheit, then, is that the chochmah goes back into the heart: ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึน ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ. Thatโ€™s why the passuk specifically mentions the heart โ€” because weโ€™re not talking about acquiring knowledge that you donโ€™t already possess, weโ€™re talking about existing knowledge penetrating your heart.

Teshuvah reconnects the heart to the binah. Itโ€™s not just the brain that holds the knowledge, itโ€™s the heart as well, and then, the person can do teshuvah:ย  ื•ึธืฉืึธื‘ ื•ึฐืจึธืคึธื ืœื•ึน. The Baal HaTurim says, on the passuk in Parshas Nitzavim ื•ึผืžึธืœ ื”โ€™ ืึฑืœึนืงึถื™ืšึธ ืึถืช ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืึถืช ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ ื–ึทืจึฐืขึถืšึธ, that the words ืึถืช ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืึถืช ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ have the roshei teivos โ€œElul.โ€ And the avodah of Elul is ื•ึผืžึทืœึฐืชึผึถื ืึตืช ืขึธืจึฐืœึทืช ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ึฐื›ึถื, getting our daas to penetrate and sink in.

The milah of the lev involves connecting what we know is right to our daily lives. And during Elul, thereโ€™s siyatta dโ€™Shmaya to do it. Thatโ€™s really the avodah of learning mussar. Thatโ€™s the lesson of ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึน ื™ึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื•ึธืฉืึธื‘ ื•ึฐืจึธืคึธื ืœื•ึน.

A gut gebentcht yahr.

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