VayikraEmor

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Hagadol Rebbi Binyomin Beinush Finkel, ztvkโ€l

ื•ืœื ืชื—ืœืœื• ืืช ืฉื ืงื“ืฉื™ ื•ื ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื›ื‘, ืœื‘)

ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืž’ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ (ื“ืฃ ืข”ื“ ืข”ื) ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆื•ื” ืงืœื” ื™ื”ืจื’ ื•ืืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืงืœื”, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื ื•ื™ื™ ืขืจืงืชื ื“ืžืกืื ื (ืคื™ืจืฉ”ื™: ืฉืจื•ืš ื”ื ืขืœ), ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื™ื”ืจื’ ื•ืืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืื ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืขืœืžื.

ืื•ืœื ื”ืจืžื‘”ื (ืค”ื” ืžื”ืœ’ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื””ื‘) ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื–”ืœ: “ื•ืื ืื ืกื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื”ืจื’ ื•ืืœ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื ืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืœื ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“”, ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ื“ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื“ื“ื•ืงื ืžืฆื•ื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื ื”ื’, ื•ื“ืœื ื›ื”ื’ืž’.

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”, ื“ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื‘ื”ืจืื•ืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืฉืžื•, ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืจืงืชื ื“ืžืกืื ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ ื ื™ืžื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ‘ื•ื ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ’ ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืงื™ื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื”ืจื’ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื‘ืขืจืงืชื ื“ืžืกืื ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืžื ื”ื’.

ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืืชื™ ืฉืคื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื“ื”ื ื“ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืž’ ื“ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ืงืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืจืงืชื ื“ืžืกืื ื, ืœื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืืœื ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืื‘ื™ื™ (ืฉื ื“ืฃ ืข”ื“ ืข”ื‘), ืืš ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืคื•ืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื›ืจื‘ื (ืฉื) ื“ื”ื•ื™ ืจืง ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืคืกืง ื“ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื ื”ื’.

(ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉ ืกื™’ ื™”ื“ ืื•ืช ื“’)

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ื‘ื”ืกืคื“ ืฉื ืฉื ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื””ืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื•ืคื™ืืŸ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืืžืจ

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืชื ืžื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœื ื™? ืืœื• ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื™? ืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื•ืคื™ืืŸ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ. ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจื˜ ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ ืฉืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื™. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชื™ ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืขืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื ื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื.

ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•ืกื‘ืจื’: ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืกืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืกืชื ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: “ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจื˜โ€ฆ”. ื—ืงืจืชื™ ื•ื“ืจืฉืชื™ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืจ’ ืืจื™ื” ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื ืกืงื™ ืžืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”, ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•.

ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกืคื“ ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ื• ืื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืœืžื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืจืŸ.

“ืื›ืŸ”, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื›ื“, “ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืคืฉืจื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”.

ื•ื›ืš ืกื™ืคืจ ืจ’ ืืจื™ื” ืžืื™ืจ: ื–ืงื ื™ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจ”ื— ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืืœื• ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืจ”ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ. ื”ืจื•ืคื ืืžืจ: “ืกืคืง ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืชื— ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชืš. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื ืื ืืฆืœื™ื—, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืงื•ืœ ืžื’ืจื•ื ืš”.

ืฉืžืข ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืœืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ื”ื’ื””ืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื•ืคื™ืืŸ ืžื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช. “ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ื›ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ื›ื•ืื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืขืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™, ืืš ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื™ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ?”

ืขื ื” ืœื• ื”ื’ืจ”ื™ ืœื•ืคื™ืืŸ: “ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจ’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืฆ’ื™ื ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื”.

(ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขื“ ืœืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื›ื– ืžืจืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืืš ืžืื– ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ.)

ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ื’ืจ”ื ืœื•ืคื™ืืŸ ืžืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ืืช ืฉื ืืžื•, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ื•ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื.

ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจ ืžืจืŸ ืœืคืจื•ืค’ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื ื•ื”ืชื“ื”ืžื”, ื ืžืฆื ื’ืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื ืงื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื”, ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืค’ ื”ืกืชืคืง ืื ืืžื ื ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื ืืœื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸโ€ฆ

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคืจ “ืจ’ ืืœ’ื””

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ืืžื•ืจ

ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื”ืŸ

ื‘ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืจ”ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืฉืืœื• ืœื• ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ื–ื””ื– ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืฉืืœื• ืœื• ื”ื› ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœื• ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื ื• ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื• ื‘ื–ื””ื– ื•ืฉืชืง. ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืจ’ ืคื˜ืจ ื“ืื ืžื—ืœ ืฉืจื™ ื•ืจืื™ื” ืžืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ื”ืŸ.

ื•ืข’ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืคื•ื ื‘ื™ื–’ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ืขืช ืจ”ืช ื“ื”ื ื“ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืฉืจืช, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื•. ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื ืฉืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืื•”ื— ื“’.

ื•ื‘ืž”ื‘ ืกืงืงืข”ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ’ ืคื˜ืจ ื“ืžื”ื ื™ ืžื—ื™ืœื”.

ื•ืข’ ืžื ”ื— ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื“ืžื”ื ื™ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื• ืžื’ืž’ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ย  ืžืคื•ื ื‘ื™ื–’ย  ื”ืฉ ื“ืขืชย  ืจ”ืช ื“ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื ืžื”ื ื™ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขื™ืœื”, ื•ืจ’ ืคื˜ืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื“ืžื”ื ื™ ืžื—ื™ืœื”.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื™ืขื ื” ืจ”ืช ืœืจืื™ื™ืช ืจ’ ืคื˜ืจ ืžืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ื”ืŸ. ื•ืข’ ื”ืžืงื ื” ื“ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘”ื” ืกื•ืก”ื™ ืงื›”ื— ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘.

ื•ื”ื ื“ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืขื™ืœื”, ืœื›ื’ ื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืขื™ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืจืฉื•ืชย  ื”ืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ.

ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืก’ ื—”ื— ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืขืฉื” ื˜’ ื“ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื• ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ, ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืžื• ืืœื ื’ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ื’ื ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื•. ื•ื›”ื› ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืœืฉื””ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื•.

ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื›ืœ ืžื” ื“ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืžื›ื”ืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขื™ืœื”, ื“ืขื›”ืค ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ืจ’ ืคื˜ืจ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืงื“ืฉืชื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืžื›ื”ืŸย  ืœื›ื”ืŸ.

ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ืœื›ื’ ื™”ืœ ื“ื”ื ื” ืจ”ืช ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ืจ’ ืคื˜ืจ ื•ืก”ืœ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื›ื’ ื™ืชืจืฅ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืžืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ืž”ืฉ ื”ืžืงื ื” ื“ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืจื™. ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืคื•ื ื‘ื™ื–’, ื•ื ืฉืืœ ื“ื•ื“, ื”ืฉ ื˜ืคื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื”ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืชื™ืจ ืจ”ืช ื‘ื–ื””ื– ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืก”ืœ ื“ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืžืขื™ืœื”, ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ืฉืคื™ืจ ืก”ืœ ื“ืžื›ื”ืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืจื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื™ืช ืœื™ื” ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืจ’ ืคื˜ืจ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื”.

ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Binyomin Finkel Shlita

ืื™ืชื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช (ื’, ื›ื) “ืจ”ื ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื””. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืชืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.ย  ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืœื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื™ืœื™ื”, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืื•ื”ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”.

ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื

ื•ื‘ื—ื–”ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืจ”ืข. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืชืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืœื•ืžื“ื”, ืืœื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื‘ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›”ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื.

ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืž’ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืกื‘:) “ืืžืจื• ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃ ื–ื•ื’ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืœืจ”ืข ืžื’ื‘ืช ื•ืขื“ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืจืก, ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืชื• ื‘ืคืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœื–ื””.

ื•ืืžื ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ื ืชื‘ืขื•.

ื ืชื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืžืจื‘ื

ื•ืœื›ืฉื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืจ”ืข ื ืชื‘ืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืคื™ ืฉืจ”ืข ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืžืžื ื•. ื•ื™ืชืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืœื ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœืœ ืืช ืจ”ืข, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื ืขืฉื” ืจ”ืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืืฉืชื• – ืจื—ืœ ืฉืžืกืจื” ื ืคืฉื” [ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื•ืœื ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™] ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•. ย ื•ื›ืฉืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจ”ื— ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจื—ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื“ืžืขื•ืช, ืฉื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›”ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืืœืžื ื” ื—ื™ื”.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.ย ย  ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืจื—ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ื ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืคืจื ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื™ื (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื•.), ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืจืขื‘ ื›ื›ืœื‘ ื™ืฆื ืฉื‘ืข. ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืœื” ื‘ื• ืขื“ ืื–, ื•ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืฉืžืฉื ื” ื“ืจื›ื• ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•, ื•ื›”ืฉ ืฉื™ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื“ื—ืงื•ืช. ืืžื ื ืžื ื—ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ืขื•ื””ื– ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ืœืฃ, ื•ืžืžื™ืจื• ืœื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—. ืื‘ืœ ืจื—ืœ ื”ืจื™ ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื‘ืขืœ ืช”ื— ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืจืข ื‘ื›ืš. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ืชื” ื”ืžืจื—ื™ืงื” ืœื›ืช, ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจ”ืข ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืœืžื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื, ื•ืข”ื› ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉื” ื•ืœืœื›ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื›”ื›.[1]

ื•ืžื” ืจืืชื” ื‘ื• ืฉื›”ื› ืžืกืจื” ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช (ืกื‘:) ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื ื™ืข ื•ืžืขืœื™. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื ื•ืข ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉ [ืฉืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืžื” ืžืงื•ื“ื]. ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืžื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืœืžื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. “ืืžืจื” ืœื™ื” ืื™ ืžืงื“ืฉื ื ืœืš ืื–ืœืช ืœื‘ื™ ืจื‘, ืืžืจ ืœื” ืื™ืŸ”. ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—, ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื•ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืœื•.ย ย ย  ื”ืจื™ ืœืŸ ืฉืจืง ืข”ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื–ื• ื“ืจื’ื.

ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืงื›ื–:) ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ืŸ ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•.ย ย ย  ื•ื›”ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื ืชืขืœื”, ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.ย  ื•ืข”ื› ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืžืจื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

“ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœื–ื””

ื•ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืง ืฉื‘ื“ืง, ืฉืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื–ืœื–ืœื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืืœื ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื’ืชื ื‘ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™.

ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื• ืœืฉื””ืจ. ืืžื ื ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•, ืืœื ืฉืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื””ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ืฉืข”ื– ื ืชื‘ืขื•.

ื•ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช (ื“, ื) “ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื–ื™ ื™ืงืœื•”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื‘ื™ื ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืจืื™ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื›”ืž ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืฉืคื™ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื.

“ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืœื ืชื•ืจื””

ื•ื–ื” ืื ื ืคืจืฉ ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ ื“ืขืœืžื. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช (ื•, ื’) “ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืœื ืชื•ืจื””. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืก”ื™ (ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคื™”ื) “ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืช”. ื•ืœืค”ื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืฉืœื ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืกื‘ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.

ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื›ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืžืฉืื—ื–”ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ืœ:) “ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื‘ ืขื ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืื—ื“ ื ืขืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืื™ื ื ื–ื–ื™ื ืžืฉื ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืืช ื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืืœ ืชืงืจื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืืœื ื‘ืกื•ืคื””.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื”ื’ืจื™”ืก ืฉื›ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ “ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ื’” โ€“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืก ื•ื””ื‘ืจืขืŸ” ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื.ย  ื•ื”ื› ืื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“.

ืืœื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืกื‘ืจืชื• ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ ื™ื“. ื•ืœื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉืžืข ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ืื ืจื•ืื” ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœื™ื•, ื™ื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœื™ื•. ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ืงืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.ย ย  ื•ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจ”ื— ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื–ืขืง ืข”ื– ืžืงื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืื‘ ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ.

ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืฉื™ื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“. (ื•ื‘ืจื‘ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœื™ื•.)

ื•ืข”ื› ื‘”ื” ืืข”ืค ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื‘”ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ืคืฉืจื•ืช, ืขื›”ื– ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘”ืฉ ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘”ืฉ ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘”ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ, ืœื›ืš ื–ื›ื• ืฉื™ืงื‘ืข ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชืŸ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ (ื™ื’:).

ื•ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช. ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื›ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื˜ืขื•, ืื ืกื‘ืจื ื“ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืฆืื• ื’ืž’ ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืื• ืจืฉ”ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืคืš ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืฉ, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื™ื•ื“ื• ืœื• ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืชื.

ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืœืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื”.ย  ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืื™ื ื• ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืฉืจื””ื™ ื”ื’”ืจ ื ื—ื•ื ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืจื‘ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืืžืจื• (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื’:) ื–ืจื•ืง ืžืจื” ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืขื›”ื– ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืืœ ื˜ืขื™ืชื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘, ื•ื›ืฉื—ื™ื•ืš ื ืกื•ืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ืžืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื ืฉืืžืจ. ย ย ื•ื–ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžืชืคืจืฉื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.

“ื”ืœืš ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืฉื ืื” ืœื”ื”

ื•ืื™ืชื ืฉื ื‘ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช “ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ืจ”ืข ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืฉื ืื” ืœื”ื ืจ”ืž ื•ืจ’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืจ’ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื•ืจ”ืฉ ื•ืจ”ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืข [ื•ื‘ืž”ืจ ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช] ื•ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื””.

ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืื– ืจ”ืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•. ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื™ื’ืข ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ืข ื‘ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ื [ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื• (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื™ื˜:)], ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืืœืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• โ€“ ื›ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื ืกืชื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื•ืจ. ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืขืจื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืฉื ืกื’ืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฆืขืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ื ืžืื•ื“.ย ย  ื•ืขื›”ื– ืจ”ืข ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ืืฉ ื•ืœื ืจืคื• ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืœื ื”ืœืš ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืฉื ืื” ืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

“ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•”

ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื›ื–ื” ื›ื— ื•ืขื•ื– ืจื•ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.ย ย ย  ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ื›”ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืจืขื‘ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆ”ื‘, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืงื ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืœื“ืงื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื. ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืœื™ ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ืืžื ื ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ื”ื ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืข”ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืžืฉืื™”ื› ืžื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืจ”ืข ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื—ืฉ โ€“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืขืœื” ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืชื•ืจื”ย  ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื.

ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•, ืœื‘ืœ ื ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช, ืืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืื– ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ืš ื•ืื– ืชืฉื›ื™ืœ.

ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” (ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื” ืกื, ื’) ืžื•ื‘ื ื’”ื› ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื“ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืจ”ืข ื™ืขื•ื™”ืฉ, ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืืžืจ ืจ”ืข ืœืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื›ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” “ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื• ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฆืจื” ืืœื• ืœืืœื• ืชื ื• ื“ืขืชื›ื ืฉืœื ืชืขืฉื• ื›ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื”.ย ย  ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ โ€“ ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื’ืชื โ€“ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืจืขื™ื”ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืฉืžืื—ืจ ืฉืขื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืข”ื› ืœื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื”ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“. ื•ืข”ื› ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.

ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืฉื “ืขืžื“ื• ื•ืžืœืื• ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ืจื””. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื ืœืœืžื“ื ืœื›ื•ืœื, ื•ืขื™”ื› ืžืœืื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ ืชื•ืจื”.ย ย  ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืข”ื™ ืฉื ืฉืชืœืžื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ืชืชืžืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.

ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืจ”ืข, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืกืชื ืžืฉื ื” ืจ”ืž ืกืžื ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืจ’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกืชื ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืจ’ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื•ื›ื•ืœื”ื• ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืจ”ืข (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืคื•.).

ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”

ื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื: ื’ ื›ืž”ืฉ ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื‘ื˜ ืชืขื‘ื™ื˜ื ื•, ื”ืขื ืง ืชืขื ื™ืง ืœื•, ืžืื–ื ื™ ืฆื“ืง ืื‘ื ื™ ืฆื“ืง. ย ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืข”ื– ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœื ื• ืœืงื™ื™ืžื.

ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืงืฆืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืชย  ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื–ื”. ย ย ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื‘ ืฉืคืœ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื‘ืชื•, [ืฉืขืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื—ืœืงื• (ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™ื“:) ืื ื’”ื› ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ.] ื•ืขื›”ื– ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื• ื›”ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ื ื™ื.

ืฉืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื”, ืžื‘) “ืœื ื™ืžื›ืจื• ืžืžื›ืจืช ืขื‘ื“”, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื›ืจื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืืœื ื‘ื”ืฆื ืข ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื.

ื•ื‘ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื–ื”ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ (ืฉื ืœื˜) “ืœื ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขื‘ื“”, ืฉืœื ื™ืขื‘ื™ื“ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื ืื™.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•, ื˜ื–) “ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื• ืขืžืš”, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื›ื‘.) “ืขืžืš ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ืขืžืš ื‘ืžืฉืชื” ืฉืœื ืชื”ื ืืชื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืคืช ื ืงื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืคืช ืงื™ื‘ืจ ืืชื” ืฉื•ืชื” ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืชื” ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืืชื” ื™ืฉืŸ ืข”ื’ ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืข”ื’ ืชื‘ืŸ, ืžื›ืืŸ ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืข”ืข ื›ืงื•ื ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•”.ย  ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ื•ื”ืงืฉื• ื‘ืชื•ืก’ (ืฉื ื›. ื“”ื” ื›ืœ) ืžืื™ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื“ื•ื ื•, ื•ื™”ืœ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืœื ื›ืจ ืื—ืช ืื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื• ืขืžืš, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกืจื• ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ืช ืกื“ื•ื, ื ืžืฆื ืฉืข”ื› ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•.

ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื ืงื”. ืฉืืข”ืค ืฉืฉื™ืœื ืœื• ื›ืจืื•ื™, ืขื›”ื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœื• “ืžืฆืื ืš ื•ืžื’ืจื ืš ื•ืžื™ืงื‘ืš ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื›ืš ื”’ ืืœื•ืงื™ืš ืชืชืŸ ืœื•” (ืฉื ื™ื“).ย ย  ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.ย  ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ื•, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื‘ืชื•, ื“ืื’ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ืจื™ื ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืฉื›ื ื™ื•, ืฉื™ืจืื• ืฉื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื• ื•ืฉื•ืœื— ืœื• ืžืชื ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื•.

ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.ย  ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืœื ืชืขืฉื•ืง ื•ืœื ืชื’ื–ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ืชืœื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื•[2].

ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”

ย ย ย ย  ื‘’ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืงื“ืฉืช ื•ืžืจื•ืžืžืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืขื™”ื– ืžื–ื“ื›ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ื’ืจ”ื (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”) ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง “ื™ืขืจื•ืฃ ื›ืžื˜ืจ ืœืงื—ื™” ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืžืฆืžื™ื— ืืช ืžื” ืฉื–ื•ืจืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืงื•ืฆื™ื. ื›ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื“ื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆืžื—ืช ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื ืœื ื–ื›ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœื• ืกื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื—”ื• ืœืคื™ ืฉืžืฆืžื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช.

ืืžื ื ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืชืฆืžื™ื— ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. [ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื–ื” ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจื ”ืฆ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆ”ืœ.]ย  ืืœื ืฉื ืฆืจืš ื’ื ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื’ืข ืœืชืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืจื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื•ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื, ื•ืœื›ื‘ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ืคื•.ย ย  ื•ืข”ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืกื™ื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ืฉืคืข ื•ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืกื“ื™ื.

ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ืขื–ืจื ื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™”ืช,

ื•ื ืจืื” ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืกื“ื™ื, ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืœื‘,

ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื’ืื•ืœื”,

ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืชืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื—ืžืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื‘”ื.

[1] (ื•ืจืง ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืจื—ืœ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงื””ื™ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ืžื—ื ืš ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื•ืฉืืœืชื• ื‘ืคื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืช ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืœื—ืชืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืช”ื— ื›ืืฉืช ืจ”ืข, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืช”ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืจื—ืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ืœื™ืงื— ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“, ื•ืจืง ืจื—ืœ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.)

[2] ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ืชืฉื ื ืืช ืื—ื™ืš ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ืš, ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš. ื•ืคืจืฉืช ืืžื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ. ื•ืคืจืช ื‘ื”ืจ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ืœื ืชื•ื ื• ื•ืืœ ืชื•ื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืข”ืข ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื•.

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Harav Hagaon Yitzchok Caplan Shlita

Kavod: From Beginning to End

Parashas Emor

Harav Hagaon Yitzchok Caplan shlita

If we had to give a descriptive title to Parashas Emor, Rav Wolbe said, that title would be kavod. The title of Parashas Kedoshim would be kedushah, but the title of this weekโ€™s parashah would be kavod.

Going through the parashah, we can see how everything has to do with kavod. The parashash begins with the kavod of kehunah, delineating whom a Kohen is and is not allowed to marry; the chashivus of kehunah dictates that a Kohen marry only certain women. Then the Torah discusses the kavod of the Kohen Gadol, who may not become tamei even for the closest relatives. Whereโ€™s the honor in that?

Regarding the death of Aharonโ€™s two sons, Hakadosh Baruch Hu told Moshe Rabbeinu that this resulted in His being honored before all of Klal Yisrael: ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ืึถื›ึธึผื‘ึตื“. The Rashbam explains:ื–ื”ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื•ืื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืชื™ื ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืื‘ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื•ืจืื• โ€” the kavod of Hakadosh Baruch Hu is that despite the death of his two sons, who rivaled Moshe Rabbeinu and Aharon in their greatness, Aharon put aside his grief in order to engage in avodas Hashem. The Kohen Gadol may not be metamei himself even if his closest relatives who have died, because he is dedicated completely to the service of Hakadosh Baruch Hu. That is the kavod of Hakadosh Baruch Hu.

On the other hand, if there is a mes mitzvah that needs to be tended to, even though the Kohen Gadol may not be metamei himself for his own immediate family, he is obligated to do so for the sake of a mes mitzvah that has no one else to bury him. Why? Because of kavod habriyos. The honor of a human being who has no one to bury him overrides the importance of the Kohen Gadolโ€™s avodah. Thatโ€™s how significant kavod habriyos is.

The parashah goes on to teach that a Kohen may not have a mum. Why, asks Rav Wolbe, is the Kohen penalized for being born with a mum? Why canโ€™t he serve Hashem in the Beis Hamikdash just because he has a physical blemish? What did he do wrong?

Rav Wolbe explains that the Kohen did nothing wrong, but thatโ€™s not the point. The focus here is the kavod of Hakadosh Baruch Hu, and the kavod of Hakadosh Baruch Hu dictates that only a Kohen who has no mum may serve in the Beis Hamikdash. The Kohen who does have a mum gives kavod to Hashem by not serving in the Beis Hamikdash, so each one fulfills Hashemโ€™s will and honors Him, whether by serving in the Beis Hamikdash or by refraining from doing so.

The parashah continues with the kavod of korbanos and the kavod of the Beis Hamikdash. An animal offered as a korban may not have a mum, because it is not kavod to Hakadosh Baruch Hu to bring a blemished korban.

Giving Kavod by Refraining

At times, we think it is wrong to refrain from doing something good. But giving Hashem kavod does not always involve doing what we feel is right. We give kavod to Hakadosh Baruch Hu by not doing things He doesnโ€™t want us to do just as much as we give Him kavod by doing what He does want us to do.

Just this week, a person was telling me that he was unsure whether to continue learning in Eretz Yisrael or accept an offer to become involved in kiruv in America. He said he did not want to give up his own shteiging and return to chutz laโ€™aretz. But the real question is, what does Hashem want? Which option will result in greater kavod for Hakadosh Baruch Hu? Will his continued shteiging bring Hashem more kavod, or will teaching and influencing others bring Hashem more kavod?

A person must measure every situation according to that yardstick, and sometimes, not doing what seems more holy and proper is actually what will bring greater kavod to Hakadosh Baruch Hu.

The parashah goes on to say: ื•ึฐื ึดืงึฐื“ึทึผืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ. The kavod of Hashem is that we refrain from chillul Hashem. Then the parashah discusses the kavod of Shabbos and Yom Tov. Rav Yerucham says that the prohibition of melachah on Shabbos and Yom Tov stems from the kavod of those days.

The parashah concludes with the incident of the mekallel. Rav Wolbe notes that the word kavod shares a root with kaved, which means serious or heavy. When a person assigns significance and weight to something, he gives kavod to it. Whatโ€™s the opposite of kaved, heavy? Kal, which means light. That is the root of klalah, curse. When someone curses someone or something, he does not relate to that person or thing with the weightiness it deserves. Because he doesnโ€™t take it seriously, heโ€™s able to curse it.

So the parashah deals with kavod from beginning to end.

When Kavod is Lacking

Parashas Emor is always read during Sefiras Ha’omer, the time when all of R’ Akivaโ€™s talmidim died because they failed to accord honor to one another (Yevamos 62b). Thatโ€™s how detrimental a lack of kavod is.

But what is kavod? What exactly did they lack?

Rav Wolbe teaches that kavod means recognizing and revealing the maalah of a person or item. We can define how much kavod something has by the chashivus people display towards it. A person who is accorded much honor is obviously an important person.

What is kavod haTorah? The Mishnah teaches (Sotah 9:15) that once R’ Akiva died, kavod haTorah disappeared. Rashi explains that R’ Akiva would expound every part of every letter in the Torah, and certainly an extra letter or word. This was a great honor for the Torah, because he showed that it contains nothing superfluous; every bit of it has chashivus.

This is the basis of our Lag Ba’omer celebrations as well. Lighting fires is a form of giving honor, as the passuk says (Yeshayah 24:15), ื‘ึธึผืึปืจึดื™ื ื›ึทึผื‘ึฐึผื“ื•ึผ ื”’, and with our bonfire we are mechabed the Torah of R’ Shimon bar Yochai, which was Toras Hasod. By giving honor to the Torah that is hidden, we show that every single thing in the Torah has chashivus, even beyond what we can see and understand.

It doesnโ€™t say that the talmidim of R’ Akiva were mezalzel in one another; it says that they didnโ€™t show each other the proper kavod.

Perhaps we can understand this lack of kavod as follows: If there were 24,000 talmidim learning Torah, then they might have thought, Why is he different from me? Why am I more chashuv than he, or he more chashuv than me? Weโ€™re all the same! No one is unique. Their failure to accord one another proper honor reflected a lack of appreciation for the uniqueness of each and every talmid.

In this vein, they say that someone once asked R’ Shteinman why we need so many avreichim learning Torah nowadays. Fifty years ago we didnโ€™t have so many avreichim, so it canโ€™t be a necessity.

R’ Shteinman responded, โ€œFifty years ago we didnโ€™t have so many wealthy people, either. Why do we need so many ashirim in our days? Since we have more avreichim, we need more ashirim to be able to support them.โ€

People donโ€™t usually ask why there are so many wealthy people. Why not? Because wealth is chashuv, and each ashir is prestigious. Similarly, every single avreich is chashuv and unique. Thereโ€™s no one learning Torah who is not chashuv and thereโ€™s no aspect of limud Torah that is not chashuv. Money has importance only because it can be used to support Torah. And the kavod of Torah is the ultimate kavod: ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืชื•ืจื”.

Up a Notch

My father, Rโ€™ Shlomo Caplan shlita, notes that Rav Elazar ben Shamua, one of the later talmidim of R’ Akiva, drew a lesson different from the lesson taught by R’ Akivaโ€™s own rebbi, R’ Eliezer. Rโ€™ Eliezer taught (Avos 2:10) that ื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื›ึฐึผื‘ื•ึนื“ ื—ึฒื‘ึตืจึฐืšึธ ื—ึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ืขึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื›ึฐึผืฉึถืืœึธึผืšึฐ โ€” your friendโ€™s honor should be equal to yours, but Rโ€™ Elazar ben Shamua taught (ibid. 4:12) that ื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื›ึฐื‘ื•ึนื“ ืชึทึผืœึฐืžึดื™ื“ึฐืšึธ ื—ึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ืขึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื›ึฐึผืฉึถืืœึธึผืšึฐ, ื•ึผื›ึฐื‘ื•ึนื“ ื—ึฒื‘ึตืจึฐืšึธ ื›ึฐึผืžื•ึนืจึธื ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ืจึทื‘ึธึผืšึฐ โ€” your discipleโ€™s honor should be equal to yours, and your friendโ€™s honor should be like the honor of your rebbi. After seeing 24,000 of R’ Akivaโ€™s original talmidim perish, he realized that considering the honor of your peers equivalent to your own is not enough. You have to do more, and take the honor up a notch.

We learn this, my father said, from R’ Akiva himself. R’ Akiva expounded the passuk ืึถืช ื”’ ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืชึดึผื™ืจึธื to include talmidei chachamim as well. You have to be mechabed talmidei chachamim more than they deserve.

Why, asks R’ Yerucham, do you always have to go a step higher? Because if you really want to honor someone properly, you have to aim higher. Otherwise, you might detract from the kavod that person deserves.

Every person has chashivus, every avreich has chashivus, and every single aspect of Torah has chashivus. If a person has a minute, he might think, ah, whatโ€™s one minute of Torah? Whatโ€™s one minute of saying Tehillim? But thereโ€™s nothing in Torah thatโ€™s not chashuv. Itโ€™s our job to give chashivus to every little part of Torah, and certainly to recognize the chashivus of every person.

An easy way to recognize someoneโ€™s chashivus is to compliment them. Everyone likes to hear compliments.

It is said that when the Ben Ish Chai received the sefer of the Leshem, he told his talmidim to put on their Shabbos clothing and go thank the Leshem in person. When they came to the Leshem, he said, โ€œHad I known how chashuv my sefer was, I would have written another chelek.โ€

Hearing a compliment can do so much for a person. A compliment can be life-saving, and it doesnโ€™t cost the giver anything. We should certainly compliment our parents, our children, and our spouse; being ืžื›ื‘ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ืคื• means looking for the maalah in oneโ€™s spouse.

I told someone thank you this week, and the person responded, โ€œThank you for saying thank you, it gives me the koach to go veiter.โ€

Thereโ€™s no person, and no bit of Torah, thatโ€™s not chashuv. Find the chashivus in each person: ืึตื™ื–ึถื”ื•ึผ ืžึฐื›ึปื‘ึธึผื“ ื”ึทืžึฐึผื›ึทื‘ึตึผื“ ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ึผื•ึนืช.

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