DevarimEkev

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Finkel, Moreinu Hagaon Harav Eliyahu Baruch ztโ€l

ื›ื™ ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื ืœื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆื ืคื™ ื”’ ื™ื—ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื (ื—, ื’)
ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก: ืืจื™ ืœื ืขืœ ืœื—ืžื ื‘ืœื—ื•ื“ื•ื”ื™ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืื ืฉื, ืืจื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืคืงื•ืช ืžื™ืžืจื ื“ื”’ ื—ื™ื™ ืื ืฉื. (ืข”ืค ื’ืจืกืช ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื)

ื”ืงืฉื” ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืช “ื™ื—ื™ื”” ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉืชืจื’ืžื” “ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื”, ืœืื•ืชื” ืžื™ืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช “ื—ื™ื™”?

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ: ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื—ื, ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ื›ื™ ืชื™ืžืฆื™ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชืจื’ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก “ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืื ืฉื”. ืืš ืžืฉื”ื› ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘”ืžื•ืฆื ืคื™ ื”'”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ “ืžื•ืฆื ืคื™ ื”'” ืขื•ืœื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”’, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ื™ ืชื™ืžืฆื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืš ืชืจื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก “ื—ื™ื™ ืื ืฉื”.

ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ื’ืจื”ื‘ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื•ืกื™ืคืจ: ย ืคืขื ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ืคืจืฆื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื ืžื’ื‘ืขืช ื•ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”? ืขื ื” ืœื”ื ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืจ”ื  ืขืœ ืืชืจ: ืืชื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื, ‘ืืœื• ื•ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœืงื™ื’, ืื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื• “ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”” ื”ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื””ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืขื ื‘ื’ื“ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื’ื“ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืื“ื ื—ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื”?!…

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Nosson Tzvi ztโ€l

“ื•ืื›ืœืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช”
ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ื‘ืืจื””ื‘, ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืกืจ ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืดืช. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื›ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ืคื™ื•.

ื ื›ืžืจื• ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืจื””ื™, ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื•ืฉืืœื•, ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ืœื”ืงืœ ืžืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืกื‘ืœื•. ืžืจืŸ ย ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืฉื™ืงืคื™ื“ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœืื” ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœ, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉื™ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ.

ืกื‘ืœื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื’ืข ืœืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื.

ืงื‘ืœื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื” ืฉื ืงืฉืจื” ื ืคืฉื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืฉื‘ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœื‘ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืžื•ืจ.

ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ื ืกื™, ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืกืคื“ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ื• ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ืดื, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื”ืกืคื“, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืกืคืจ ื–ืืช ืœื‘ื ื•.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ืขืงื‘

ื‘ื”ืž”ื–

ื›ืชื‘ ื‘”ื™ ื›ื™ ืคืช ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืคืช ื•ืž”ืž ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ. ื•ื“ื ื• ืื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื“ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืž”ื– ืžื””ืช ืื• ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื“ืžื””ืช ื™ื•ืฆื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืž”ื– ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื’ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ.

ื•ืขื›”ืค ื“ื™ืŸ ืคื”ื‘ื‘”ื› ืžื‘ืจืš ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ ืจืง ืื ืœื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืข’ ืž”ื‘ ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ื’’ ืื• ื“’ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ืื• ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื•ืฆืขืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ.

ื•ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืœืœืžื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช, ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื.

ื—ื“ื ืข’ ื’ืจ”ื– ื“ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืž”ื’ ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื•ื—ื•ืžืฉ. (ื•ื˜ืขื ื”ืž”ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืืŸ ืขื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื).

ื•ืข’ ืขืจื•ื””ืฉ ืงืก”ื— ื™”ื— ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืจื™”ืฃ ื“ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคื”ื‘ื‘”ื› ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื. ื•ืข”ืฉ ืขืจื•ื””ืฉ ื“ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืž’ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจืฉ ื›ื ”ืœ. ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ื ื™ื›ืคืจ ืขื•ืŸ. ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—”ื ืค’. ื•ืข’ ืฉืฉ”ื› ืคื ”ื“ ืกืงืก”ื”, ืข’ ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืž’ 486 ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืฉ”ื– ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ื›ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืœืžื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืข’ ืชืฉื•”ื” ืงืค”ื‘ ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื— ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจ”ื ืชื•ืœื” ืื ื“ืจืš ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ืคื”ื‘ื‘”ื› ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœืœืคืช ืืช ื”ืคืช. (ื•ืข’ ืžื’ื“ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ”ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืขื™”ื– ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจ”ื— ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืข”ื– ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืคืจืกื ื•ืฆ”ืข).

ื•ืข’ ืจืื‘ื™”ื” ืง”ื‘ ื•ืงื™”ื˜

ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Aryeh ztโ€l

ืดื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข ืชืฉืžืขื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ืืด (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื,ื™ื’), ื•ื‘ืจืฉืดื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™: ืดืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ื›ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืžืขืชื ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืืด. ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืžืข ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื‘ืขื™, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืดืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ืืด, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืžืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืณ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื•.) ื“ืืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื™ื” ืืžืจ ืดืื‘ื•ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื ืœืžื”ื•ืœื™ ืงืจื ืœื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื“, ื•ืœืจืดื ื•ืœืจืณ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ืžืŸ ื“ืื›ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืชื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืจืงื“ื™ื, ืืžืจื™ ืขื“ ื“ืืœื™ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื”ื• ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื“ืŸ, ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื™ืจื“ื” ืืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื. ืืžืจ ืœื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื™ื” ืื‘ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืืชื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืชื™, ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื—ืดื•, ืืœื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ืžื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื›ื ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืžืกื™ื ื™, ืœื ื‘ืืฉ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืด. ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืืฉ, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืจื“ื” ืืฉ ื•ื”ืงื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ, ื“ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืืฉ ืฉื™ืจื“ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื“ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™?

ื”ื˜ืดื– (ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืกื™ืณ ืžืดื– ืกืงืดื”) ื›ืชื‘: ืดื•ื ืดืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชืงื ื• ืœื—ืชื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื”, ื•ืœื ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ, ืืœื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชื•ืจืชื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืžืฆื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ืืด.

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื“ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ืื•ืœื ื›ืฉืื“ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ื•ืกื‘ืจืชื•, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืขืžื™ืง ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ื” ื˜ืขื ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืœื• ื˜ืขื ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื›ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืดื–, ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืืฉ, ื•ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

 

ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื”ื‘ื ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื–. ื“ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื ืชืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืฉื›ืœ ืœืื“ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•. ืืš ืœื ื›ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืžื™ ืฉืขืžืœ ื‘ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืœื”ืืจื” ื•ืœืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืฉืขืžืœ ื‘ื•. ื•ืœื›ืš ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘,ื•) ืดื›ื™ ื“ืณ ื™ืชืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”, ืžืคื™ื• ื“ืขืช ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื”ืด, ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื“ืณ ืดื ืชืŸืด ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ, ืืœื ืดื™ืชืŸ” ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืฉืื“ื ืขืžืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื“ืณ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช.

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ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืดืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื’,ื): ืดื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืœื™ ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื”ื”ืดื“ ื›ื™ ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ื›ื•’, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืงื— ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžื›ืจื• ื ืžื›ืจ ืขืžื•, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืžื›ืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืชื•ืจืชื™, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื ืžื›ืจืชื™ ืขืžื” ื›ื•’, ืžืฉืœ ืœืžืœืš ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื‘ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื‘ื ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ื˜ืœื”, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื™ืœืš ืœื• ืœืืจืฆื• ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœืืฉืชื•, ืืดืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืœืš ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืžื ื” ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืืœ ืชื˜ืœื” ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืืฉืชืš,

ืืœื ื–ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืงื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ืฉืื“ื•ืจ ืืฆืœื›ื ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื‘ืชื™. ื›ืš ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืžื ื” ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืืœ ืชื˜ืœื•ื” ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื• ืœื™ ืฉืื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื‘,ื—): ืดื•ืขืฉื• ืœื™ ืžืงื“ืฉืด.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืดืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืžื ื” ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืด. ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืžืฉืดื› ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืืžื™ืชืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื” ืžืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขื•ื–ืจื• ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื•ืช, ืจืง ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื–ื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืœืžื“ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ื”.

ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื”: ืดื›ืŸ ืชื—ื ื ื• ื•ืชืœืžื“ื ื•ืด, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืจืง ืœืฉื›ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ืงื‘ืดื”, ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืœืžื“ื ื• ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜,ื™ื‘): ืดื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื“ืณ, ืœืžื“ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืšืด, ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืขืดื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืœืžื“ื ื• ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื’ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ (ืกื™ืณ ืงื˜ืดื•): ืดื•ืžื” ืฉืชืงื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ื• ื•ื‘ืกืœื— ืœื ื• ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื˜ืขืžื ืฉืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืฉื”ืื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืœื‘ื ื•, ืขืดื› ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ื• ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืชื•ืจืชืšืด. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืขืกืงื• ืจืณ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืจืณ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืจื“ื” ืืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื”ืœ ืื‘ื•ื™ื” ื•ืฉืืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืืชื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื™, ืขื ื• ืœื•: ื—ืดื•, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•’, ืดืœื ื‘ืืฉ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืด ื‘ืชืžื™ื”ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ืชืžื”ื• ืœืžื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืคืฉืจ ื”ืืฉ ื”ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืฉืชืจื“ ืืฉ.

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ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืดืœ ื“ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืชื™ื ืชื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™, ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืณ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืœื–.) ื“ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: ืดื•ืื•ืชื™ ืฆื•ื” ื“ืณ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืชื›ืืด, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘: ืดืจืื” ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืชื›ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื ื™ ื“ืณ ืืœืงื™ืด (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“,ื™ื“), ืžื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื ื ืืฃ ืืชื ื ืžื™ ื‘ื—ื ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืดืข (ื™ื•ืดื“ ืจืžืดื• ืกืงืดื”). ืžื‘ื•ืืจ, ื“ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื ื ืืฃ ืืชื” ื‘ื—ื ื, ื ืืžืจ ื’ื ืœื›ืœ ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื“ื” ื‘ื—ื ื ืžืฉื•ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ื—ื ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ื”ื• ืœืœืžื“ื” ื‘ื—ื ื, ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื—ื ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœืœืžื“ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื. ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืณ (ืกื•ื›ื” ืžื˜:) ืดื•ืืดืจ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืฉืœื™ ืœื,ื›ื•): ืดืคื™ื” ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื—ืกื“ ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื”ืด, ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื“ ื•ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื“ ื•ื›ื•’, ืื™ื›ื ื“ืืžืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืœืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื“, ืฉืœื ืœืœืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื“ืด.

ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ืื“ื ืดืชื•ืจืช ื—ืกื“ืด, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืœืžื“ื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœืžื“ ืขื ืžืฉื” ื•ืฆื™ื•ื”ื• ืœืœืžื“ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืœื•ืžื“, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืขืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ืชื ืื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืืŸ, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื›ืš ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.

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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืชื• ืœื, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืงื ื™ืŸ ืžืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืณ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื ื”.) ืดืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื,ื™ื—): ืดื•ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื ื”ืด ื•ื›ื•’, ืืดืœ: ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื“ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืงืจ ืœื›ืœ, ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื• ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ‘ื•ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื ื”’. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืชื•ืกืณ ื•ื”ืจืืดืฉ: ืžื•ืคืงืจ ืœื›ืœ – ืฉืžืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจืชื• ืœื›ืœ. ื•ื‘ืจืฉืดื™ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžืœืžื“ ืดื‘ื—ื ืืด ืœื›ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืงื ื•ื™ื” ืœื• ืงื ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช (ื•, ื”) ื“ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืดื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืดืž ืœืœืžื“, ื•ืกืžื•ืš ืœื• ื ืžื ื” ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืดืž ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ื“ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉืœื ืขืดืž ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœ, ื“ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื’ ืžื™ืคื™ ื—ื›ืžืชื”, ืืœื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืžื” ืดืชื•ืจื”ืด, ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืดืž ืœืงื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืขืดืž ืœืœืžื“, ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืจืดืœ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืขืดืž ืœืœืžื“: ืดื›ื™ ื–ื” ืขืฆื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ืดื›, ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืชืขืžื•ื“ ืืฆืœื•, ืจืง ื ื™ืชื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ื•’ ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืจื™ืืด. ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืžื”ืจืดืœ: ืดืื ืื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืœืœืžื“ ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ืดืช ื ืชืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžืฉื” ื•ืžืฉื” ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืจืื•ื™ ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžืขืœืชื”ืด.

ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืขืœืชื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœืœืžื“ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื ืžืฆื ืืดื› ื“ืœืœืžื“ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขืœื” ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืขืดื™ ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉืงื‘ืดื” ืžืœืžื“ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืืฃ ืขืชื” ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืืฆืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืืดืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื”: ืดืœืš ืจื“ืด (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘,ื–), ื•ื‘ืจืฉืดื™: ืดืจื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœืชืš, ืœื ื ืชืชื™ ืœืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืืด, ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœืช ืžืฉื”,ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืฉื” ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืœื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืฉืคืกืงื” ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ‘ืœืš ืจื“’.

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ืงื ื™ืŸ ืดืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืดืž ืœืœืžื“ืด ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืจืดื (ืžืฉืœื™ ืœื,ื™), ื“ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืดืืฉืช ื—ื™ืœ ืžื™ ื™ืžืฆืืด, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืดื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืดื—ื™ืœืด ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื™ืŸ ืžืดื—. ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจืง ื ืืžืจ ืดืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื• ื—ื™ืœ ื•ืืช ืขืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื ื”ืด, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ื’ืจืดื: ืดื›ืฉืื“ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืžืดื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืงื ื™ืช ื ืงืจื ืดืืฉืช ื—ื™ืœืด, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื, ืืœื ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื˜, ื•ื–ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืดืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืชืด ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืดืขืฉื• ื—ื™ืœืด, ื•ืืช ืขืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื ื”- ืฉื–ื›ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืดื—, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืืฉืช ื—ื™ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ืœื ืฉื–ื›ื• ืจืง ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœืžืดื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืœืด.

ื”ืจื™ ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืดืž ืœืœืžื“ ืžืฉืืจ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื“ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืดื™ ืžืดื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ืขืดื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“. ืื•ืœื ืงื ื™ืŸ ื“ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืดืž ืœืœืžื“, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงื ื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ืชืดื— ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื”ืจืดืœ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืขืฆื ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ื“ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืดืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืดืž ืœืขืฉื•ืชืด ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื•ื™ ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืš ื’ื ืดืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืดืž ืœืœืžื“ืด ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื‘ื’ืžืณ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื˜:) ืื™ืชื: ืดืืžืจ ืจืณ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืขืžืœ ื ื‘ืจื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื”,ื•): ืดื›ื™ ืื“ื ืœืขืžืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ืด ื•ื›ื•’, ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืžืœ ืชื•ืจื”ืด. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืžื”ืจืฉืดื ื“ื”ืขืžืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืดื™ ืฉืขืžืœ ื•ืžืœืžื“ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืดื•ื”ืจืžื– ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ืดืœืขืžืœืด ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืดืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืดืž ืœืœืžื“ืด, ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ‘ืชื•ืจืช ื—ืกื“’ ืœืœืžื“ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.

ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืžื•ื“ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืดืž ืœืœืžื“. ืขืดื™ ื›ืš ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืขืžื• ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื“ืขืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื•ืขืดื™ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžืฉืดื› ืดื•ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื ื””, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื• ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื” ืงื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ืฆื— ื ืฆื—ื™ื.

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Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

Parshas Eikev

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer shlita

Ahavas Hashem Spurs Us Beyond Our Limits

In the passuk that we say every day in Krias Shema, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืึดื ืฉืึธืžึนืขึท ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืขื•ึผ ืึถืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึนืชึทื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึผึถื” ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืœึฐืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ืึถืช ื”โ€™ ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ื›ึถื, we are instructed to love Hakadosh Baruch Hu with endless, limitless love: ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ึฐื›ึถื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐื›ึถื.

Now, we are obligated in the 613 mitzvos regardless, as we see in the beginning of the passuk. What is added by this obligation to love Hakadosh Baruch Hu โ€” and to such an extent?

Itโ€™s well-known from Rโ€™ Zelmaleh of Volozhin that a person really possesses the ability to carry out feats that are far greater than what we generally imagine that a person could do. Rโ€™ Zelmaleh gives the example of a person who is desperate to pick up an extremely heavy object. Such an object would normally be beyond a personโ€™s physical ability to lift, but if heโ€™s desperate โ€” such as if, chas vโ€™shalom, his child is stuck underneath it โ€” he will find the kochos to lift it. Thatโ€™s because a person really does have tremendous strength. Generally, though, we are limited by our perception of whatโ€™s within our ability. But when a person is desperate, then he knows no boundaries or limitations.

This is the meaning of the obligation to love Hashem ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ึฐื›ึถื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐื›ึถื. When we do the mitzvos with our entire heart and mind, that will propel and enable us to do things that we would otherwise consider impossible. The Ohr Sameiโ€™ach, for instance, learned Torah beyond what we would consider within a personโ€™s natural abilities, and he explained that this was because it was his entire life โ€” and if itโ€™s a personโ€™s entire life, then he finds the kochos.

Last week we read Megillas Eichah, in which the passuk says, ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืœึนื ื›ึนื—ึท ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืจื•ึนื“ึตืฃ โ€” we were prodded forth and had to trudge alongึท, even when we had no kochos at all, because we were urged on by the swords or bayonets of our enemies. The Midrash observes that before the churban, when we were told to do mitzvos, we would sometimes say, โ€œI donโ€™t have the kochos for it; I canโ€™t.โ€ And Hakadosh Baruch Hu demonstrated, ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืœึนื ื›ึนื—ึท โ€” even if you think you have no kochos, when itโ€™s ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืจื•ึนื“ึตืฃ, when thereโ€™s an enemy there and your life is at stake, that propels you forward, and suddenly you find the inner resources and kochos to be able to do it.

That should be the way we relate to our Torah and our mitzvos. When the Torah instructs us to do something, if we do it with love for Hashem ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ึฐื›ึถื, then we will find the kochos to be able to do it.

 

When Pushed to the Brink

The Gemara, in Temurah, relates that Osniel ben Kenaz begged Hakadosh Baruch Hu: โ€œGive me hatzlachah in my limud haTorah, give me talmidim, give me further opportunities in Torah โ€” and if not, I will descend into the sheโ€™ol, in depression and in despair.โ€ Rโ€™ Chaim Shmuelevitz wondered what he was trying to achieve; was he threatening Hakadosh Baruch Hu? Rโ€™ Chaim explained that he was expressing how important this was to him.

If a person views a mitzvah as an additional advantage, then thereโ€™s a limit to how much he will be prepared to exert himself for it. But if he understands that if he does not succeed in his Torah and yiras Shamayim, he will essentially descend to sheโ€™ol โ€” it will be the destruction and tragedy of his entire life โ€” then he will beg Hakadosh Baruch Hu to help him, beyond his natural, physical human abilities.

In Parshas Ki Seitzei, the Torah gives this description of Klal Yisraelโ€™s condition at the time of Amalekโ€™s attack: ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธื” ืขึธื™ึตืฃ ื•ึฐื™ึธื’ึตืขึท ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธืจึตื ืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื. Simply understood, the words ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธืจึตื ืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื refer to Amalek, who did not fear Hashem. The Netziv explains, however, that the reason Amalek came is that Klal Yisrael weakened in divrei Torah; they were too tired to do a mitzvah.

Why were they ืขึธื™ึตืฃ ื•ึฐื™ึธื’ึตืขึท? Because ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธืจึตื ืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื โ€” they didnโ€™t have the requisite degree of yiras Shamayim. If a person considers something extremely important โ€” if his yiras Shamayim is so strong that he understands that if he does not succeed in this, it will be the end of his life โ€” then he will never come to a stage of ืขึธื™ึตืฃ ื•ึฐื™ึธื’ึตืขึท.

Michal bas Shaul complained that her husband, Dovid Hamelech, was ืžึฐืคึทื–ึผึตื– ื•ึผืžึฐื›ึทืจึฐื›ึผึตืจ โ€” he was dancing beyond what was normal for a king to do in public, in honor of the aron, for the kavod of the Torah. She complained to him, โ€œYouโ€™re doing something unusual and abnormal, and you shouldnโ€™t be doing that in front of Klal Yisrael.โ€

Sadly, she was punished: ื•ึผืœึฐืžึดื™ื›ึทืœ ื‘ึผึทืช ืฉืึธืื•ึผืœ ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื”ึผ ื•ึธืœึธื“ ืขึทื“ ื™ื•ึนื ืžื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ โ€” she wasnโ€™t zocheh to have children until she died. Why did she deserve this punishment for criticizing Dovid Hamelech? The Nitzotzei Tziyon and other sefarim give the following explanation. Hakadosh Baruch Hu blesses us with children, and He gives us the wonderful opportunity to educate our children. To be mechanech children successfully, we must be prepared to do anything and everything for them, with no limit. Since Michal told Dovid Hamelech, โ€œEverything has to be with constraints, in the right measure โ€” you canโ€™t overdo it,โ€ Hashem responded by deciding that she was not worthy of being mechanech the next generation: โ€œI canโ€™t entrust to you a heiligeh, precious Yiddishe child if thatโ€™s the way you look at avodas Hashem.โ€

If, however, a person is able to extend himself beyond his natural capabilities, ืœึฐืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ืึถืช ื”โ€™ ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ึฐื›ึถื, then Hakadosh Baruch Hu blesses us with children, in whom we must invest our kochos that same way.

In this vein, Rโ€™ Chaim Shmuelevitz gives the following explanation of Moshe Rabbeinuโ€™s complaint to Hakadosh Baruch Hu: How can I provide food for 600,000, or two million, people in the midbar? As he expresses: ื”ึถืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื”ึธืจึดื™ืชึดื™ ืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธืขึธื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืึดื ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื™ึฐืœึดื“ึฐืชึดึผื™ื”ื•ึผ ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึนืืžึทืจ ืึตืœึทื™ ืฉึธื‚ืึตื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื—ึตื™ืงึถืšึธ โ€” am I the father or the mother of this entire nation?

What would have happened, asks Rโ€™ Chaim Shmuelevitz, had he truly been the father or mother of the nation? If that were the case, he says, Moshe could not have said that itโ€™s impossible for him to provide for two million people in the midbar. Because educating children is a task that has no limits.

Educating precious Yiddishe children โ€” whatever the challenge is, however much is demanded of us โ€” has to be done ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืœึฐื‘ึทื‘ึฐื›ึถื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึธืœ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐื›ึถื. And when we do, we will be zocheh to the very same blessing with which Hakadosh Baruch Hu answered the tefillos of Osniel ben Kenaz, as He has demonstrated throughout history.

The Rambam teaches that ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื” ื‘ืœื ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืžื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€” living without Torah and mitzvos is like death. Someone with such an attitude is able to lift a car.

When we appreciate that our children are what we live for, then Hakadosh Baruch Hu will bentch us with superhuman kochos to be able to invest in our children, and to see nachas from each and every one of our wonderful children, ืขึทื“ ืžึตืึธื” ื•ึฐืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ืฉืึธื ึธื”.

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