BereishisChayei Sarah

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Nosson Tzvi ztโ€l

ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืžืงื ื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืช (ื›ื’, ื™ื—)
ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžืงื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง – ื›ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช
ืขืฉืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• “ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืช” ื‘ืคืจืฉื”, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–”ืœ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื ื—,ื—) “ืืžืจ ืจ’ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื›ืžื” ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคื›ื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชื‘ืจื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืช. ืขืฉืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืœืœืžื“ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืจืจ ืžืงื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช”.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืžื” ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžืงื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง.

ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืชื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื”ื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืงื—, ื”ืจื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžืงื— ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืขืช ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื— ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ.

ื”ืžื‘ืจืจ ืžืงื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืžืžื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื™ืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜, ืœืœื ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื›ืžืงื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง.

ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืžืจื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ืจืจ ืžืงื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื “ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

(ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™, ืขืž’ ืง”ื˜)

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Levinshtein, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yechezkel ztโ€l

ื—ื•ืฉ ืจื™ื— ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžื’ื–ืœ
“ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื™ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื” (ื›ื“, ืœื‘).

ืจืฉ”ื™: ื•ื™ืคืชื— – ื”ืชื™ืจ ื–ืžื ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืชื ืืช ืคื™ื”ื, ืฉืœื ื™ืจืขื• ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืกื™ืคืจ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ืคืขื ืงื ืชื” ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื ืฉื›ื ืชื” ื“ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ืŸ ืกื™ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ื“ื’ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื”, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”. ื›ืฉืจืืชื” ืืฉืช ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืขื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ื—ื™ืœืงื” ืืช ื”ื“ื’ ืœื‘ื“ื”. ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื ื˜ืœื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ื•ืžื™ื”ืจื” ืœื‘ืฉืœื•.

ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืจืš ื•ื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืช, ืื›ืœ ืืช ื””ื›ื–ื™ืช” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืื—”ื› ืืžืจ ื›ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืืช ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื›”ื’ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื, ื”’ ืจื•ืขื™ ืœื ืื—ืกืจ.

ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืฉืชื• ืืช ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ. ืืš ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฉืช ืœื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื—ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ.

ื‘ื ื• ืจ’ ืœื™ื™ื‘, ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืจืื” ืื‘ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื’ ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช, ืืš ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืžืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจ’ ืœื™ื™ื‘, ื›ื™ ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื™ืง ื”ื•ื, ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื˜ื‘ื— ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืืžื• ืฉืชืกืคืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื”. ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื, ืฉื”ื“ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™, ื”ื™ื ืงื ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื ื”, ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”, ื—ื™ืœืงื” ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ ืœื‘ื“ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืœืฉื›ื ื”…

ืขืชื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื—ืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืจ’ ืœื™ื™ื‘, ื”ืœื ื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืข”ื• ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™”ื—: “ืื ืœื ืงื‘ืขื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืื• ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื•ื ืฉืœื, ื•ื‘ื ืื—ื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืฉืœื ืžื“ืขืช ื—ื‘ืจื•, ื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืœืฉื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืืžื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืžื, ื•ืื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœืฉื” ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœื•ื”.

ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื“ื’ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืžืขืฉื” ื›ื–ื”, ืื‘ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ืœื•ืงื”, ื•ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื ื”. ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืœ “ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”” ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื–ืœ?

ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื•ืืžืจ: ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื ืืžืจ “ื•ื”ืจื™ื—ื• ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”ืฉื” (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื™ื, ื’), ื›ื™ ืœืžื™ ืฉื ืชืขืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืจื™ื— ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืื• ื‘ื—ืฉืฉ ื’ื–ืœ.

ืข”ืค ‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืื‘ื•ืช’

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”

ืจืฉ”ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืคื™ืœื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”

ื”ื ื” ื—ื•ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื“ื ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืชืืจื™ืš ื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืžืžื” ื ืคืฉืš ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ. ื•ืข’ ืชื•ืก’ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื™”ื— ืข”ื ื‘ืขืฉื• ืงื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ืคื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื“ืžื”ื ื™, ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ืื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืž”ืฉ.

ื•ืข ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื—”ื’ ืง”ื’ ื™”ื— ื“ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื™ืช ืœื™ ืœืื™ื ืชื• (ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื–ื” ืœื›ื’ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ ืขืค”ื™ ืืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื˜ืจ, ืืฃ ื“ื‘ื–ื””ื– ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื”).

(ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืขื™”ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื’ื ืื ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืื™ืš ื™ื—ืชืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ืืช ืžืจืช ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืŸ).

ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ืื’”ืž ืื”ืข”ื– ื—”ื“ ืง’ ื”’ ื•ืฉื ืกื™’ ืง”ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืžื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ, ื“ื”ื ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืž’ ื“ืžื”ื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื–ืžื ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”, ืžืฉื”ื› ื‘ื–ื””ื–.

ื•ืข’ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื™”ืฉ ื—”ื’ ืกื™’ ืงืฆ”ื– ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœ ืขืฆื” ื–ื•, ื›ื™ ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื” ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ื•ื ืกื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื ื—”ื‘ ืข”ื ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื””ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ื•ื ืกื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื™ื’ ืขืœื™ื•.

ืขื‘ื“ ื”' - ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช

Finkel, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Binyomin Shlita

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื• ืขื‘ื“ ื”’, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช, ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” – ืœืงื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืžืœื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื•ื‘ืคืกื— ื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”’.

ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ ืื™ืชื, ื™ืฉ ืฉืงืจื ืขืฆืžื• ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืงืจืื• ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืงืจื ืขืฆืžื• ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœื ืงืจืื• ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ืงืจื ืขืฆืžื• ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืงืจืื• ืขื‘ื“, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืงืจื ืขืฆืžื• ืขื‘ื“, ืฉื ืืžืจ ืืœ ื ื ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ืš, ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืงืจืื• ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื•ื›ื•’, ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืงืจื ืขืฆืžื• ืขื‘ื“ ืืชื” ื ืชืช ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงืจืื• ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื›ื•’, ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœื ืงืจื ืขืฆืžื• ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืงืจืื• ืขื‘ื“ ื”ืฉืžืช ืœื‘ืš ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืื™ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ื•’.

ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืฉื’ื” ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื–ื” ืงืจื ืขื‘ื“ ื•ืœื–ื” ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืกืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ ื ืงืจื ืขื‘ื“, ื–ื” ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ ื”’.

ื‘ื ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•

ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื’ืž’ ื‘ื‘ืดื‘ (ื™, ื) ืืชื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืชื ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืชื ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืฉื˜ ืžื” ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืชื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.

ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“, ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืืžืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื–ื” ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื™, (ื’, ื™ื–) ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืืžืจ ื”’ ืฆื‘ืงื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืกื’ื•ืœื”, ื•ื—ืžืœืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืžื•ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•. ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•, ื–ื” ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื – ืืœื• ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืืžื ื™ื.

(ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื•, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื”, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืณืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื•’ ืื‘ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืžืฉืืดื› ืžืœืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืจื•ืฆื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื• – ืืชื” ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื•ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ.)

ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืžื™ืœ ื–ืฆืดืœ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ ืœืคื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉืฉืžืข ืžืžืจืŸ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆื•ืงืดืœ,ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ืฉืžื” ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคื—ื“ืช ืœืจื“ืช, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืดื› ืืชื” ื ื•ืฆืจ, ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฉืžื” ืชืกื›ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืคื™ื•ืก ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ืฉืžื” ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื—ืžืช ื‘ืžืงืฆืช, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”, ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืดื”, ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ืชืคืงื“ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ ื”’.

ื•ืžืฉืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืื“ื ืื ืชืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื™ืชื ื• ืœืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš, ืชื–ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืœืžืœื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืื“ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”.

ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืฉืœ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ ื”’, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขื‘ื“ ื”’ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ื•ืก ืœื ืฉืžื”, ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.

ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช

ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื–ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืขืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ ื”’, ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ ื”’, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™, ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื ืขื‘ื“ ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, – ืขื‘ื“ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช – ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืื• ืœื, ืขื‘ื“ ืœื, ืžื” ืฉื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”.

ื•ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ืืžืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืงื•ืจื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืžืช ื‘ื“ืจืš, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืžืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”’ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื–ื”. ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“, ืืฆืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื”ื™ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืœืื“ื•ืŸ[1].

ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื•

ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ ื ืœืžื“ ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื”ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืž’ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื (ื›ื—, ื‘), ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ืืดืจ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ื“ืžืฉืง ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืืดืจ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืฉืงื” ืžืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื.

ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื ื˜, ื—), ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื• – ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื™ื• ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•, ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื• – ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืžื•ืชื•.

ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืฉืงื” ืžืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื ืืžืŸ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืขืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื ืืžื ื•ืชื•.

ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืืœ ืื“ื ื™ ืืœื™ ืœื ืชืœืš ื”ืืฉื” ืื—ืจื™, (ื›ื“, ืœื˜), ื•ื‘ืจืฉืดื™, ืืœื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘, ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืœืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืชื•, ืืžืจ ืœื• ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื•ืืชื” ืืจื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืš (ืฉื).

ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฆื—ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืืฉื” ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืชืžื™ืžื”, ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”’, ื•ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื•ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ืงื— ืืช ื‘ืชื•, ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื•, ืืชื” ืืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš, ืœืš ืชื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™, (ื•ื”ืžืคืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ืจืฉืดื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื ื™ืงืช ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื™ ื–ืืช (ื›ื“, ื—), ื•ืงื— ืœื• ืืฉื” ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื ืจ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื•ืžืžืจื, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื•ื™ืœืดืข ื‘ื–ื”).

ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืฆื“ ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืœื ืชืฆืœื— ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื‘ืชื• ืœื™ืฆื—ืง, ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”’ ืืœื•ืงื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื”ืงืจื” ื ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืขืฉื” ื—ืกื“ ืขื ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. (ืฉื ื™ื‘). ืจื‘ืฉืดืข ืชืžืฆื™ื ืœืื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ืœื™ืฆื—ืง, ืื™ื–ื” ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื™ืžื™ ื ืคืฉื• ืžืžืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืœื‘.

ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื.

ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉืชืื”

ื˜ืจื ื›ื™ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื ื” ืจื‘ืงื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื›ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื›ืžื”, ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื–ื”, ื•ืชืจื“ ื”ืขื™ื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืคื™ืงื—ืช, ืฆื ื•ืขื” ื•ื—ืกื•ื“ื”, ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื™ืฆื—ืง, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ื”ืจื™ ืืคืกื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืงื— ืืช ื‘ืชื• ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•.

ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉืชืื” ืœื” ืžื—ืจื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”’ ื“ืจื›ื• ืื ืœื, (ืฉื ื›ื), ื•ื‘ืจืฉืดื™, ืžืฉืชื•ืžื ื•ืžืชื‘ื”ืœ, ืขืœ ืฉืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ื ืื ืœื.

ื•ืžืฉืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืœื•ื˜ื• ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจืœื” ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“[2], ื•ื‘ืืจื”ืดื‘ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื ื™ื—ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ืจืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.

ื•ื ืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืื—ื“ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื’ืจืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื–ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื—ืฉ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื• ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™, ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืคืจ, ื—ืžืฉ, ื™ืคื” ื’ื ืืฆืœื™ ื—ืžืฉ, ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื’ื ืืฆืœื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”, ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืฉ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื, ืื™ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืชื— ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื, ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื—ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื.

ื–ื” ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉืชืื” ืžื—ืจื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืชื— ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืชื— ืจื‘, ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”’ ื“ืจื›ื•, ืชืจืื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื ืืžื ื•ืช.

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืช ืžื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื™ ื ื ืœื™ ื”ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืš ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื• ืœืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืชืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืช ื‘ืชื•ืืœ ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžืœื›ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืจ. (ืฉื ื›ื’, ื›ื“), ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื, ืžื™ื“, ื•ื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืฉืชื—ื• ืœื”’, ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•, ืืœื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื”’ ืขืœ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•.

ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ืงื— ืืช ื‘ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ, ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืžื™ ืื ื™ ื•ืžื” ืื ื™, ืจืง ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืชื• ืœื.

ื•ืžื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืจืง ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืกื ื›ื ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืฉืจืช ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื™ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœ ืืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœืœ ื‘ืจื•ืš. (ื‘ืดืจ ืก). (ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœืžื”ืคืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจื•ืš ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช).

ืžื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”’ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช, ืขืฉื” ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื›ืจืฆื•ื ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืจืฆื•ื ืš ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื‘ื˜ืœ ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืžืคื ื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืจืฆื•ื ืš, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ ื”’ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ืจื•ื•ื—.

ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืงื‘ืดื”.

[1] ื”ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ืดื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืกืคืจื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉื”, ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื”ืดืค ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื“ ืื• ืื™ืฉ, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจืง ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืžืฉืง ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.

 

[2] ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœืžื, ืื™ื ื™ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื• ืื• ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก, ื”ื”ื’ืจืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ.

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Katz, Harav Hagaon Yaakov Moshe Shlita

A Satisfied Life

Parshas Chayei Sarah

Harav Hagaon Yaakov Moshe Katz shlita

Parshas Chayei Sarah begins by relating that Avraham buried Sarah in Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah and describes the hishtadlus that he did to bury her there.

How did Avraham know that Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah was a special place? Pirkei Dโ€™Rabbi Eliezer (perek 36) explains that this parshah is a continuation of Parshas Vayeira, where the Torah tells us that on the third day after Avrahamโ€™s bris milah, guests arrived and he wanted to do chessed for them, so he decided to prepare bakar for them. When the bakar ran away from him, he gave chase, ultimately finding himself in a cave, which was Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah.

There, he saw Adam and Chavah on a mitah, with a lit ner, and he smelled the scent of Gan Eden. He understood then that this place, where Adam and Chava were, was a special place for burial.

But why did he smell the scent of Gan Eden in their burial place?

When Yaakov went to Yitzchak, he also smelled the scent of Gan Eden. A tzaddik gives off the fragrance of Gan Eden because he sanctifies his guf. In this world we canโ€™t smell it, but in the next world, after the guf passes on, it gives off the scent of Gan Eden, because a tzaddik, at his essence, is Gan Eden.

We can add that the Zohar, in this weekโ€™s parshah, states that Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah is the opening to Gan Eden. Thatโ€™s why itโ€™s a special makom tefillah; furthermore, the neshamos go through the Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah. Thatโ€™s why Avraham smelled Gan Eden in Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah. He could sense that it was a special makom kevurah.

Chessed Leads to the Detection of Gan Eden

But why was this smell of Gan Eden in Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah revealed to him specifically when he was running after the bakar? We can explain that this coming to teach us the importance of the zechus of chessed. When he was in middle of doing chessed for others, thatโ€™s when this was revealed to him.

Furthermore, he was doing this chessed on the third day after milah, when he had been mekadesh his guf. Milah symbolizes kedushas habris, kedushas hareโ€™iyah, kedushah from hirhurim, kedushas haโ€™adam. He had just been mekadesh himself, and his movement here was with mesiras hanefesh โ€” he was doing chessed with mesiras nefesh and kedushah. Precisely then, it was revealed to him what you are zocheh to when you have mesiras nefesh for chessed and kedushah: you experience the scent of Gan Eden, as you arrive at the opening of Gan Eden, Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah. Thatโ€™s how Avraham understood that this was a special place for burial.

The Polar Opposite

Later in the parshah, when Avraham sends Eliezer to look for a wife for Yitzchak, he told him to look for a girl with the middah of chessed. We can explain that this is because chessed is one of the pillars upon which the world stands, as the Mishnah teaches in Avos. Itโ€™s so important to truly care for others, to do for others, and to think about others. Thatโ€™s the binyan of Klal Yisrael, and itโ€™s the binyan of your own home as well. Itโ€™s also your entranceway to Gan Eden. What a powerful lesson we learn from this revelation of Gan Eden to Avraham.

At the beginning of the parshah, the Torah recounts how Avraham approached Efron to buy Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah, and although Efron initially offered to give it to him free of charge, in the end he took a lot of money for it. The Kli Yakar notes that this incident comes after the Torahโ€™s account of Avrahamโ€™s chessed and is followed by the narrative about Rivkaโ€™s chessed to teach us why Avraham didnโ€™t want to enter a shidduch with bnos Canaan. When he saw the middos of Efron, who took a lot of money from him for a kevurah, he said, โ€œI donโ€™t want this as a shidduch for Klal Yisrael. This isnโ€™t the middah of Klal Yisrael. You canโ€™t grow to gadlus this way; you canโ€™t produce Klal Yisrael this way.โ€

When a person thinks about his gelt and wants more and more money for himself, his whole life is just about money and money and more money. He doesnโ€™t think about anyone else. Heโ€™s just thinking about his money.

Avraham didnโ€™t want to do a shidduch with people like Efron because he knew that chessed โ€” doing for others and feeling for others โ€” is the pathway to building Klal Yisrael and the entranceway to Gan Eden.

Torah and Chessed: A Package that Leads to Happiness

Later in the parshah, the Torah teaches us another way to be zocheh to Olam Haba. The passuk says: ื•ึทื”’ ื‘ึตึผืจึทืšึฐ ืึถืช ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื‘ึทึผื›ึนึผืœ, and the Gemara (Bava Basra 17) teaches that Hashem gave him a taste of Olam Haba in this world. How was he zocheh to that? The Torah tells us that Avraham was ื–ึธืงึตืŸ ื‘ึธึผื ื‘ึทึผื™ึธึผืžึดื™ื, and the Gemara in Kiddushin teaches that a zakein is someone who is koneh chochmah. The Mishnah in Kiddushin says that Avraham Avinu learned Torah bโ€™yeshiva, and the Gemara in Yoma (28b) adds that Avraham was a zakein vโ€™yosheiv bโ€™yeshiva. So we see that the description of Avraham as zakein alludes to the level of Avrahamโ€™s Torah. When the passuk says that Hashem ื‘ึตึผืจึทืšึฐ ืึถืช ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื‘ึทึผื›ึนึผืœ, it is conveying to us that the way to be zocheh to โ€œkolโ€ is through your shaychus to Torah.

The oilam is misorer to learn Chumash more bโ€™havanah, to hear a schmuess for ten minutes โ€” ย nifladig! The oilam is koveiโ€™a chavrusas, they learn Torah, many come to the Yarchei Kallah. Many have chavrusas every day. Thatโ€™s your shaychus to Torah.

And some combine chessed with Torah, by being mechazek the Torah of their own children, of their grandchildren, of others around them. Thatโ€™s a beautiful zechus of Torah, and it also gives us the taโ€™am of Olam Haba, opening the entrance to Gan Eden. Talmud Torah kโ€™neged kulam.

We saw that the key to the revelation of the entrance to Gan Eden that Avraham Avinu experienced in Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah was chessed. Not ordinary chessed, but chessed that came with mesiras nefesh. And we saw that the other way to be zocheh to Gan Eden โ€” even in Olam Hazeh, and certainly in Olam Haba โ€” is through your shaychus to Torah, by being mechazek your connection to Torah. And itโ€™s a nifladige zach.

Many people, in their younger years, are full of dreams. They want to do and do โ€” but then, when they get older, so many people have a midlife crisis. So many people, lo aleinu, are on pills. They need to calm down. They feel, what value do I have anyway?

Avraham Avinu, in contrast, was saveiโ€™a and happy when he was niftar. This teaches that when a person invests well into his life, filling it with substance โ€” with chessed, with Torah โ€” then when he reaches the end of his life, heโ€™s saveiโ€™a. Heโ€™s happy because he filled his life with tochen. When a person is running after the American dream of fame and money, then when he reaches the end of his life, and things arenโ€™t the way they used to be, and he doesnโ€™t have all that he wanted โ€” oy! So chessed and Torah are the key not only to be zocheh to Olam Haba, but also to have a happy life in Olam Hazeh, like Avraham Avinu did.

The Ramban says that this was the hesped for Avraham. You could say so many things about Avraham. He was a baal chessed. He learned Torah. He was a tzaddik. He did milah. He passed the test of the Akeidah and so many others. But the Torah merely says about him that he was niftar saveiโ€™a. He was happy.

This teaches us the chessed that Hashem does for tzaddikim, and also the greatness of tzaddikim. Because filling your life with chessed and Torah is the only way to be truly happy in this world. When you invest your life into things that have tochen, youโ€™re a happier person every step of the way. And thatโ€™s just the beginning, in Olam Hazeh. In Olam Haba, al achas kamah vโ€™kamah.

We should be mischazeik together by caring about the people around us โ€”our wives, our children, our families, our parents, our friends. Letโ€™s fill our lives with chessed and Torah, with tochen, and bโ€™ezras Hashem we should use our time well and be zocheh to constantly be saveiโ€™a and to enter the gates of Gan Eden. Then, we will always have the reiโ€™ach of Gan Eden, because someone who is busy with these things becomes a beautiful person who truly has the smell of Gan Eden even in Olam Hazeh.

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