BereishisChayei Sarah

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

ื”ืคืจื•ืฉ ืฆื”ืœืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื•ืื‘ืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื•

ื•ื™ืงื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืชื• ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืช (ื›ื’, ื’)

ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”ย ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืฉืจื” ืืฉืชื• ื‘ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคืœื”, ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” “ื•ื™ืงื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืชื•”. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉืงื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื• ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”.

ืœืžื“ื™ื ืื ื• ืžื›ืืŸ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืื™ืชื ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื›ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ื“ืžืขื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืช, ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•, ืงื ืžืื‘ืœื• ื•ืžื‘ื›ื™ื• ืขืœ ืืฉืชื•, ืจื—ืฅ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื˜ืžืŸ ืืช ืื‘ืœื• ื•ืฆืขืจื• ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ื•ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช. ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ื”ืœื•ืช. ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ ื™ืคื” ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ืจื“ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื™”ื˜ ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ, ืขื ื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืชื• ืœืฉืžื™ ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื””ืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ ื™ืคื” ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ, ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• โ€“ ื›ืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื.

ื”ื’ืจ”ื“ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื˜”ื• ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืจืค”ื— ื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 7 ืขืœื” ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื‘ื—ืจื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ’ ‘ืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื’ ื•ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืคื•ื ื™ื‘ื–’. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืœืžื“ ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœืžื“ ืžื”ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”’. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžืจืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื•”ื ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ื• ื•ืงื™ืจื‘ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืืฃ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• “ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืžืช”.

ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคืจืงื• ืœืงื—ื• ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ’, ื›ื—ืชืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•.

ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืชื•ื ืชื• ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืงื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ื””ืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”’ ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืงืจื‘ื• ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ื™ืขื“ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืคืขื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื•ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื—: “ืื ืงืฉื” ืœื›ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื“ื ื–ืงืŸ ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืจ’ ื“ื•ื‘”.

ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืข”ื™ ื”ื’ื””ืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื•ืคื™ืืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื›ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• โ€“ ื›ืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืช ื”ื’ืจ”ื ืœื•ืคื™ืืŸ ืžื™ืœื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“’ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืกืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื—ืชื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘’ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืฉืชื• ื‘ืฆืžื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื•. ืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“’ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคืขืœ ืžืžื‘ืฆืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืคืขื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื: “ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื™ื–ื• ืžืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ื‘”ื””.

ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืฉ ื•ืื•ืฉืคื– ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ‘ืœื ื™ืื“ื•’. ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžื—ืœืชื• ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื™ืœื” ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืกื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืคื•ืช.

ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืช ืืœืžื ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืชื‘ืœื—ื˜”ื ื•ื–ืจืข ื‘ืจืš ื”’ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื™ื˜”ื, ืžืจื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ื“ ืคืจื“ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื””ืง, ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื™ื˜”ื, ื—ืชื ื™ื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื: ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื‘ืจ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืืจื ืคืจื•ื™ื ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜”ื, ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื.

ื™ืžืœื™ืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืจื•ืžืžื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชื ืฆื‘”ื”.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”

ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ื— ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ

ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืืžืจ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืขื“ ืื ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืคื™’ ืžื”ืจื™ืœ”ื“ ื›ื™ ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืžืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืขื™”ื– ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื”ืž”ื– ื“ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ืžื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืž”ื” ืข”ื‘.

ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื• ืฉืœื ืงื™ื“ืฉ ืขื“ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื ืœืงื“ืฉ. ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืืžืจ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืชืื‘ื” ื”ืืฉื” ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืืœื™ ืฉืจืฆื” ืฉืชืชืงื“ืฉ ืœื‘ืชื•, ื•ื”ืงืฉื• ืืžืื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ื–ื” ืœื‘ืชื•ืืœ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ. ื•ืข’ ื”ืคืœืื” ื“ืฃ ืง”ื™ ืข”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ืžืจืžื‘”ื ื•ืฉื•”ืข ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ืจื— ืœื”ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืœื—ืจื•ืช (ืข’ ืค’ ื›ื™ ืชืฆื, ืœื ืชืกื’ื™ืจ), ื›ืš ืื ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืขืžื• ื‘ื”ื™ ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ื•”ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“, ื•ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืชื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืจืฆื” ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืืœื ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื” (ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืขืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืžืง”ื), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื”ื”ืฉื‘ ืืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ืš ืฉืžื”, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื—ื•”ืœ, ื•ืื– ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื”ื™ ื•ื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื‘ืช ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ื™ืฉืื ื”. ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ืงื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ื‘ื ืœื›ืืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืฆื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœื™. (ื•ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืœื• ื“ืื™ืŸ ืขืฆื” ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืชื• ืœื‘ื“ื”, ื“ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ ืืจื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืš, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืช ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืœืคืœื•ื ื™).

ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืœืื” ืชื™ืงืฉื™ ืื ืœื ืฉื™ื—ืจืจ ืื™ืš ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœื™ื— ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ. ื•ื™”ืœ ื“ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ืก’ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืกื™’ ืœ”ื” ื”’ ื“ืงื™ื“ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื™ื“ ืจื‘ื•

ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ

Partzovitz, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Nachum ztโ€l

ื ืืžืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“’ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ืคืจืฆื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”

 

ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’”ืจ ื ื—ื•ื ืคืจืฆื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื’ืž’ ื•ืื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ืืœื ื ืชืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ ื•ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื”. ื•ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ, ืœืฉืžื• ื•ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืชืื•ืช ื ืคืฉ.

“ื•ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ”.

ืขื•ื“ ืจืื• ืืฆืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื—ืฉ ืืช ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–”ืœ (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื–.) “ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ”. ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื “ืœืžื” ื ืžืฉืœื” ื“”ืช ืœืขืฅ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื”, ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืžื” ืขืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืฃ ืช”ื— ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื—ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื”. [ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฉ ืข”ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ ืืฉ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื ืจืง ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืขืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืข”ื› ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื• ืงื™ืกื ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ื• ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืฅ.] ื›ืš ืข”ื™ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืืœ – ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื – ืข”ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื ืฉืžืขืชืชื ื•ืžืื™ืจื” ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื.

ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื”.

ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ื”, ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืจืื• ืขืœื™ื•.ย ย  ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืžื—ื–ื” ื›ื–ื” ืœื ืจืื” ืžื—ื–ื” ืžื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ.

ื“ืื’ื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.

ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื•ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื•ื™ื“ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื””ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ืš ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ืš ื›ืฉืœืš” (ืื‘ื•ืช ื“, ื™ื‘) ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื””ื–ืจื•ืง ืžืจื” ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื’:), ืฉืคื—ื“ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืกืชื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื ื” ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืฉืืœ ืฉืœื ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ. ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื‘ [ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื•ืชื• ืื—ื“ ืฉืฉืืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ] ื•ืจืื• ืฉื ื”ื ื” ืžื–ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจ, ื•ื›ืฉืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืขืœื™ื.

ืขืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžื.

ื•ืืฆืœ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจ”ื  ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืจืื• ืื™ืš ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ืขื ื‘ืคืฉื˜ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื”ืžืฉื ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›”ื› ืžืชื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืจืื• ืืฆืœื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ. ื•ืื—”ื› ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง.

[ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจื ื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ื”ื ื•ื“ืข, ืขื“ ืฉืขื–ืจื ื™ ื”ืฉื™”ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื’ ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™, ืืœื ื’ื ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืชื” ื–’ ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืจื• ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื™ ื›ื—ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื•ืงืจื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ื–ื• ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืคืœืื”. ื•ืื—”ื› ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืขืžื•ืง ืžื™ ื™ืžืฆืื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืชื•ืง.]

ื•ืœื–ื” ื ืฆืจืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืื” ืžืขืฆื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื ื”, ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉ”ืก ื•ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื”. ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืฆืจืš ืœื–ื” ื’”ื› ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉื‘ื˜ืœืŸ ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”.

ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.

ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืชื‘ืข ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ, ืœืคื™ ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ืฆื ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉื•ืžืขื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืžืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืื—”ื› ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื”.

[ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืฉืืœ ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืืš ื“ื ืขืงื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ืž’. ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ – ื‘ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉื ืคืขืœื• (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื—:), ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœ: ืฉื’ื ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ืž’.ย ย  ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืžื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืงืจืื• ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื“ื. ย ื•ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืœื‘ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ื›ื—ืชื• ื•ืœืžื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช. ย ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืขื” ืงืœื” ื•ื”ืคืขื ืฉืืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™.]

ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืืžืช.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉื”ืฉืชื•ืงืง ืฉื™ืคืจื›ื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื™”ื› ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ืื– ืชืฆื ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™. [ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.]ย  ย ื•ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืœื ื™ืจืžื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื. ื’ื ื”ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื™ื” ืื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.

ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืข ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ. ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืืžืช ื•ืžื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœื›”ื. ย ย ย ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.

ืฉื”ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช (ื’, ื™ื–) “ืจืื‘”ืข ืื•ืžืจ ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ”. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช. [ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืื•.] ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“”ื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ื” ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.

ื•ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืื“ื ืขื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื•, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื•ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”.

“ืืช ื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื””.

ืืžื ื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืชื—ื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื. ืฉื‘ืžื™ืœื™ ื“ืขืœืžื ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ [ื•ื’ื ืžืขืœื” ื–ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”], ืืžื ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืœืกื‘ืจืชื• ื•ืœื ื™ื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื”ื’ืจื™”ืก ืฉื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ‘ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ื’’ – ื›ืืจืก ืฉืœ ืขื›ื ืื™, ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ. ื•ื”ื› ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ืืœื ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœื ื™ื ื™ื— ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœื™ื•, ืืœื ื™ืฉืžืข ื’ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื.

ื•ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืจืื• ืžืขืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืฉืชืื•ืช, ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ืขืžืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืžื ืœื›ืš ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช. ื•ืคืขื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉืžื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื›ืš, ื•ืืžืจ ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื–ื”, ื•ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™.ย  ื•ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืขื“ ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

“ื•ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช”.

ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืช ‘ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช’ [ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช], ื•ื’ื ืืช ื–ื” ืจืื• ืืฆืœ ืจื””ื™ ื–ืฆ”ืœ. ืฉืื ืœืื—ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื ื•ื›ื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืจืฉ”ื™ ืื• ืžืจืžื‘”ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ, ืืœื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ื“ืง, ืืžืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืฉ. ื•ื–ื›ื•ืจื ื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืคืขื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœืฉ”ืฉ ืคืŸ ื™ืงืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืžื“ืชื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืจืง ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื•, ืืœื ืื ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืœืš ืืชื• ืขื“ ืœืงืฆื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืœื ื™ืจื“, ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืืœื™ื•.

“ืชื”ื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ืจืฉืข”.

ื•ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ืชืคืงื“ื ื• ื‘ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื” ื”ื•ื, ื•ืœืžื” ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืžื ื• ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื•ื›ืž”ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืก”ื™.

ืฉื”ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ื ื“ื” (ืœ:) ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืžืขื™ ืืžื• [ืฉื—ื–”ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”] “ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื ืžืœืืš ื•ืกื˜ืจื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื•ืžืฉื›ื—ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืคืชื— ื—ื˜ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืฅ [ื•ื“”ื– ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื””ืจ. ื•ืฉืžื ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื—ื–”ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื” ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช.] ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืœื™ ืชื›ืจืข ื›ืœ ื‘ืจืš ืชืฉื‘ืข ื›ืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืœื™ ืชื›ืจืข ื›ืœ ื‘ืจืš ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืชื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื™ื›ืจืขื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ ืขืคืจ [ืฉื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื™ื” ืœืงื‘”ื”], ืชืฉื‘ืข ื›ืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ [ืžื™ ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื”’ ื•ืžื™ ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงื“ืฉื•] ื ืงื™ ื›ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ืฉื ืœืฉื•ื ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืœื ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœืžืจืžื”. [ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืžืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆืืชื• ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.] ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืžืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืชื”ื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ืจืฉืข ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืš ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืชื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื›ืจืฉืข [ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื™ืกืชื•ืจ ืžืืžืจื ื–”ืœ (ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘, ื™ื’) ‘ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ืจืฉืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžืš’, ืฉื’ื ืจืฉืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืžืขืฆืžื• ื•ื›ืžื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื™ื›ืž”ืœ.] ื•ื”ื•ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ืžืฉืจืชื™ื• ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ืš ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉืžืจื” ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื” ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ืื ืœืื• ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืœื” ืžืžืš”.

ื•ืคืจืฉ”ื™ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉ’ืœื ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœืžืจืžื”’ ืงืื™ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื–ื• ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื“ืื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขืœืžื ืื˜ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืœื ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœืžืจืžื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”’. ืืœื ืข”ื› ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืฉื‘ืข ‘ืชื”ื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ืจืฉืข’ ื•ื™ืœืžื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื”’.

ื”ืžืœืืš ืžืงื ื” ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉื ืฉื›ื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืœื ื”ืฉื›ื—ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžื“ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืœื’ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื. ย ย ย ย ย ื•ืžื‘ืืจื™ื ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืข”ื™ ื”ืขืžืœ ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื›ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ.

ืืœื ืฉื”ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื™ื“ืš ืฉืื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืฉื ืžื” ืžืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”.

ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘’ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”’ (ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจ) ื‘ืฉื ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื’ืจ”ื ืฉื”ื ื” ื”ืืœืฉื™ืš ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ‘ื•ืชืŸ ื—ืœืงื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืชืš’, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›”ื ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›”ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉืืžื ื ื›”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›”ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื””ื— ื•ื”ื ืชื™ื””ืž ื•ื”ื’ืจืข”ื ื•ื”ื—ืช”ืก ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื‘ืœ ื›”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื”ื“ืจืš ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื•:) ‘ื™ื’ืขืชื™ ื•ืžืฆืืชื™‘, ืœืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื ืืช ืื‘ื™ื“ืชื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื™ืžืฆื ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืขืžืœ ื‘ื”, ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื• ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื•ื™ืชืขืœื” ืข”ื™ ืขืžืœ ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขื”.

ื•ืœื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืจืง ืข”ื™ ืฉื”ืžืœืืš ืžืœืžื“ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืื– ื ืฉืจืฉ ืืฆืœื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.

ื•ืžื”ืจ”ื‘ ืจื ืฉื‘ื•ืจื’ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืงื™ ืžืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื‘ืœืขืช ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืงื•ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชื•.

[ื•ืขืค”ื– ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–”ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค”ื ื””ื‘) “ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื” ื ื— ืœื• ืฉื ื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœื™ืชื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœื‘ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžืขื™ ืืžื• ืœืžื“ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžืขื™ ืืžื• ื”ื’ื ืฉืœืžื“ื”.]

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื” ื”ืžืœืืš ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืื™ื ืฉืœืฉื” ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• [ื•ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื“. ื ื–ื›ืจ ื’’ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง, ื•ื™ืœ”ืข ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืš.] ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืขื™ ืืžื•, ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืง ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•. ื•ืื ืœืžื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื— ืœืงืจืืชื•. ื•ืื ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ ืžืืชื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื ืฆืœ ืืช ืžืชื ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ. [ื•ืื—”ื› ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื›”ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื—”ื—.]

ื”ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื›ื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืจืž”ื (ื™ื•”ื“ ืกื™’ ืจืก”ื” ืกื™”ื‘) ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ ื”’ืฉืœื•ื ื–ื›ืจ’ ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื›ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื. [ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื’, ื•ื–ื” ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืฉืžื—ืชื•.] ย ย ย ย ื•ื”ื˜”ื– (ืฉื) ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” (ื‘ืก”ืก ืจืก”ื“) ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื—ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉื›ื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. [ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ืŸ ืฉืข”ื› ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ื”’ืืจื‘ืขืก’ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื’ื•ืœ – ื›ืžืื›ืœ ื”ืื‘ืœื™ื.]

ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘’ืืจื™ ื”ื—ื™’ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจ”ื— ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉืชืžื” ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘’ืฉืœื•ื ื–ื›ืจ’, ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื—ืžื• ืข”ื–, ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉืืœ”ื› ืฉื›ืจ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ืžืฉื•”ื› ืืžืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’.

ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืœื• ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจ”ื  ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื•ืขื›”ื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื—ืžื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ืจ. ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื• ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื ืขืžืœ.

[ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืกื™ื™ืขืชื ืžืžื” ืฉืœื ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืืข”ืค ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืขืžื” ืช”ื— ื”ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืข ื”ืื“ื ืขืœื™ื•.]

ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ื.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ ืื‘ืœื™ื ืจื—”ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื: ื’ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื•. ื‘’ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืืœื•: ื’ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื” ืข”ื™ ื”ืขืžืœ. ื‘’ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขืžืœ ื™ื–ื›ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื›ื— ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืžืฆื ืืช ืื‘ื“ืชื• ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.

ืกื™ื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื ืข”ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”.

ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื ืฆืจืš ื’ื ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ืœื ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื–ื• ื“ืจื’ื ืฉืœ ืขืžืœ ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”?ย  ื”ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” (ื•:) “ื”ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื ื™ืืžืจ ืœืš ืื“ื ื™ื’ืขืชื™ ื•ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืœ ืชืืžื™ืŸ, ืœื ื™ื’ืขืชื™ ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืœ ืชืืžื™ืŸ, ื™ื’ืขืชื™ ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืชืืžื™ืŸ, ื””ืž ื‘ื“”ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืกื™ื™ืขืชื ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ืฉืžื™ื [ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืจื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื ื’ื ืžืคืกื™ื“.] ื•ืœื“”ืช ืœื ืืžืจืŸ ืืœื ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืœืื•ืงืžื™ ื’ื™ืจืกื [ืฉืœื ืชืฉืชื›ื— ืžืžื ื• – ืจืฉ”ื™] ืกื™ื™ืขืชื ืžืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื [ื•ื™ืฉ ื™ื’ืข ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื – ืจืฉ”ื™.]”.ย ย ย  ื ืžืฆื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื’ืข ื•ืขื™”ื– ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืกื™ื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื.

ื•ืข”ื™ ืžื” ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืก”ื“?ย  ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืžืขื•ืžืง ื”ืœื‘, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืื’ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจ”ื— ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืž’ ื‘ื ื“ื” (ืข:) “ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืื“ื ื•ื™ื—ื›ื ื•ื›ื•’ ื™ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืจื—ืžื™ื ืžืžื™ ืฉื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื›ื•’ ืงืž”ืœ ื“ื”ื ื‘ืœื ื”ื ืœื ืกื’ื™ื”.

ื•ื’ื ื ืฆืจืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” [ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“”ื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”] ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ย ย ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืชื•ืงื ื•ืช ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ืจืื•ื™ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืฆืœื•. ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื.

ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื‘ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืข”ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”.

ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžืœ ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ืขื”, ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ‘ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•’ ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช.

ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืข”ื™ ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื ืฉื‘ืขื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืฆืืชื ื• ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื ืงื™ื™ืžื”. ื•ืžื™ ืฉื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจ ื”’ ื•ืœืงื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงื“ืฉื•, ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื”ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื”ื•ื.

ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ืขื–ืจื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื – ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจ”ื  ื–ืฆ”ืœ – ื™ืžืœื™ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื“ื ื•. ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ืœื‘ื‘ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ืฉืง, ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื•, ืฉืœื›ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืœื ื ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื ื ื›ืœื ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“.

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The Post-Nisayon Challenge

Parashas Chayei Sarah

Harav Hagaon Nissan Kaplan Shlita

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The Torah tells us that when Avraham Avinu wanted to bury Sarah, he couldnโ€™t find a grave, and he approached the Bnei Cheis and bought a grave from them. Chazal say that Avraham Avinu endured ten nisyonos, and thereโ€™s a machlokes regarding what these ten nisyonos were. Some meforshim say that the last nisayon was that he couldnโ€™t find a place to bury Sarah Imeinu. This seems puzzling, however, because Akeidas Yitzchak would seem to be a much more difficult nisayon than having difficulty burying Sarah, since Akeidas Yitzchak required Avraham to flout his own teaching of not offering human sacrifices to avodah zarah. We would expect that if Hashem tests a person, the tests would become progressively harder. In what way was the nisayon of burying Sarah harder than Akeidas Yitzchak?

The meforshim explain that when a person feels that heโ€™s in the middle of a war, or that heโ€™s climbing a mountain, he is able to muster the energy to fight the war or climb the mountain despite all the difficulty involved. But when he feels that heโ€™s okay, that he already managed to reach the pinnacle of the mountain, and heโ€™s no longer in fighting mode, thatโ€™s when things become harder. First comes the hard work ofืžึดื™ ื™ึทืขึฒืœึถื” ื‘ึฐื”ึทืจ ื”’ , but the stage of ื•ึผืžึดื™ ื™ึธืงื•ึผื ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืงื•ึนื ืงึธื“ึฐืฉืื•ึน is even more challenging.

When Avraham Avinu underwent his nisyonos, it was certainly difficulty for him, but the difficulty was similar to that of climbing a mountain. Once he passed the nisayon of Akeidas Yitzchak, however, he felt that he was already an adam hashaleim. Then came the harder nisayon: to stay shaleim.

We often see people who are not frum becoming baalei teshuvah, or people who are weak in their Yiddishkeit becoming stronger. That first step is a huge one, yet these people nevertheless manage somehow to pull through. But after that comes the harder nisayon: continuing to remain strong.

For instance, take a fellow who doesnโ€™t bentch and takes on himself to starting bentching. Thatโ€™s the first step โ€“ but then comes the challenge of bentching with kavanah. Or take a baal teshuvah who changed his whole lifestyle โ€“ only to face the challenge of all the dikdukei mitzvos.

I know a bachur who fought his parents and family to come to yeshiva. He faced so many nisyonos up to the point that he arrived in yeshiva โ€“ but then, once he was in yeshiva on a daily basis, he didnโ€™t succeed, and he left.

Sometimes, that first, monumental step is easy to do, while the subsequent small steps are harder. Fighting a big war is easy; itโ€™s the little nisyonos that are hard.

I tell bachurim that if someone would chas vโ€™shalom tell them, โ€œNo more learning! If you learn weโ€™ll kill you,โ€ they would hide in caves and sit and learn day and night. But if you would tell the same bachurim to come to night seder at five minutes to nine and leave at twelve, instead of coming at nine and leaving at eleven, they wouldnโ€™t be able to do it. Yet he would risk his life to learn in a cave!

Passing the nisayon of the Akeidah was easier for Avraham, in a way, than passing the nisayon of not having a place to bury Sarah after Hashem promised him Eretz Yisrael.

No Entitlement

I heard from Rav Dovid Povarsky a different approach to understanding why the nisayon of burying Sarah was so challenging.

After the Akeidah, Avraham Avinu had to have felt, โ€œIโ€™m on a high madreigah, Iโ€™m already close to the Ribbono Shel Olam, I passed everything.โ€ But then, he comes home and sees that he lost his wife โ€“ and not only that, he doesnโ€™t have a place to bury her. At that point, he could chas vโ€™shalom have thought to himself, โ€œI did so much! Why isnโ€™t this working out? How much do I have to try?โ€

The nisayon then was not to question or complain. And he didnโ€™t complain, even though Hashem had promised that Eretz Yisrael would be his, and yet he had to buy a grave for four hundred shekel kessef over lasocher.

Similarly, the yetzer hara comes to a person and says. โ€œYou did so much, you deserve better! You gave a chomesh, youโ€™re learning, you did this, you did that โ€“ why are you suffering? Why are you having problems with shidduchim? Why do you have tzaar gidul banim?โ€

Thatโ€™s the harder nisayon.

How do you reach the madreigah of Avraham Avinu, to hold strong even after you do so much and then find yourself facing yet another nisayon?

The following insight into last weekโ€™s parashah provides the answer. Avraham took Yitzchak, Yishmael, and Eliezer along with him to the Akeidah, but when they neared Har Hamoriah, he told Yishmael and Eliezer to remain behind with the donkey. After that, the passuk says three times that Avraham and Yitzchak went together. The first time is when they took leave of Yishmael and Eliezer: ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืฉืึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื•. Chazal explain that the word ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื• indicates that Avraham approached the mountain just as gladly and willingly as Yitzchak, who was unaware that he was to be offered as a korban. Then, after Yitzchak asked Avraham where was the sheep to be slaughtered and Avraham told him that he would be the korban, the passuk again says: ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืฉืึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื•. Even after Yitzchak knew he was going to be slaughtered, he was just as happy as Avraham, who was just as happy as Yitzchak before Yitzchak knew.

After the Akeidah, the Torah informs us a third time that Avraham and Yitzchak went together: ื•ึทื™ึผึธืฉืึธื‘ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืึถืœ ื ึฐืขึธืจึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึผึธืงึปืžื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื• ืึถืœ ื‘ึผึฐืึตืจ ืฉืึธื‘ึทืข. Chazal donโ€™t explain this third โ€œื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื•โ€ . Rashiโ€™s grandson asked him what the meaning of this third ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื• is, and Rashi posed the question back to him.

Rashiโ€™s grandson answered that we would have thought that after the Akeidah, when Avraham and Yitzchak returned to Yishmael and Eliezer, they would have felt what we call gaavah dโ€™kedushah. But the passuk is telling us that they didnโ€™t feel superior to Yishmael and Eliezer: ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื• โ€“ they traveled back with Yishmael and Eliezer feeling equal to them, not feeling that they deserved anything special because they had just passed the nisayon of the Akeidah.

After successfully withstanding a nisayon, a person should certainly feel a sense of chizuk, but he shouldnโ€™t feel that now he deserves more than before.

How did Avraham Avinu manage to pass the final nisayon of burying Sarah? Because he didnโ€™t leave the nisayon of the Akeidah feeling any sense of entitlement. Passing a nisayon doesnโ€™t mean that you get a reprieve for the next ten years.

Leaving the Chamor Behind

Regarding Avrahamโ€™s taking leave of Yishmael, Eliezer, and the donkey, the meforshim wonder what was the purpose of bringing the donkey. If Avraham was able to manage without it, why couldnโ€™t he leave it at home? And if he needed it, why didnโ€™t he take it all the way to Har Hamoriah?

The Brisker approach is to explain that Avraham left the donkey behind because he was entering the hallowed ground of what would become the makom hamikdash, where animals were not allowed.

The Maharal gives a different explanation, however. Avraham, Moshe, and Moshiach are all described as riding on donkeys โ€“ ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ, a description that indicates that they achieved mastery over the physical world (ื—ืžื•ืจ, donkey, representing ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช, materialism). Bilam, in contrast, rode a female donkey, uniting himself with it and the materialism it represented. Bilam sank into the realm of the material, as opposed to Avraham, Moshe, and Moshiah, who rode on the material and remained above it.

When Avraham came to the Akeidah, however, he reached a higher place, where the avodah wasnโ€™t to achieve domination over the material, but rather to eschew the material altogether. But when the Akeidah was over, Avraham Avinu returns to Yishmael and Eliezer and the donkey, placing himself back into the regular world.

One final point about the nisayon of burying Sarah. When it came to the nisayon of the Akeidah and the nisayon of Lech Lecha, Hashem told Avraham what the nisayon was. It was hard, but it was clearly a nisayon from Hashem. No one told him that he was going to face the nisayon of burying Sarah, however. It was simply a nisayon of daily life.

A person has to withstand not only the big, obvious nisyonos, but also the daily nisyonos that we donโ€™t realize are nisyonos: difficulties with parnassah, or chinuch habanim, or health, or shalom bayis. But when a person strengthens himself and withstands those daily nisyonos, then he is zocheh to siyatta dโ€™Shmaya and all the berachos.

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