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ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืจืื” ื ื’ื“ ืคื ื™ื›ื… ื•ื™ื’ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื ืžืืช ืคื ื™ ืคืจืขื” (ื™, ื™-ื™ื).
 

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืงื” ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื–’ ืžื›ื•ืช ืขืดื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืจืื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขืจื›ื ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ ื•ื”ืชื—ื ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ื”: “ื”ืขืชื™ืจื• ืืœ ื“ืณืด, “ื”ืขืชื™ืจื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ืด, “ื—ื˜ืืชื™, ื”ืขืชื™ืจื• ืืœ ื“ืณืด, ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืขืช ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื”ื ืคืจืขื” ื•ืžื’ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•?

ืžื‘ืืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”:ย  ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžื›ืช ืฉื—ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘: ืดื•ื™ื—ื–ืง ื“ืณ ืืช ืœื‘ ืคืจืขื” ื•ื’ื•ืณืด (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜,ื™ื‘), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื™ืœื•ืœื ื—ื™ื–ืง ื“ืณ ืืช ืœื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืœื— ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื•ืฆ”ื‘ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ืช ืฉื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ืคืจืขื”.

ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžื›ืช ืฉื—ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘: ืดืงื—ื• ืœื›ื ืžืœื ื—ืคื ื™ื›ื ืคื™ื— ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ, ื•ื–ืจืงื• ืžืฉื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ ืคืจืขื”ืด (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜,ื—), ื•ืคื™ืจืฉืดื™: ืดื•ื–ืจืงื• ืžืฉื”, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื–ืจืง ื‘ื›ื—, ืื™ื ื• ื ื–ืจืง ืืœื ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืช. ื”ืจื™ ื ืกื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืงื•ืžืฆื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืžืœื ื—ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ, ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ืืด.

ื•ืฆ”ื‘, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืžื ื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืก ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืคื™ื— ืขื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืคื™ื— ืขื“ ืœืฉืžื™ื?

ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืก ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืžื” ืฉืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื›ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ืžืื•ื“ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“. ื•ื™”ืœ ืฉื ืžื•ื’ ืœื‘ ืคืจืขื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื›ื” ื–ื• ื›ื™ ืขื•ื– ืœื‘ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื•ื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื— ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืœื•ืœื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ื“ืณ ืืช ืœื‘ื•.

ืืš ืœืคื™ ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืš ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื• ืฆืขืจ. ื›ื“ืื™’ ื‘ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช (ืงื”:) ื“ืืžืจ ืจ’ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื“ืŸ “ื‘ืจื™ืš ืจื—ืžื ื ื“ื›ืกืคื™ื” ืœืื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ืื™ ืขืœืžื”. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”’ ืฉื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื‘ื“ืŸ ืข”ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืขื””ื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืขื””ื‘. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืข ืœื• ืžื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื.

ื•ืคืจืขื” ืฉืืžืจ “ืจืื• ื›ื™ ืจืื” ื ื’ื“ ืคื ื™ื›ื”, ืฉืจืื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื“ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ืœื‘ื ”ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืจืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื ืžื–ื”. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืš ื–ืืช ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœื“ื ืžื™ืœื” ื ื’ “ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ืœื•ืชื™ ืืช ื—ืจืคืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื›ื” (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”,ื˜).

ื•ื›ืฉืจืื” ืคืจืขื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืชื‘ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื’ื™ืจืฉื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Refoel Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืจืคืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ
ื˜’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืข”ื•
ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืคืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”ย ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• “ืื™ืฉ ื”ืืžืช” ื‘ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื™ืจื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืื ื‘ื›”ื– ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืงื ืžื™ื“ ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืœื.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘: “ืžื” ืืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืœืจื’ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื””.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืชื, ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืืœ ืžื™ื“ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืจื ”ืฆ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ืื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืžืข ืฉืฉืืœืชื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฉืžื—ืชื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ืชื ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ “ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ”.

ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื ื• ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื ื‘ืคื ื™ื•: “ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•”. ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ืขื ื” ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืช: “ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘…”.

ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคืจืฆื•ื‘ื™ืฅ’ ืฉืœื™ื˜”ื, ืžืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืขื™ืœื™ืช, ืกื™ืคืจ ื›ื™ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืจืื” ืืช ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ื‘”ืžื–ืจื—”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื™ืชื•ื ื•ืžืจืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืœืฆื“ ื”ื—ืชืŸ.

ืชื ืฆื‘”ื”

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ื‘ื

ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ

ื–ืžืŸ ืคื“ื””ื‘ ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœ”ื ื“ื‘ืงืจื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืคื“ื•ื™ื• ืžื‘ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืชืคื“ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืœื ื•ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืกืจ, ื”ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืœื ื›ืž”ืฉ ืชื•ืก’ ืกื ื”’ ื™”ื ืข”ื.

ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืจืื™ื ืง”ืž ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ื“ื•ืงื ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื›”ื˜ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื™”ื‘ ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืชืฉืฆ”ื’ ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืืžืจื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœ’ ื™ื•ื ืœืื• ื“ื•ืงื.

(ื•ื‘ืž”ื‘ ืฉืœ”ื˜ ื›”ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ืจืื™ื).

ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจืื™ื ืื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื“ื””ื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘’ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืœ”ื. ืื›ืŸ ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื˜ ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืฆื’, ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ื– ื•ืžื”ืจ”ื ืฉื™ืง ื•ืืžืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื—”ื‘ ืงืœ”ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื“ื”ืฆ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืจืข”ื ื—”ื‘ ื›”ื‘ ื•ืคืž”ื’ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืžื ื•ื—”ืก ืฉื‘ืช ืงืœ”ื• ื•ื›”ืก ื™ื•”ื“ ืงื ”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ.

ื•ื‘ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—”ื‘ ืค”ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื™ืจืื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื™”ื‘ ืชืฉืฆ”ื’ ืืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื™ืจืื™ื ื“ื‘ืขื™ ืœ’ ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืžื™ื.

ื•ื‘ื›ืช”ืก ื™ื•”ื“ ืงื ”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืกืคื™ืงืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื—”ืก ื•ื–ืงื™ื ื• ืจืข”ื ืื ื ื™ืžื ื“ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ืจืื™ื ืื ื ืฉืœืžื• ื”ื›”ื˜ ื™”ื‘ ืชืฉืฆ”ื’ ืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืœื™ืœ ืœ”ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืžื ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื’”ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื› ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืœ”ื, ืื• ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืžื—ืจืชื• ื™ื•ื ืœ”ื‘ (ื‘ืœื™ืœื”), ืืœื ืฉื”ื—”ืก ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืข”ื– ื”ื›”ืก ื“ืž”ืž ืžื™ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืงื ืœื ื ืคืงื.

ื•ื‘ื ื•ื‘”ื™ ื™ื•”ื“ ื—”ื‘ ืงืค”ื– ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืžื””ื˜ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. (ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื™ืจืื™ื ื•ื“ืœื ื›ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืฆื™”ื‘ ืื• ื”ื—”ืก). ื•ื›”ื› ื“ื’ื•”ืž ืชืงืก”ื— ืขืœ ืžื’”ื ืกืง”ื™. ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจืข”ื ื™ื•”ื“. (ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืืžืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื—”ื‘ ืงืœ”ื‘ ื“ืžื””ื˜ ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขืจื‘).

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืข’ ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ื—”ื‘ ืž”ื’ ื›ืชื‘ ื—ื“ื ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•”ืฉ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’, ื•ืœื›ื’ ืžื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื— ื“ื˜ืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืž”ืฉ ื”ื ื•ื‘”ื™. ืžื™ื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื“ื›ืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ื ”ืœ ื”ื ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื™ืœื” ืœื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืœ.

ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ืš ืืœ ืชื—ืžื™ืฆื ื”

ื ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื ืžืกืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืข”ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ืฉืœื™ื˜”ื ื‘ืžืœืืช ืฉื ื” ืœื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืชื• ืœื’ื ื–ื™ ืžืจื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืคืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”, ื˜’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืข”ื•

“ื•ืฉืžืจืชื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘,ื™ื–). ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื›ื™ืœืชื: ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืืฉื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืืœื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื” ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืืœื ืื ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ืš ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“.

ื”ื ื” ืœืคื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื”ื•ืจื•ื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืขืฆืœ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื (ืจื™ืฉ ืค”ื–) ื™ืžื”ืจ ื™ื—ื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉื”ื• ื•ื›ื•’ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกื›ื ื” ื›ืกื›ื ืชื•, ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ื•’ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ ื•ืฉืžืจืชื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช, ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ืš ืืœ ืชื—ืžื™ืฆื ื”.

ืื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ”ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื–ื”. ื“ื›ืชื‘ ืœืชืžื•ื” ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื“ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ืžืฆื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ืžืฆื•ื”. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืžืฆื” ื”ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืฉื”ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžืฆื”, ื•ืข”ื› ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืชืœื•ืช ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ‘ืžื—ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ’ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื” ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ‘ืžื—ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ’ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื“ืฉื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืžืฆื” ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ื—ืžืฆื” ืืœื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆื”, ื•ื”ื› ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ‘ืžืฉื”ื™ืŸ’ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื” ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ‘ืžืฉื”ื™ืŸ’ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื”. ื•ื™ืขื•”ืฉ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืชืจืฅ ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื˜ืขื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขื•ืžืง ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื•.

ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžืฅ, ื“ื‘ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืฆืง ืื™ื ื ืืœื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื—ืคืฆื ื“ืื™ืกื•ืจื ืฉืœ ‘ื—ืžืฅ’. ืื•ืœื ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™ื ื ืจืง ื”’ืืžืฆืขื™ื’ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืœื ื”ื ืขืฆืžื ‘ืกื™ื‘ืช’ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื”ื—ืžืฅ ื ืืกืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื” ืžืชื•ืš ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื” ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืžื™ืื•ืก ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•, [ืขื™”ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื— ืฉืœื ืชื—ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื—ืžืฅ ืฉืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืชื—ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืกื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืื•ืœื”].

ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ืžื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฆื”, ื•ื ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ‘ื”ื—ืžืฆื”’, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืข”ื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื”ื™ื”. ื•ืœื™ืžื“ื•ื ื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ‘ืžื—ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ’ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ืžื™ื“, ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจืช ื•ื ืขืœื™ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช – ืžืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ”ืœ, ื“ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืžืฆื“ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืก”ื™, ืืœื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื” ืืช ‘ื”ื—ืžืฆืช’ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืขืค”ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืก”ื™ (ืฉื) ื‘ืžืขืœืช ื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืชืœื”ื˜ ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื•ืจืื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืขืฆืœ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•, ืืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ื›ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื ื•ื— ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืงื•ื˜ ืขื“ ืื ื›ืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•. ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ืืžื ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ื•ื ื—ืคืฅ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ืชืฉื•ืงืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืžืชื”ืœืœ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืŸ ื ืคืฉื™ ืชืขืจื•ื’ ืืœื™ืš ืืœื•ืงื™ื, ื ื›ืกืคื” ื•ื’ื ื›ืœืชื” ื ืคืฉื™ ืœื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื“’, ืฆืžืื” ืœืš ื ืคืฉื™ ื›ืžื” ืœืš ื‘ืฉืจื™. ืขื™”ืฉ. ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื›ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืข”ื™ ืชืฉื•ืงืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ืžืฉื”ื› ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื” ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืก ื•ื›ื‘ื“, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืก”ื™ ืฉื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ. [ืฉื•”ืจ ืฉื”ืคื—ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคืกื— ืžืืžืจ ื’ ื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ”ืœ, ื™ืขื•”ืฉ].

ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื›”ื– ืฉืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืชื•ืกืคืช ืžืขืœื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืช ื“’ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ‘ืื•ืชื• ืชืขื‘ื•ื“’ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืœื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจืช ื•ืžืขื•ืœื” ืข”ื™ ื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื”, ืฉืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ืช. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืก”ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืค”ื— ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ืœืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื”ืขืจื” ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ‘ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”’ ื•ืžืฆื“ ‘ืขืจืš ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื’, ื•ื”ื ื‘’ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ”ืœ ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื ื•ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืคืฆื ื“ืžืฆื•ื”.

ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืจ”ืž ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”, ืœื“ืงื“ืง ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืž’ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืคื˜ ื) ืžืขืฉื” ื•ืงื“ืžื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื [ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืกื—] ื•ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืคืœื™ื. ืœื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ‘ืฉืคืœื™ื’, ืฉื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืขืœื”, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืคื’ื ื•ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ โ€“ ื‘ื ื™ื ‘ืฉืคืœื™ื’. ื•ื™ืชื‘ืืจื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืค”ื™ ื”ื ”ืœ, ืฉืžืขืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.

ื•ื™ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืคื™”ื– ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื“ื—ื–”ืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื”. ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืงื ืกื• ืืช ืžืฉืžืจืช ื‘ืœื’ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื”ื” ืœื‘ื•ื, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืžืจืื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื. ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืขืค”ื™ ื”ื ”ืœ, ื“ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืคื’ื ื•ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžืขืœื”.

ื•ืขื™”ืฉ ื‘ืžืก”ื™ ืฉื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืœื”ื˜ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื™ืžื”ืจ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ืขื™”ื› ืชื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉืง ื•ื”ื—ืคืฅ, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืชื•ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื•ื”ื—ืžื“ื” ืžื›ื— ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืœื”ื˜ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืชื•, ืขื™”ืฉ. ื•ื”ื› ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื”ื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืชืฉื•ืงืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื—ืฉืง ื•ืฉืžื—ื”.

ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืก”ื™ (ืค”ื–) “ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืžืจื• (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืค’ ืžื—): ื”ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช, ื›ืืœื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžืชื, ื›ืžื” ื“ืืช ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืกื•): ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืœืžื•ืช ืชื•ืคืคื•ืช. ื›ื™ ื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ื ืขื” ืžืžื ื• ืขืชื”, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืชื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ, ื”ื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื™ืชื ื” ืœื• ืฉื›ืจื• ื—ืœืฃ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•”. ืžื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–”ืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืœืขืœืžื”, ืžืชืคืจืฉ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” (ื™ื‘ ื‘) ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ืชืœืš ื”ืขืœืžื” ื•ืชืงืจื ืืช ืื ื”ื™ืœื“, ื”ืจ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื›ืขืœืžื”, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ืง ื•ืืžืฅ โ€“ ืชืงื™ืฃ ื•ืขืœื. ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืื” ืข”ื™ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ‘ื—ื–ืง ื•ืืžืฅ’, ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืžื‘ื™ืืชื• ืœื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช.

ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ืœื ืฉืžืช ืืืžื•”ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืฉื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžืฅ ื‘ื™ื’ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ‘ื—ื–ืง ื•ืืžืฅ’ – ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื—ืคืฅ. ืชื ืฆื‘”ื”.

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Harav Hagaon Shmuel Friedman Shlita

Collect those Copper Coins!

Parashas Bo

Harav Hagaon Shmuel Friedman Shlita

In this weekโ€™s parashah Klal Yisrael prepares itself to leave the shibud of Mitzrayim, become the Am Hanivchar, receive the Torah, and enter Eretz Yisrael. How did Klal Yisrael prepare themselves for Yetzias Mitzrayim? In what zechus did they merit to leave Mitzrayim?

The story is told about a bachur in the Mir in Europe who traveled to Radin during the winter to get a brachah from the Chofetz Chaim. After disembarking from the train, he looked for a wagon to take him the additional thirteen kilometers to Radin, and he met another Yid who was going to Radin who said he would take him. That person turned out to be R’ Tzvi Hirsch Levinson, the Chofetz Chaimโ€™s son-in-law. When they arrived in Radin it was after 3 oโ€™clock in the morning, so Rav Levinson told him to come sleep at his home, and go to the Chofetz Chaim in the morning to get a brachah. After the bachur was already in bed, warming himself from the frigid weather, he remembered that he hadnโ€™t davened Maariv yet. Iโ€™ll get out of bed in another few minutes and daven, he thought to himself. The next thing he knew, it was morning, and the previous nightโ€™s Maariv was forgotten.

As soon as he walked in, the Chofetz Chaim said that it used to be that the world had tremendous shefa, with a lot of gold and silver, and then, people didnโ€™t care for copper coins. But today, he continued, many people are starving and have no money, so even copper coins are worth a lot, because a copper coin can buy you a loaf of bread.

The bachur had no idea what the Chofetz Chaim meant. Why was he telling him this?

The Chofetz Chaim then explained that in previous generations Klal Yisrael boasted many talmidei chachamim and tzaddikim, and Torah, mitzvos, and maasim tovim abounded. If a person missed a Maariv then, it was not so terrible for Klal Yisrael. But today, he said, every tefillah, every little mitzvah, is very needed. He brought proof of this from our parashah, noting that Klal Yisrael didnโ€™t have a zechus to leave Mitzrayim, because they were mired in the tumah of Mitzrayim, as the passuk in Yechezkel says: ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึฐ ืขึตืจึนื ื•ึฐืขึถืจึฐื™ึธื”. Chazal tell us they were bare from mitzvos, and Hashem gave them two mitzvos: Korban Pesach and bris milah. The blood of these two mitzvos is alluded to Yechezkelโ€™s words as well: ื•ึธืึถืขึฑื‘ึนืจ ืขึธืœึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื•ึธืึถืจึฐืึตืšึฐ ืžึดืชึฐื‘ึผื•ึนืกึถืกึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื“ึธืžึธื™ึดืšึฐ.

When Klal Yisrael were at the 49th level of tumah, they merited redemption because of these two mitzvos. We see from here, the Chofetz Chaim concluded, that at a time when there are not too many people observing Torah and mitzvos, every mitzvah counts a great deal, and we canโ€™t pass up any little mitzvah.

What was so special about the mitzvos of Korban Pesach and bris milah that through them Hashem prepared Klal Yisrael to become the Am Hashem?

Another question: the passuk says ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ื™ึธื’ื•ึผืจ ืึดืชึผึฐืšึธ ื’ึผึตืจ ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืคึถืกึทื— ืœึทื”’ ื”ึดืžึผื•ึนืœ ืœื•ึน ื›ึธืœ ื–ึธื›ึธืจ, and Rashi notes that there was a hava amina that every person who becomes a ger would have to bring a Korban Pesach. Although this is only a hava amina, we see that Korban Pesach is necessary, on some level, for a person who becomes a Yid. Why is that?

Two Pathways to Kedushah

On a simple level, we could explain that while the mitzvah of milah is a sign on a personโ€™s body that he is a eved Hashem, the Korban Pesach is a form of avodah, like every korban. When a person becomes an eved by performing bris milah, he has to bring a korban as an act of avdus. So those two mitzvos were enough to enable Klal Yisrael to become avdei Hashem and merit to leave Mitzrayim.

But perhaps we can add a deeper understanding of these two mitzvos that explains why they, specifically, made us worthy of geulah.

Rav Tzadok HaKohen (Yisrael Kedoshim) writes that when a person does a mitzvah, it makes him kadosh, as we say in the brachah before a mitzvah: ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•. Thatโ€™s the purpose of the mitzvah โ€“ to make us kadosh and connect us with the Ribbono Shel Olam. Rav Tzadok adds that there are two main sources of holiness in Klal Yisrael: kedushas habris and kedushas haโ€™achilah. The main kedushah of Klal Yisrael depends on kedushas habris, as Chazal teach that ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ื’ื“ืจ ืขืจื•ื” ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” โ€“ when a person is in control of himself, then there is kedushah. Similarly, when a person does mitzvos through eating he becomes kadosh. This is a tremendous chiddush in Klal Yisrael that we do not find in the umos haโ€™olam.

Kedushas habris shows that weโ€™re in control of our taavos, and kedushas haโ€™achilah โ€“ an act that seemingly has no connection to kedushah and ruchniyus โ€“ reflects our ability to actually sanctify ourselves and the whole world through eating. By eating in a way that is a mitzvah, our bodies become sanctified.

This is one of the central tenets of Yiddishkeit โ€“ that thereโ€™s kedushah in the world of gashmiyus. We proclaim to the whole world that we can sanctify Olam Hazeh, whether when we eat or when we perform any other act of gashmiyus, by carrying out the tzivui Hashem. We can take simple things that weโ€™re doing anyway and infuse them with ruchniyus, thereby becoming close to Hashem. Accordingly, Hashem gave us mitzvos in these two areas specifically as preparation for Yetzias Mitzrayim and becoming the Am Hanivchar and a mamleches kohanim vโ€™goy kadosh.

The word tumah is related to the word timtum, meaning clogged. When we were pulled down by the Mitzriโ€™im to the 49th level of tumah, there was a blockage between us and the Ribbono Shel Olam, and our capacity for ruchniyus was clogged. Through the mitzvos of Korban Pesach and milah, both of which confer kedushah upon a person, we were able to bring ourselves up to a different level.

Interestingly, the mitzvah of Korban Pesach involved many dinim of how to eat it: Klal Yisrael had to eat it at a specific time, without breaking any bones, etc. The Sefer Hachinuch tells us that this was in order to accustom us to behaving like bnei melachim, and famously explains that when we act a certain way, then even if weโ€™re not on that level, our pnimiyus begins to reflect those outer actions. The mitzvos of achilas Korban Pesach actually brought us to a new level, then, and made us ready to leave Mitzrayim.

The Sefer Hachaim, written by the brother of the Maharal, discusses at length how important it is to enjoy Shabbos and what we can accomplish through the taanugim of Shabbos. The feeling of serenity and closeness to the Ribbono Shel Olam that weโ€™re supposed to experience on Shabbos, he says, is meant to give us koach for coping with the galus and the different types of tzaros we endure. When in galus, we donโ€™t always feel Klal Yisraelโ€™s maalos. Hashemโ€™s ratzon is that through the taanugim of Shabbos we should experience sublime feelings of ruchniyus. (See Sefer Hachaim chelek gimmel, Sefer Parnassah Vechalkalah, perek vav, for a beautiful elaboration of this idea.)

We see, then, that in order for Klal Yisrael to leave Mitzrayim, they had to separate themselves from the umos haโ€™olam in ways that the umos haโ€™olam have no connection to. Only a Yid has the ability to sanctify the gashmiyus, so when the Ribbono Shel Olam wanted to take Klal Yisrael out of Mitzrayim, the way He made them worthy of redemption was through the power of kedushas habris and kedushas haโ€™achilah. These seemingly mundane matters are actually the foundations of Klal Yisrael, and, as the Chofetz Chaim taught, in times when not all of Klal Yisrael are serving Hashem the way theyโ€™re supposed to, every mitzvah and every bit of kedushah counts all that much more, even actions that are imperfect.

May we be zocheh to the geulah sheleimah speedily.

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