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ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Nachum Partzovitz, ztโ€l

ืงื“ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืคื˜ืจ ื›ืœ ืจื—ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ืœื™ ื”ื•ื (ื™ื’,ื‘)
ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื ื•: ืงื“ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ- ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ื•ืœ, ืฉืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื—ื•ืœ, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ‘ืœื ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจืš’ ื•ื›ื•’.

ื•ืฆ”ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจ?

ื•ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื’ื“ืจ ื”ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืงืขืช ืขืฆื ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื•ื”ืคืกื•ืง “ืงื“ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ” ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช: ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืื“ื, ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื˜ืžืื”, ืืœื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœื, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคืงื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ืžืขืฆื ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคืงืขื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืžืžื™ืœื ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ื•ืœ. ื•ื”ื› ืืคื™’ ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•”ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืชืคืงื™ืข ืžืžื ื• ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ืืœื ืฉื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื“”ืœื ืชืคื“ื””.

ื‘ืกืคืจื™ (ืข”ืค ื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ื’ืจ”ื) ืื™ืชื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืžืช. ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื’ืจื™”ื–: ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื”ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”? ื•ืขื•ื“: ื”ืจื™ ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ืžืช?

ืืš ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘: ื“ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ “ืœื ืชืคื“ื””. ืืš ื‘ืžืช ืœื ื ืืžืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ื”ื› ื”ื•”ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื“ื•ืชื•. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืกืชื ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื“ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืคื˜ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”.

ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ื•ื ืคืจืฆื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Hagaon Harav Refoel Partzovitz Shlita

ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืคืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”
ื˜’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืข”ื•
ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืคืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”
ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืžืขืœืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจืชื•, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื–ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื•. ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืžืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืกื›ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืืš ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ืœื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

ืžืจืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืจืื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื™ ืœื—ื“ื“ ื•ืœืœื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืง, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ื“ื“ื ื•ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืงื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืืžื™ืจืชื ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”.

ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืจื›ืฉ ืžืจืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื•. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื™ ืขื–ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืžืกืจ ืœื”ืงืœื“ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ.

ืžืจืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจืชื•. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ื‘ื”ื ืžืจื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ืžืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืจื— ื•ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ืœื‘, ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืžื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื• ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื”ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืกืจื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื.

ืžืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจืชื. ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืจืื” ืœื• ืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืœืงื— ืžืžื ื• ืžืจืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื•ืœืžื—ืจืช ืžืกืจ ืœื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื“ืคืก, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงืœื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื™ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจืชื•, ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื•.

ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช, ืกื™ืคืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื˜ืจื— ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ืขื ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœื•, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘, ืืš ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื–ื•. ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืกื™ืคืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ืชื ืฆื‘”ื”

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ื‘ื

ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื

ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื’”ื ืกื™’ ืก”ื– ื“ื™ื•ืฆื ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™”ืž ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืจืข”ื ืžืฉื™ื’ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉืžื•”ืจ ื›”ื‘ ื’’ (ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืจืกื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•) ืฉืืžืจื• ื”ืงื•ืจื ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™”ืก ื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™”ืž ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ืฆืืชืš ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื.

ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื’”ื ื ืจืื” ื“ื”ื ื” ื‘ื”ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™”ื’ ื’’) ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืข’ ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ืขื””ืช ืฉืคื™’ ืžืฆื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืค”ื– ืžื—ื•”ืž ื””ื ืœืžื“ ืžืฉื ืžืฆื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™”ืž. ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืž”ืฉ ืค”ื ืžืง”ืฉ ื””ื’ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ืฆืืชืš. ืื‘ืœ ืœืจืฉ”ื™ ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื ”ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื˜ืขื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืžืฆื” ื•ืžืจื•ืจ. ื•ืžื” ื“ื™ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื’ืž’ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ืš, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช, ืž”ืž ืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืœืฉื•ืŸ “ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจ” ืืœื ื“ืžืฉื ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ื“ืžืฆื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื ”ืœ ื™ืœื™ืฃ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืจืฉ”ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืก”ืœ ื“ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจื”.

ื•ืœื›ื’ ื ืจืื” ื“ืžื—’ ื”ืžื’”ื ื•ืจืข”ื ืื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืข”ื™ ื ืก ืžื›ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืžื›ื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ื—ืคื–ื•ืŸ. (ื•ืข’ ื’ืž’ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™”ืž ื›ื™ ื™ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื”. ื•ืœื›ื’ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื–ื” ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื). ื•ืืฃ ื“ืœื›ื•”ืข ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื ื™ ื”’ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืจื“ืคื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.

ื•ืจืข”ื ื“ื™ื™ืง ืžืฉืžื•”ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ืฉืื– ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฆืื•. ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืคื™ืจ ื™ืœื™ืฃ ื›ืŸ ื“ืก”ืœ ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืžืงืจื ื–ื”, ื•ืงืจื ืงืื™ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืฆื” ื•ืžืจื•ืจ, ื•ืข”ื– ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจ, (ื•ืข’ ื‘ืฆืœ”ื— ื•ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘”ื), ืžืฉื”ื› ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉ”ื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื, ื•ื”ื› ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืืชื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื› ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืž”ืฉ ื”ืžื’”ื.

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Refoel Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ื) ืืžืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืงื ื™ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืชืจืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”’, ื•ื›ื™ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”’ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืจื—, ื•ื”ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ ืื ื” ืืœืš ืžืจื•ื—ืš ื•ืื ื” ืžืคื ื™ืš ืื‘ืจื— ื•ื’ื•’ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœ”ื˜), ืืœื ืืžืจ ื™ื•ื ื” ืืœืš ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืฉืœื ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฉืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื— ืžืจื‘ื•, ืืžืจ ืืœืš ืœื‘ื™ื””ืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ื›ื•’ (ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืค’ ื‘ื) ื”ื ื” ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ (ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื”ืจื™ ื ื™ื ื•ื” ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ื”ื™ืชื”, ื•ื”ื› ืœืžื” ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืชืจืฉื™ืฉื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื ื™ื ื•ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืชืฉืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. [ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืืฃ ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ].

ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื””ืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื, ื ืจืื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื•ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ื‘ืื•ื””ืž ื“ื•ืงื, ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจ”ื™ ื“ื•ืงื, ื•ื—ื•”ืœ ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”.

ื‘) ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืจื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื—ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืœืชื” ืœื• ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืืจ”ื™, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืžื ื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื•ืกืจื”, ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืœื—ื•”ืœ.

ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื””ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื•” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื—ื•”ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื•, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืืฆืœ ืขืœื™ืช ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกืขืจื” ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื”, “ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”’ ืืช ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกืขืจื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื™ื’ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ืืœ ืืœื™ืฉืข ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœื™ื•, ื”ื™ื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”’ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ืš ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉืš ื•ื’ื•’ ื•ื”ื ื” ืจื›ื‘ ืืฉ ื•ืกื•ืกื™ ืืฉ ื•ื’ื•’ ื•ื™ืขืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืกืขืจื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื’ื•’ ื•ื™ืจืื•ื”ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ืžื ื’ื“ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœื™ื• ื”ื ื” ื ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ืœ, ื™ืœื›ื• ื ื ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ืš, ืคืŸ ื ืฉืื• ืจื•ื— ื”’ ื•ื™ืฉืœื™ื›ื”ื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื’ื™ืื™ื•ืช (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘’ ื‘’) ื•ื›’ ืฉื ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ื–”ืœ ืืคืฉืจ, ืืžืจื• ืœื•, ื”ื™ื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”’ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ืš, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืขืœื ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืžื™ื•ื ืฉื ื’ื ื– ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื ืกืชืœืงื” ืจื•ื””ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื.

ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคืœื™ืื™ื, ืืžื ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœืื” ื ืกืชืœืงื” ืžื”ื ืจื•ื””ืง ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื ื‘ืื• ืขื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืขื• ืžืืžืฉ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื›ื™ ื”’ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื•ืื™ืš ื ืฉื›ื— ืžื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืกืชืœืงื” ืžื”ื ืจื•ื””ืง, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ืจืช, ืืœื ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืข”ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื›ืฉืืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื, ืืœื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจื‘ ืœื”ืงื‘”ื” ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืง ื‘ื•, ื•ืข”ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™ื•ืช. ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืกืชืœืง ืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ืจื“ื• ืžืžืขืœืชืŸ ื•ืื‘ื“ื• ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื, ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื” ืฉืžื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ืฉืื• ืจื•ื— ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืจื™ื, ื•ืจืง ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืื–ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื”ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”, ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืฆื ืœื—ื•”ืœ ื™ืจื“ ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืืžืจ, ืข”ื› ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ.

ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™’ ื“ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื, ืž”ืž ืœืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืœื—ื•”ืœ ืžืกืœืงืช ืฉื ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ื‘ื ืื•ืชื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืจืข”ื” ืœื ื—ื“ืœ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืื•ื””ืž.

ื’) ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื‘ืืจ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืคืกืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื“ ืžืžืขืœืชื•, ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœื• ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืค”ื– ื™ืกื•ื””ืช ื””ื’, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ืœื•, ื•ืžื™ื“ ื™ื—ืงืง ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืœื ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื•ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืขื ืจืื•ืชื• ืžืจืื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื ื—ืงืง ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื• ื’ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”. ื•ืขื™’ ื“ืจืš ื”’ ื—”ื’ ืค”ื’, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืชืคืง ืขืœ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืฉืžื ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื, “ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืื“ื ื•ื™ืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืช”ืฉ, ื•ื™ืชื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืžืžืฉ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื”ืชื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉื™ื’ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื• ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ืืฆืœื• ื‘ืœื ืกืคืง ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ื™ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืฉืžื™ ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืขื™”ืฉ.

ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื›”ื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ื””ืง, ืืš ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืคืกืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื™ื, ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืžืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจืื” ืื ืืžื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื•, ื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื, ื•ื–ื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฉืจืชื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจื•ื””ืง ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”’ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ืš, ื•ืžื™ื“ ืฉื ืกืชืœืง ืžื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืื•ืœื™ ื˜ืขื• ื•ืจืง ืจื•ื— ื”’ ื ืฉืื• ืืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืจื™ื.

ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืฆืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ื“ืจื’ืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืข”ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืขื•, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ.

 

ื“) ืืš ื ืจืื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืฉืชืฉืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืืœื ื‘ืืจ”ื™.

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”’ ืืœ ืื‘ืจื, ืœืš ืœืš ืžืืจืฆืš ื•ื’ื•’ ื•ืืขืฉืš ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื•’ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื‘ ื-ื‘) ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ืฉื ืืขืฉืš ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืืŸ ืื™ ืืชื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืข”ื›. ื•”ืืขืฉืš ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืงืžืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืš, ืืœื ื›ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืืจืฆื• ื•ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจ”ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื›ืš, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื“ื•ืงื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืืจ”ื™ ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ื”ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจ”ืž ืค”ื– ื™ืกื•ื”ื“”ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืค”ื– ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื ื‘ื ืืœื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื“ืฉ ื•ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืก’ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ (ืžืืžืจ ื‘’ ืกื™’ ื™”ื“) ื•ื–”ืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื”, ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืขืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืชื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, (ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืœ’ ื”ืจื™ื””ืœ), ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžืืจืฆื• ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’, ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืœืืจ”ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืœื“ืจื’ื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ, (ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ ืฉื ืœื‘ืืจ ืžืขืœืช ืืจ”ื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื™ืขื•”ืฉ).

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ื–”ืœ ื”ืœื ื›ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื“ืžื” ืฆื—ื™ื—ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ื•ื ืืœ ืื“ืžื” ื ืขื‘ื“ืช, ืฉืœืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืขืชื™ื“ ื–ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ื’ื“ืœื”ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืœืขืฅ ืžืขืฆื™ ื”ื’ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื’ื ื‘ื–ืจืขื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืืจ”ื™, ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืืจ”ื™ ืจื‘ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืขื›”ืœ, ื”ื ื” ืžืฉืœื• ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื’”ื› ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื ืœื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ “ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื—, ืืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื›ื— ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื ืืœ ืื“ืžื” ื ืขื‘ื“ืช, ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืชื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืœืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจื‘ ืคืืจื•ืช, [ืืžื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ “ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœืŸ ืฉืคืจื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘” ืœื ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื• ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ืช ื›ืœื•ื, ืืš ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืžืชืคืชื— ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืืจ”ื™, ืขื™’ ื‘ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ ืฉื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืœืฉ ืชื ืื™ื ืœืขื ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื, ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื”ืื™ืœืŸ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”].

ืืœื ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ืš, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืืœื ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืจื•ื””ืง ื•ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืื ื™ื™ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ื“ ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื• ื•ืชืกืชืœืง ืžืžื ื• ืจื•ื””ืง.

ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื›”ื– ื‘ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ืฉืื– ื™ื•ืจื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืžืฉื”ื› ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืฉื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืชืจืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื ื‘ื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ืฉื, [ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืื•ื””ืž], ื•ืจืง ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืจื— ืชืจืฉื™ืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืกื™ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื™ื. ย ื•ืื ื’ื ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืขืœืช ืืจ”ื™ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืืจ”ื™ ืœื—ื•”ืœ (ื•ืืคื™’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืจืขื™) ืื ืœื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื•, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืข”ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืžื“ืจื’ื•ืชื™ื•].

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Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

In the Merit of Brotherhood

Parashas Bo

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

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As an introduction to the geulah from Mitzrayim, Hashem says to Moshe and Aharon: ย ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืจึนืืฉื ื—ึณื“ึธืฉืึดื™ื, this month will be for you the most important and prominent of all the months, because itโ€™s the month when you are leaving Mitzrayim and being formed into a nation. Chazal question the wording ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื ืจึนืืฉื ื—ึณื“ึธืฉืึดื™ื, wondering why Hashem was telling Moshe and Aharon that this month would be for them in particular.

The Midrash explains that Hashem was hinting here that the reason this month was becoming the month of the geulah was actually in the zechus of Moshe and Aharon.

What was their special zechus? Chazal tell us that Moshe and Aharon displayed incredible kindness to one another.

When Hashem told Moshe Rabbeinu, in Parashas Shemos, that He wanted him to become the leader of Klal Yisrael, bring about all the Makkos, redeem the Yidden from Mitzrayim, and bring down the Torah, Mosheโ€™s response was: โ€œืฉืึฐืœึทื— ื ึธื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทื“ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืœึธื— โ€“ donโ€™t give me this position, give it to the person You have sent until now, namely, my brother Aharon, the navi. How will he feel if I, his younger brother, get this position?โ€

Moshe Rabbeinu was prepared to forgo the position of leader just so that his older brother wouldnโ€™t feel slighted. How did Aharon react when he heard that Moshe had been appointed leader? Hakadosh Baruch Hu told Moshe, โ€œDonโ€™t worry about Aharonโ€™s feelings โ€“ he will see that you, his younger brother, has become accomplished, and he will be happy in his heart: ื•ึฐืจึธืึฒืšึธ ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึธืžึทื— ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน.โ€ And, Chazal tell us, this means that Aharon was not only politically correct and socially proper in putting on a big smile โ€“ he was honestly happy in his heart that his younger brother was successful.

We find another instance of brotherly love between Moshe and Aharon later in their lives, when Hashem instructed Moshe to anoint Aharon as the Kohen Gadol. Dovid Hamelech describes this event in Tehillim with the words: ื›ึผึทืฉึผืึถืžึถืŸ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืจึนืืฉื ื™ึนืจึตื“ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึธืงึธืŸ ื–ึฐืงึทืŸ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ืฉืึถื™ึผึนืจึตื“ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืชึธื™ื• โ€“ like the good oil with which Moshe anointed Aharon, which dripped from his head to his beard and down onto his clothing. Why, Chazal wonder, does the passuk uses the repetitive wording ื™ึนืจึตื“ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึธืงึธืŸ ื–ึฐืงึทืŸ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ, when it could simply have said ื™ึนืจึตื“ ืขึทืœ ื–ึฐืงึทืŸ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ? They explain that Moshe Rabbeinu would have liked to become the Kohen Gadol himself, and would have wanted his children to inherit his position, but he was denied both of those things. Instead, Aharon became the Kohen Gadol, and his children inherited his position.

How did Moshe Rabbeinu feel when he anointed his brother Aharon to this exalted position, knowing it would be passed down to all generations? He felt so much joy that it was as though he was pouring the oil on his own beard โ€“ hence the repetition: ื™ึนืจึตื“ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึธืงึธืŸ ื–ึฐืงึทืŸ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ. Those were the feelings he had for his brother.

Moshe and Aharon displayed incredible kindness to one another, working on their middos to the extent that each one was happy for the other. This is the zechus of ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื, the zechus for which Hashem gave us Pesach and the geulah.

The Mitzvah for Family

This zechus is actually reflected in the mitzvah of Korban Pesach, which was to be eaten specifically in family groups, as the passuk says: ืžึดืฉืึฐื›ื•ึผ ื•ึผืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึถื ืฆึนืืŸ ืœึฐืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึฐื—ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐืฉืึทื—ึฒื˜ื•ึผ ื”ึทืคึผึธืกึทื—. Rabbeinu Bachayei notes that the emphasis on eating the Korban Pesach as part of a family teaches us that a person is obligated to make an effort to draw closer to his family. He adds that the Torah makes this point specifically with regard to the Korban Pesach and Yetzias Mitzrayim, because the geulah comes in the zechus of the effort we invest into fostering good feelings within the family. This was the case at the time of the geulah from Mitzrayim, and it will be the case at the time of the future geulah as well, as the passuk in Yirmiyah states:ื‘ึผึธืขึตืช ื”ึทื”ึดื™ื ื ึฐืึปื ื”’ ืึถื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึตืืœึนืงึดื™ื ืœึฐื›ึนืœ ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึฐื—ื•ึนืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ . Hashem is saying that He will reveal Himself as a G-d to those who have invested effort into being part of a family. At the time of the geulah, He will reveal Himself to people who have been mevater on what they would have liked for themselves in the interest of being kind to a family member.

This is the secret of the geulah. Hashem brings the geulah because of this type of brotherly love and loyalty to family: ืœึฐื›ึนืœ ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึฐื—ื•ึนืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ.

Back when Yaakov Avinu ran away from his brother Eisav, he worked for Lavan for twenty years, at which point Yosef was born. Then, Yaakov decided to leave. Rashi, citing the Gemara (Bava Basra 123) asks: Why did he choose to leave at that time in particular? Because Yosef is called sitno shel Eisav โ€“ he, more than all the brothers, is the โ€œantidoteโ€ to Eisav, and in his zechus we are able to stand up against Edom.

What special zechus did Yosef have to defeat Eisav? The Midrash in Shoftim teaches that Yosef displayed incredible feelings of brotherhood to the shevatim. His brothers had wanted to kill him, and had thrown him into a pit and then sold him, yet Yosefโ€™s response to them was: โ€œืึฒื ึดื™ ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืึฒื—ึดื™ื›ึถื โ€“ I am Yosef your brother, and I want to do everything I can for you. Please bring your families and I will look after you.โ€

Yosef is the epitome of what Chazal describe as repaying good for bad. Even if his brothers acted unkind, and even they wronged him, he was nice to him because they were brothers โ€“ and that made him the sitno shel Eisav. This is the zechus through which Yaakov is saved from Eisav, and the zechus through which the geulah comes.

We should be zocheh to see this speedily in our days.

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