BamidbarBe'halos'cha

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Aryeh ztโ€l

ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉื” ืขื ื• ืžืื“ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” (ื™ื‘, ื’)
ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื””ื— ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”:, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ื•ืžืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื’ื ื‘ืื“ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ืœืจื“ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืฉืจืฉื™ ื ืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”.

ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.

ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” “ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉื” ืขื ื™ื• ืžืื“ – ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื””, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขื ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืงื ื” ืžืฉื” “ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื “ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื””.

(ื”ื’ื””ืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ื–ืฆ”ืœ – ืžืœื™ืฅ ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืขืž’ ืœ”ื)

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Nosson Tzvi ztโ€l

“ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœืช ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื” – ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืžื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืžืื•ื“.

ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืžื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื•ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืฉื””ืง. ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืžืจืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ื›ื ืกื•, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื— ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืืœื•.

ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจื” ืงืœื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืžื”.

ืžืจืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื—ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื”ื‘ ืœืฉื—ืง ื›ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•, ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืžื•”ื› ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ื• ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ื””ื— ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื–ืฆื•ืงโ€ืœ, ืขืœ ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืžื™ืœ ื–ืฆืดืœ ื•ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืดื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืืด ืืช ื”ืžืกื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื”, ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ื•ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืืœื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ: ืดื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื, ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืขื• ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื“ืณ ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ืœื“ืขื” ืืช ื“ืณ, ื•ื”ืœืš ื™ืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉืื• ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•ืคืจืง ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื• ืขื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื ืชืงื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืณ ื—ืœืงื• ื•ื ื—ืœืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืืด.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฉื• ืจื•ืฉื ืขืฆื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืคืขืœื• ื•ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื•ื”ืชืžืกืจื• ืืฃ ื”ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื“ืœื• ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.

ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉืš

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ื‘ื”ืขืœืชืš

 

ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืžืื™ื ืœื ืคืฉ ืื“ื. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืฉืืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื˜ื”ืจื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืจื” ืฉื ืฉื ืœื• ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื‘ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืจื”. ื•ืข’ ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคื—ื“”ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืง’ ืจ’ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืืžืื™ ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื‘ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืจื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื ื˜ื”ืจื• ืขื“ ืจ”ื— ื ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ืง’ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืžื.

ื•ืชื™’ ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื™ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ืจื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ื˜ืคื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื ืœื™ืงื— ืžืžืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›”ื– ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืœืงื— ืžื”ื, ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœื›ืœื™ื ื›ืž”ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื. (ื•ืข”ืฉ ื›ื™ ืžืจื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ื™ืจื‘ื• ื ื•ื˜ืคื™ื. ื•ืœื›ื’ ืขื•ื™”ืœ ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืงืจื ื•ืฉื ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” “ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื”).

ื•ื”ืขื™ืจื• ืžืชื•ืกืคืชื ืคืจื” ืค”ื“ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจ”ืฉ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ื“’ ืฉื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืžืžืœืื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืืคืจ, ื•ืฆ”ืœ ื“ืจืžื‘”ื ื”ื ”ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงืย  ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจย  ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืคืจื”.

(ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ื˜ืคื™ืŸ, ืข’ ืคืชื—ื™ ืžืงื•ืื•ืช ืžืจ’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืื•ืช ืค”ื‘ ืกืง”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ื‘ืœื• ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืจืช ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ. ื•ืข’ ืงื•ื ’ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืื•ืช ืขืž’ ื ”ื— ื“ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•”ืข ืฉืจื™ ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื›ื™ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื–ื—ื™ืœื” ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื’ื, ื•ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืืจ ื ื”ืจ).

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ืค’ ืชืฆื•ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื˜ื‘ืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ืข’ ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ืจื™”ื– ืขืž’ ืž”ื— ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืขืค”ื™ ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืกื•ื›ื” ืค”ื’ ื“ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ. ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื ืค’ ืคืงื•ื“ื™. ื•ืข’ ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื— ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืžืจื™ื. ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ืชื™ืงืฉื™ ืืžืื™ ืœื ื™ืงื—ื• ืœืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžื‘ืืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื.

ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืชืขื ื•ื’

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Aryeh ztโ€l

ืื—ื“ ืžืž”ื— ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืชืขื ื•ื’.

ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื‘ืืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ “ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืชืขื ื•ื’ืด ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ืจื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” (ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื), ื•ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื ืคื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ืฉืžื”, ืขืณืณื™ ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื ืืช ื›ื— ื”ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื ืื” ืžืื•ื›ืœ, ื“ื‘ืœืืดื” ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืคืฅ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืœืฉ. ื”ื”ื ืื•ืช ื”ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš, (ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืžื”ืจืดืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืกืดื™), ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืžืณ (ื™ื•ืžื ืขื, ื) ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืดื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื–ื‘ื— ื•ื”ืžืฉืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืš ืขืดื’ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—. ื•ืขืณืณื™ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืขื•ื”ืดื–, ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืงื‘ืดื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ืขืžื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืœื ืชื•ืจื”.

ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœื ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืชื”ื•ื ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ื•ืจืง ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืฆืœื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื”ืจืดืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืดื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ืืจ, ืฉืดืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืชืขื ื•ื’ืด ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ืื“ื ื™ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื– – ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื— ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื’ื‘ืจ, ืดื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืงื ื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃืด. ื”ืžื”ืจืดืœ ื’ื ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” – ืดืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืชืขื ื•ื’”, ื•ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืดื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชืขื ื•ื’ืด, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื›ื— ื”ื ืื” ื•ืชืขื ื•ื’, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื•ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช. ื•ืืขืดืค ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ืื‘ื•ืช ื•, ื“) ืดื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื—… ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืฆืขืจ ืชื—ื™ื”ืด – ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืงื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืฆืขืจ, ืืœื ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืฆืขืจ.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื’ื ื”ืดืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ืืด ื‘ืคืดื, ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ื•ืŸ – ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื ื’ ื•ื ื”ื ื” – ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”ืณ, ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”. (ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจ ื ืคืฉ ื•ืžืขื•ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืณ ื•ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช – ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ืดื› ืฉืžื— ื‘ืงื‘ืณืณื” ื•ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ืžื›ื™ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืจืง ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ืดื˜ื•ื‘ืด ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ – ืœื”ืชืขื ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืณ).

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื” ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื, ืขืดื™ ืฉื™ืจืื” ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื•ื•ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืดืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”ืด, ืดืชืื•ืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืืš ื˜ื•ื‘ืด – ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœื ืžืชืื•ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ืจืง ืœื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืœื ืชื•ืจื” – ืขืžืœ ื•ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื—ืกื“ ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืงื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื— ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ื›ืžืฉืดื› ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื (ืงืžื‘,ื’) “ืืฉืคื•ืš ืœืคื ื™ื• ืฉื™ื—ื™ืด, ืื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื™ืงืจื “ืฆื“ื™ืงืด.

ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”, ืฉืœืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื™ืงืจื ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืืดื› ื”ืชืื•ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœื˜ื•ื‘. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ื’ื ืœืขื•ื”ืดื– ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืดื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืด ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืดืฆื“ื™ืงืด. ื•ืืขืดื’ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืงื”ืœืช ื–,ื ) ืดืื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื˜ืืด, ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ ืฉืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืจื•ื—ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืœื” ืžืขืœื”. ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื˜,ื) ืดืื ืจืื™ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืœ ืชื”ืจื”ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื“ื•ื“ืื™ ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”ืด. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืœื ืžื–ื ื™ื— ืขืฆืžื• – ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฆื“ื™ืง. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืดื— ื–ืฆื•ืงืดืœ ืืช ืžืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžืงื•ื, ืฉืื ืžืขืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืืฉ, ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืชื™ื—ื”.

ืดืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืชืขื ื•ื’ืด ืชื ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื›ืฉืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื–. ื”ื’ื ืฉืื“ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื ื— ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื–, ื•ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืื“ ื ืขื™ืžื” ืœื• – ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช: ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืขืดื– ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื‘ื”ืœืณ ื“ืขื•ืช (ื’,ื’) ืดื ืžืฆื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืณ ืชืžื™ื“ืด.

ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืœ ืœื‘ื•, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื’ืžืณ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื‘,ื‘) ื“ืณ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืชืžื™ื“, ืคื™ืจืฉืดื™: ืชืžื™ื“ – ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื” ืœื ืชื™ืคืกืง.

ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื’,ื™ื–) ืดืืœ ื™ืงื ื ืœื‘ืš ื‘ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืืด, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ื’ืจืดื ื“ื›ืฉืจื•ืื” ืจืฉืขื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืงื ื ื‘ื”ื ื•ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœื–ื” ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื ื”ื ื™ื. ื•ืขืดื– ืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืดืืœ ืชืงื ื ื‘ื—ื˜ืื™ืืด – ืชืขื–ื•ื‘ ื•ืชืขืงื•ืจ ืžืขืฆืžืš ืืช ื”ืงื ืื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืดื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื” – ื›ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืื“ื ื™ืจืดืฉ ืฉืขืžืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื”, ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืงื ื. ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœืžื: ื’ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš, ืืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ืงื ื ื‘ื•, ื‘ืžื“ืช ื”ืงื ืื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ื’ืจืดื ืžื”ื• ืดื™ืจืืช ื”ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื – ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขื“ ืขืจื‘”, ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืดืชืื•ื•ืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ืืด – ืฉืžืงื ื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืดื› ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืดื˜ื•ื‘ืด ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—, (ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื—ืดื• ื‘ืงื ืื” ื”ืคืกื•ืœื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ื™ืชืขืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ื™ืง, ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงื ืื” ืคืกื•ืœื” ื•ื ืงืจื ืจืฉืข ื’ืžื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•ื ื ื”ืณ ืจื—ืดืœ).

ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข -ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš- ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ืžืจ ืœื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื—ืœืฉื” ื“ืขืชื•: ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืœื ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจืฉืณืณื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื—,ื‘). ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืงื ืื” ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื—ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช – ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”, ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ืœื›ืš ื—ืœืฉื” ื“ืขืชื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืฉืœืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืฉืœื”ื, ืœืš ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช.

ื–ื”ื• ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช (ืื‘ื•ืช ื,ื™ื‘) ืดืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืงืจื‘ืŸ ืœืชื•ืจื”ืด – ืžืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืดื” ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืงืชื•. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืจืื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฆืขืจ ื•ื—ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช – ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืงื ืื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”.

ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืดืชืขื ื•ื’ืด ื–ื” ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžืžืฉ, ื•ืขืดื– ืื—ื–ืดืœ (ื™ืœืงื•ืดืณืฉ ื”,ืชืชืœ) “ืขื“ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืคืœืœ ืฉื™ื›ื ืกื• ื“ืดืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขื™ืš ื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืžืขื“ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขื™ืšืด. ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ, ืฉืื ืื“ื ืžื˜ืคื— ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืื“ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื ื›ืš ื•ืคืขื ื›ืš ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงืจื ืื“ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™.

ื”ื™ืืš ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื“ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืดืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืชืขื ื•ื’ืด?

ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืงื ืžืฉื ืชื• ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” – ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ืื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืืคื™ืณ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื, ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื.

ื”ืขืฆืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืจืื” ื•ืื™ื•ืžื”, ื”ืขืฆืœ ืžืžื™ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืžืฉ, ื‘ืชืื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ื ืื•ืชื™ื•, ืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืชืฉื•ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ืจืื”.

ืื“ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืดื ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”: ื›ื›ื” ืื ื™ ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ืจ ืœืขื•ื”ืดื‘, ื•ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ืขื•ื”ืดื–, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืฃ – ืื ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื”, ืื• ืœืจื•ื— ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœืžื˜ื”. ื”ืจื•ื— ื–ื” ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ – ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช.

ื•ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืดื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ืกื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ื–ื”ื• ื”ื–ื›ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—, ื•ืฉืืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื. ื•ื‘ืกื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื–ื›ื” ืฉื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื• ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ื•ืขื™ืดื– ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืœืขื•ื”ืณืณื– ื•ื™ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื”, ืื– ื™ื–ื›ื” ืฉื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืžืžืฉ.

(ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืฉืœืžื“ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืคืขื ื›ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ, ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืดืž ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ืคื• ื•ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืดืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืชืฉืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขืืด (ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“). ื•ืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™: ื”ืœื ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื˜ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืดื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืดื› ื“ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”), ื•ื‘ื›ืดื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื–ื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื™ื, ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื–, ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื ื ื•ืžืืก ืื” ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื–, ืื– ื–ื›ื” ืœื˜ืขื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.

ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ืฉื’ืชื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื” ืขืดื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ, ื•ื”ื’ืจืดืž ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ, ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืžืžื™ืจ).

ื•ื›ืฉื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืชื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื–ื™ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืขืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืดืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืืด ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืจืณ ื›ื™ ืชื‘ื•ื ื•ื–ืดืœ: ืดืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืืช ืขืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืœื”ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื’ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ืด ืขื›ืดืœ. ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ืดืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืืด, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืดื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ื–ื”ื• ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช, ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื”. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื”, ืขืดื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื“ืฃ ื’ืžืจื, ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืกืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืดื™ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืคืดื ืดืœื”ืชืขื ื’ ืขืœ ื”’, ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ื• ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื•ืด.

ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืขืชื ื“ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื ืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ื›ืžืฉืดื› ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื (ื ื’,ื•) ืดืืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ืกื“ ื™ืจื“ืคื•ื ื™ืด, ื•ืื– ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื“ ื•ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื.

โ€ซโ€ชParshaโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชPreview

Elefant, Harav Hagaon Yosef Shlita

Moshe Rabbeinuโ€™s Anavah

Parshas Behaaloscha

Harav Hagaon Yosef Elefant shlita

At the end of this weekโ€™s parshah, the Torah relates that Aharon and Miriam spoke about Moshe Rabbeinu, and adds that Moshe was exceedingly humble: ื•ึฐื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืขึธื ึธื• ืžึฐืึนื“. This is actually the only place in the Torah where Mosheโ€™s anavah is mentioned; itโ€™s really the only time the Torah describes Mosheโ€™s middos at all.

The Maharal, as well as Rav Chaim Volozhiner at the beginning of Ruach Chaim on Avos, observe that Moshe Rabbeinuโ€™s anavah was the reason that he was chosen to be the one to receive the Torah.

Rav Chaim Volozhiner explains that the amount a receptacle can contain is a function of the thickness of its walls. The thicker the walls are, the less space there is for something to be poured in. The thinner the walls are, the more space there is to hold something.

Moshe Rabbeinuโ€™s โ€œcontainerโ€ had almost no walls. He had practically no โ€œself,โ€ so he was the greatest mekabel. Rav Chaim Volozhiner writes that if someone today would possess the anavah of Moshe Rabbeinu, he would be zocheh to be mekabel the Torah. The Maharal writes in countless places that Moshe Rabbeinuโ€™s anavah, and his hisbatlus to Hakadosh Baruch Hu, made him zocheh to receive the Torah. Yet the Torah doesnโ€™t not inform us of Mosheโ€™s anavah in the context of his ascending Har Sinai and bringing down the Torah. Instead, it chose to describe his anavah here, in the context of Miriamโ€™s so-called lashon hara. Why?

The Rambam (end of Hilchos Tumas Tzaraโ€™as) addresses this difficulty. He explains that when the Torah warns us to avoid speaking lashon hara, exhorting us to remember what happened to Miriam โ€“ ื–ึธื›ื•ึนืจ ืึตืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”โ€™ ืึฑืœึนืงึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืžึดืจึฐื™ึธื โ€“ it is drawing a kal vachomer from this incident to other instances of people speaking lashon hara. He lists five mitigating factors of Miriamโ€™s lashon hara: She was Mosheโ€™s older sister; she brought him up; she risked her life to save him from the water; she did not intend to disparage him, but merely erred in comparing him to other neviโ€™im; and he was not even bothered by what she said, as the Torah attests here that he was exceedingly humble. Nevertheless, she was punished, which is a warning to people who speak real lashon hara.

The Rambam is teaching that the reason the Torah highlights Mosheโ€™s anavah in this context is to emphasize that he was not makpid about what was said about him. Similarly, Rashi here comments that anav means savlan.

What was Moshe sovel? He was sovel that someone didnโ€™t hold of him, so to speak. That someone insulted him.

This parallel between anavah and the ability to be sovel โ€“ to tolerate insults โ€“ is reflected in the Gemaraโ€™s description of Hillel as well. The Gemara states (Shabbos 30b): ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื ืื“ื ืขื ื•ื•ืชืŸ ื›ื”ืœืœ ื•ืืœ ื™ื”ื ืงืคื“ืŸ ื›ืฉืžืื™ โ€“ a person should always be an anav like Hillel and not a kapdan like Shammai. Kapdanus is contrasted here with anavah. Furthermore, the Gemara teaches elsewhere (Eruvin 13b) that the reason the halachah follows the view of Beis Hillel is that they were aluvin, which Rashi translates as savlanim; they were prepared to absorb insults.

From the Rambam, Rashi, and the Gemara, then, we see that anavah gives a person the ability to absorb insults. Hillelโ€™s anavah made him a savlan, and Moshe Rabbeinuโ€™s anavah made him a savlan.

The fact that Moshe Rabbeinuโ€™s anavah enabled him to be mekabel the Torah, the Torah left to Rav Chaim Volozhiner and the Maharal to teach us, later in history. But the fact that Moshe Rabbeinuโ€™s anavah caused him not to be a kapdan was critical for the Torah itself to stress. And thatโ€™s why, in the middle of the story, the Torah emphasizes that Moshe Rabbeinu was an anav.

How Anavah Forestalls Hakpadah

We are still left to wonder, however, why anavah causes savlanus and lack of kapdanus.

Miriam made a mistake in comparing Moshe to other neviโ€™im. Essentially, her words reflected a lack of appreciation for who Moshe Rabbeinu was.

Miriam certainly respected Moshe; she was his older sister, after all, and she knew who he was, but she didnโ€™t hold him in high enough esteem. So why wasnโ€™t Moshe Rabbeinu insulted? Because he didnโ€™t hold of himself. Thatโ€™s a function of anavah.

The basis of anavah is not bein adam lachaveiro. The Gemara says, in Sotah, that Hakadosh Baruch Hu says about a baal gaavah that He and that person cannot live in the same world. Why? Because gaavah, as Rav Wolbe explains, is a denial of the personโ€™s being a created entity.

A person who recognizes and lives with the awareness that he was created understands that everything he has is all from Hakadosh Baruch Hu; nothing is his own. He didnโ€™t bring himself into the world, and he didnโ€™t give himself his talents. Rather, he is simply a vessel for Hakadosh Baruch Huโ€™s blessing, and he does his best to use those Divine gifts the right way.

Now, Moshe Rabbeinu knew who he was and what abilities he possessed. That drove him to fulfill his responsibilities and become the Moshe Rabbeinu that he was. His anavah, then, was the recognition that everything he had was from Hakadosh Baruch Hu, and he didnโ€™t own his maalos. And because he didnโ€™t hold of himself, he wasnโ€™t insulted when someone else didnโ€™t hold of him, either. Thatโ€™s why he wasnโ€™t a kapdan.

The whole world is full of kapdanus. Some people go as far as to say, โ€œIโ€™m makpid in this world and the next. Iโ€™m not mochel.โ€ I can understand that a person would be makpid in this world, but does he really believe that in the next world anyone is going to be interested in the reason he was makpid, or the narishkeit he was makpid about?

Hakpadah comes from a person feeling a lack of respect. Anavah means that a person doesnโ€™t hold of himself and therefore doesnโ€™t feel disrespected. Not because heโ€™s a nebach; not because he thinks, โ€œWho am I, anyway?โ€ Anavah means recognizing that everything you have is from the Eibeshter. So thereโ€™s no reason to be insulted if someone doesnโ€™t hold of you, because you donโ€™t hold of yourself either. You donโ€™t own what you have, so whether the other person recognizes what you have or not doesnโ€™t make the slightest difference to you, because itโ€™s not yours anyway.

The opposite is true for gaavah, the source of all bad middos.

Last weekโ€™s parshah, Nasso, discussed the concept of the nazir. The Gemara relates (Nedarim 9b) that Shimon HaTzaddik never ate from an asham nezirus, because he didnโ€™t believe that the nezirim were purely motivated โ€“ except the korban of a nazir from the south. He had been shepherding his fatherโ€™s sheep when he noticed his reflection in the well where the herd was drinking, and his yetzer hara surged against him and started trying to tempt him toward taavah.

โ€œRasha!โ€ he told the yetzer hara. ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืžืชื’ืื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืœืš โ€“ why are you being a baal gaavah in a world thatโ€™s not yours? In other words, he was telling himself, โ€œWhy do have taavos? Youโ€™re a baalabos on the world? You brought yourself into the world? You were given the world โ€“ you donโ€™t own it!โ€

All taavos and bad middos result from a person feeling a sense of ownership, which leads him to think that he can do whatever he wants, take whatever he wants, and get insulted whenever he wants. In contrast, when a person is an anav, like Moshe Rabbeinu, he is not makpid, because he doesnโ€™t hold of himself.

Gut Shabbos.

  • SEARCH BY PARSHA

  • SEโ€ฌโ€ฌARCHโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชBYโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชRโ€ฌโ€ซโ€ชABBONIMโ€ฌโ€ฌ