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ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

ื›ื™ ืขืชื” ื’ื ืื•ืชื›ื” ื”ืจื’ืชื™ ื•ืื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ (ื›ื‘,ืœื’)
ืจืฉ”ื™: ื•ืื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ – ื•ืขืชื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ืชืš ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื—ืชื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืฉื, ืœ) “ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื”. ื”ืจื’ืชื™ื”, ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืกืœืงื” ืืช ื‘ืœืขื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื—ืชื” ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘, ืฉื—ืก ื”ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช”.

ืžืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืชืื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืžืื•ืกื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื™ืขื•ื‘ ื•ืžื™ืื•ืก, ื‘ื›”ื– ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ ื‘ืœืง ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืง, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืžืœื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืกื™ืคืงื• ืœื• ืืช ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืคืขืคืข ื‘ื•, ื•ืžื™ืืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ืขืžื”ื.

ืืžื ื ื“ื•ืงื ืžืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืฆื•ื ืœืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื, ื”ื™ืืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื•ืœืชื•.

“ื”ืจื’ืชื™ื”, ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืกืœืงื” ืืช ื‘ืœืขื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื—ืชื”” – ื”ืžืœืืš ื—ืก ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืขื ืฉืœื ื™ืชื‘ื–ื” ืžื”ืืชื•ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืืžืช ืœืืžื™ืชื” ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื•ื™ืชืคืจืกืžื•, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืชืคืจืกื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ืก ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืช ืคื™ ื”ืืชื•ืŸ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื “ื—ืก ื”ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช”, ืœื ืกืชื ‘ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช’, ืืœื ื‘ืจื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข, ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ืžื™ืื•ืก ืžื—ื“, ื•ืชืื•ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืกืช ืžืื™ื“ืš. ื•ืืขืค”ื› ื—ืก ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื! ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืฉื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื›ืš, ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคืœื ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืžืคืจืกื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ืจ’ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆ”ืœ: ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืž’ (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ) “ืืงืžืฆื ื•ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื”. ื•ื”ื’ืž’ ืžืกื™ื™ืžืช “ื”ืจ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืกื™ื™ืข ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืช ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืฉืจืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ืœื•”.

ื”ื ื” ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืคืœ, ืฉืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื•ืฉืชื• ืœื ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืžืœืš ืจื•ืžื™. ื•ืืขืค”ื› ื‘ื•ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืช ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืงืขืช ืจืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง ื•ืฉืจืคื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ.

ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง.

ืข”ืค ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Eliezer Yehuda Finkel, ztโ€l

ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”
ื™”ื˜ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉื›”ื”
ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”
ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฉ ื•ืฉืžื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืข. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื’ืžืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื• ืžื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจืชื•, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœื™ืจื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืืคื™’ ืœื—ืžืฉ ืœื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื– ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืžื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืจื”.

ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืฉื•ืงืชื• ื”ืขื–ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื ืฆืœ ื–ืืช ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืชื—ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืœื‘ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืœืฉื ื›ืš. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: “ืื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช, ื ื™ื—ื. ืืš ืžืžืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ”.

ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ืืš ืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ืจื””ื™ ืืžืจ ืœื•: “ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื“ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืฉื˜ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื”. ื•ืืžืจ ืข”ื› ื”ื’ืจื‘”ืฉ ื–ืฆ”ืœ: “ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื ืคืฉื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžืจื•ืžื ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื–ืงืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื“ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื ืคืฉื˜ ืฉืฉืžืข ืžืžื ื•”.

ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจืื” ืจื””ื™ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช. ื•ื›ืš ืกื™ืคืจ ืช”ื— ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื ืœืจื””ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืจื””ื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉ”ืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื–ื•, ืขื“ ืฉืืคื™’ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืข ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช. ืื– ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจื””ื™: “ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ื ืš ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžืžืš ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืชื ”ืš! ืืš ืื ืชื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืœื›ื•ืœืœ”. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžื ื™ ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื“ืจ ื‘’ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืขืœื” ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืช”ื— ืžื•ืคืœื’.

ืข”ืค “ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉืš” ื•”ืžืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ”

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ื‘ืœืง

ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ

ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ืื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื’ืž’ ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ืื”ืœื™ืš ืืœื• ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช.

ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจื™”ื“ ืžื‘ืขืœื– ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืœืคืจืฉ ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ืื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ืืžืื™ ื‘ื”ื›”ื  ื ืงืจื ืื”ืœ, ืืœื ื›ื™ ืื”ืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืจืื™ ื•ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›”ื˜ ืข”ื ืชื ื™ื ืจ”ื ื”ืงืคืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื”ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืชื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื›ืจืžืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื‘ื, ื•ื”ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืง”ื• ื•ืžื” ืชื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืจืžืœ ืฉืœื ื‘ืื• ืืœื ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื’ืž’ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›”ื  ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืฉืื ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ืื– ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ืชื•ืก’ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืฉื™ื‘ื ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืชืคืงืข ืงื“ื•ืฉืชืŸ.

ื•ื‘ืžื’”ื ืกื™’ ืงื ”ื ื›ืชื‘ ืข”ื– ื•ืฆ”ืข ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื”ื™. ื•ืฆ”ืœ ื“ื”ืชื•ืก’ ืงืื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ื• ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื”ื™ ื•ืฆ”ืข. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื“ื•ืงื ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืชืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ื“ื”ื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืง”ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืจืžืœ ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื™ ืขื›”ืœ.

ื•ื‘ืฉื•”ืช ื—”ืก ืื•”ื— ืœ’ ืชื™’ ื“ื“ื•ืงื ืชื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืจืžืœ ืฉื ืขืงืจื• ืžืžืงื•ืžื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื”ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื›”ื  ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืœื ื ืขืงืจ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ืขืงืจ ืœื”ื™ ื•ืจืง ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงืจ ืœื”ื™ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื ื ืขืงืจื• ืžืžืงื•ืžื ื›ืžื• ืชื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืจืžืœ.

ื•ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื™’ ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื’”ื ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื’”ื ื’ื•ืคื™ื” ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ ื›ืžื• ืชื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืจืžืœ, ื•ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ืœื• ืืœื ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ ื•ืœื ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื”ื›”ื  ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืชื•ืก’ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื™ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ืœื›ืŸ ืžื”ื ื™ ืชื ืื™.

ื•ื ืžืฆื ืœืคื™ ื”ื—”ืก ืจืง ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ื”ืงืจืงืข ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื’”ื ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืก”ืœ ื“ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœื ื“ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ืœื ื™ืขื‘ืจื•.

ื•ืœืคื™ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉ ื˜ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื”ืจื™”ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืขืฆืžื• ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื“ืจืš ืขืจืื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.

ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ื—”ืก ื”ืฉ ื˜ืคื™ ื“ื ืงืจื ืื”ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืื”ืœ ื›ื™ ืจืง ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื•ื’ื’ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืจืฆืคื”.

ื•ืข”ืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื—’ ืข”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™ื” ืœืจ’ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืื™ื›ื ืกื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืชืžื” ื•ืืžืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืจื‘ื• ื™ืžื™ื›ื ื•ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ืœื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืืžืจื™ ืœื™ื” ื“ืžืงื“ืžื™ ื•ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ ืœื‘ื™ ื›ื ื™ืฉืชื ืืžืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืื”ื ื™ ืœื”ื• ื›ื“ืืžืจ ืจื™ื‘”ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื• ื•ื—ืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ ื›ื ื™ืฉืชื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื“ืชื•ืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉืœ”ื” (ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืชืคืœื”) ื“ืงืฉื” ืžื” ืชื™’ ื”ืœื ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื“ื•ืงื, ื•ืชื™’ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืžืจื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื”ื™ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื”ื›”ื  ื›ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื”ื™. (ื•ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื’ื ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื“ืžืงื“ืžื™ ื•ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ ืœื‘ื™ ื›ื ื™ืฉืชื ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื“ืœื ื“ื™ ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ื™ ื›ื ื™ืฉืชื).

ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื“ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืฉืœ”ื” ื“ื‘ื”ื›”ื  ื‘ื—ื•”ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ “ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”” ืืœืžื ืฉื’ื ื”ืงืจืงืข ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ ื•ื“ืœื ื›ื—”ืก ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ืจืง ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืงืจืงืข.

ื‘ืœืง

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Refoel Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ื) ืœื ืจืื” ืขืžืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›”ื’ ื›”ื), ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื•ื””ื— “ื’ื ื ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืขืกืงื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืื™ื ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืžืœ, ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืื•ืžืจื• (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืขื’ ื˜ื–) ‘ืขืžืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™’, ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื›ืื“ื ื”ืžืจื•ื™ื— ื•ื›ืื“ื ื”ืžืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื—ืฉืงื ื‘ืชื•ืจื””.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื ื‘ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ืชืœื›ื•, ื•ืคื™’ ื—ื–”ืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”,[1] ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ “ืื ื‘ื—ืงื•ืชื™ ืชืœื›ื•”, ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืžื” ืขื ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื›ืืŸ.

ื‘) ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ื ’ (ืขืž’ ืจื›”ื’) ืฉืข”ื™ ื”ืขืžืœื•ืชย  ื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•, ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืงื ื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ื ื‘ืข”ื– ื™”ื˜ ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘’), ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”’ ื—ืคืฆื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื™ื”ื’ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื•, ื•ืคื™’ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื, ื•ืžืฉืขืžืœ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืชื•ืจืชื•, ืขื›”ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืืžื•”ืจ.

ืžื”ื• ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขืžืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื•, ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืฆืขืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆืขืจ, ืœืคื•ื ืฆืขืจื ืื’ืจื, ืฉื ืื™ื ื• ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ืžืฉื”ื› ืขืžืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžืœื•ืช, ืขืžืœื•ืช ืืžืจื• ื•ืœื ืฆืขืจ, ื•ื ืค”ืž ื“ืขืžืœื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื”, ื•ืื™”ื– ืœืคื•ื ืฆืขืจื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืขืžืœื•ืช, [ื•ื’ื ืœืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื, ืขืžืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืชื•ืจื”, (ืขื™’ ืจืฉ”ื™ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื–’ ื’ ื’ื‘ื™ ืื‘ื™ืžื™, ืฉื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื’ืขืชื™ ื•ืžืฆืืชื™), ืœืคื•ื ืฆืขืจื ื’ื ืฆืขืจ ืฆื“ื“ื™], ืขืžืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืชื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื’”ื› ื‘ืื•ื””ื— ื”ื ”ืœ, ื“ืื™ืŸ ืขืžืœื•ืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืขืจ, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื”ื ืื” ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ื”ื•ื™, ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ื’) ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช ืขืžืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง, ื“ืื›ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืขืžืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื“ื”ื ื” ื‘ืข”ื– ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื “ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ ืื“ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืื—”ื› ื™ื”ื’ื”, ืฉื‘ืชื—ืœื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”’ ื•ื”ื“ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื™ื”ื’ื””, ื•ืคื™’ ืจืฉ”ื™ “ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ ืื“ื ืžืจื‘ื• ืขื“ ืฉืชื”ื ื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ื•, ื•ืื—”ื› ื™ื”ื’ื”, ื™ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืœืชื ืœืžืœืชื ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืชืจืฅ ื•ื›ื•’, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ื•ืžืชืจืฅ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื””, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” “ืขื“ ืฉืชื”ื ื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื•”, ืืœื ืจืง ืื “ื™ื”ื’ื”” ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืœืชื ืœืžืœืชื ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืชืจืฅ, ื•ืจืง ืื– ื ืงืจืืช ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื•.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ืฉื, ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ืข”ืค ืžืฉ”ื ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื ืœ”ื— ื’, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื›ื—ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื• ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ื“ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื“ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžื“ื” ื•ืžืฉื›ื—ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืœืžื“ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ืงื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื•, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืชื ื” ื“ืงืืžืจ, ื“ืžืงืจื™ื ืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืช”ื—, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจื‘ืย  ืฉื, ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืœืžื•ื“ ืื“ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืื—”ื› ื™ื”ื’ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”’ ื•ื”ื“ืจย  ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื™ื”ื’ื”, [ืฉืข”ื™] ืฉื™ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืจื‘ื• ืขื“ ืฉืชื”ื ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ื•, ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืจืชื•, ืขื“ ืฉืื—”ื› ื™ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ื‘ืžืชื ื”.

ื•ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ืฉืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืžืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืขืฆืžื•ืชื•, ื•”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืงื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื•”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื›ืงืœืฃ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ืย  ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื‘ืœืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื“ ื”ื. ื•ืขื›”ืค ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ืื—ืช ื”ืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ืงืจืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ืื”ื› ื™ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื”.

ื•ืžืขืชื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™’ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื ืžืฉืขืžืœ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืชื•ืจืชื•, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“”ืขืžืœื•ืช” ื•”ื™ื”ื’ื”” ื—ื“ ื”ื. ื”ืขืžืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืœืชื ืœืžืœืชื ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืชืจืฅ, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืงืจื ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื™ื”ื’ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ืืš ืขื™ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืžืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง.

ื“) ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ื“ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืข”ื™ ืขืžืœื•, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื›ืš, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ืข”ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื ื‘ืœืขื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืžื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืก’ ืื’ืœื™ ื˜ืœ ื“ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœ”ืฉ, ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ื•ืฉืžื— ื•ืžืชืขื ื’ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•, ื“ืื– ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ื•ืง ืœืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืขื™”ืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืืœื ืข”ื™ ื”ื”ื ืื”. ื•ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืžืฉ”ื› ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ืฉืข”ื™ “ื™ื”ื’ื”” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืงื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื•, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ ื˜ืœ ื“ื–ื” ืข”ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืขืžืœื•ืช ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื–ื•”ื ืฉืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื‘ื” ื—ื“ ื”ื. ืขื™”ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ “ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืฆื‘ื ืื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื”ื ืื” ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ืžืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืืช ื ืคืฉื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื” ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื—ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืžืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืจื•ืžืžืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžื–ื™ื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื””. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ “ืื—ืจ ื”ืขืžืœ ื ืคืชื— ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืžืชืขื ื’ ืœืœื ืงืฅ”. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื“ “ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขืžืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืงื•ื ื” ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื•ื•ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื”.

ื”) ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืฉ”ื› ื”ืื’”ื˜ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ื•ืฉืžื— ื•ืžืชืขื ื’ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•,[2] ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ”ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจ ื ื“ืจื™ื ืž”ื— ืข”ื‘, ื“ืœ”ืฉ ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื›ืฉืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืื” ื•ื›ื•’ ืืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืืช ื”ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืžืช, ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืœื”ืชืขื ื’ ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข ืœืฉืžื— ืœื‘ื‘ื• ื•ืฉื›ืœื•, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื”’ ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉืžื—ื™ ืœื‘ ื•ื›ื•’ ื”ืœื›ืš ืœ”ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื“ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ืขื›”ืœ.

ื•ื ืžืฆื ื“ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื ืื” ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœืขืžืœื•ืช, ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื“ื, ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืข”ื™ ืขืžืœื•ืช. ืืžื ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืžืœื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืžืœืื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•”ื ื”ื ”ืœ. ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืข”ื™ ืขืžืœื•ืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื”ื ืื”, ืข”ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘”ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช”, ื”ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื”ื “ืงืœื™ืœื™ื”, ืข”ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืžืง, ื”ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื”ื “ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืžืง”.

ื•) ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื ื’”ื› ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•”ื— ืก’ ืž”ื– ืก”ื ืฉ”ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื””ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืžืžื ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืื•ืช, ื›ื•’ ืฉืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉืžื— ืขื™ืžื”, ื•ืœื ื ื”ื ื” ื‘ื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืžื ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืื™ ื“ืืžืจื™’ ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ืื‘ื“ื” ื”ืืจืฅ, ืขืœ ืขื–ื‘ื ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื™ ื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื™ ื•ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื”, ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืจื›ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื›ื• ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ืื”, ื•ืจืง ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื” ื™ืข”ืฉ, [ื•ืœืฉื ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืจ”ืœ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœ ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื ืื” ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืข]. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื’”ื› ื“ื”ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ืคืฆื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืŸ.[3]

ื”ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืฉื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืŸ, ื•ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืฉืื ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื™ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉืืจ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืžื›ืš, ืืœื ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฆื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืื™ื ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื,[4] ืืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉ.

ื•ื‘ื”ื’”ื” ืฉื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“, ืขื™”ืฉ ื‘ืก”ื•, ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื›ื””ืช ื”ื•”ืœ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื””ื  ืœืคื ื™ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืช”ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืืชืžื•ืœ, ื•ืžืฆื“ื“ ืฉื ืฉ”ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืืชืžื•ืœ, ืฉื™ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืคื™ื ื• ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื—ื” ื˜ืขื ืžืคื ื™ ื˜ืขื, ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืื ื• ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืคื™ื ื• ืขืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื™”ืฉ ื‘ื”ื’”ื” ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื’ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื, ื“ื”ืชื ื”ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘’ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื“ื ืžื™ืœืชื ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื“ืข ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“, ื•ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื™ื ื’”ื› ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืชื™ืงื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืŸ, ื™ืขื•”ืฉ.ย  ื”ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืฉื”ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืื™ื ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื”, ืืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉ.

ื•ืขืค”ื– ืžืชืคืจืฉ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื ื‘ื—ืงื•ืชื™ ืชืœื›ื•, ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืžืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืžื” ืขื ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื›ืืŸ. ย ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉ”ื ื‘ื ื“ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื–ื‘ื ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื™ ื•ื’ื•’ ื•ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื”, ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืจื›ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืฉืจ”ืœ ื”ืœื›ื• ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ืื”. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ ืชืœื›ื•, ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•”ืชืœื›ื•” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืข, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืชื”ื ื–ืืช ืœื›ื ื›ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืข, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ื”ื˜ ื”ื ”ืœ, “ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ื•ืฉืžื— ื•ืžืชืขื ื’ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•”.

ื–) ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืžืฉืœื™ ืค”ื‘ ื“’, ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช, ืฉืชืชืขืจื‘ ืœื ืคืฉื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืขืกืงื” ืœื˜ื•ืจื— ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ “ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื” ื•ื’ื•’ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื˜, ื›), ื•ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ ืœื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื” ืื• ื‘ื‘ืงืขื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื˜ื•ืจื— ื—ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžื˜ืžื•ืŸ, ืžื“ืขืชื• ืฉื™ืžืฆื ื”ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ืชืขืฉืจ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“. ื”ื ื” ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื˜ืจื—ื” ื•ื—ืคื•ืฉื” ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื ืืžืจ “ืฉืฉ ืื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืืžืจืชืš” (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜, ืงืกื‘), ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื—ื” ื•ื—ืคื•ืฉื” ืชืคืงื—ื ื” ื‘ื” ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ืชืฉืชืžืจ ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ “ื ื—ืœืชื™ ืขื“ื•ืชื™ืš ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ ื”ืžื”” ื•ื’ื•’ (ืฉื ืงื™ื˜, ืงื™ื), ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืœ ื”ื–ื” ืจ”ืœ ื•ื›ืžื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ืคืฉื ื” ื™ื‘ืืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื˜ื”, ื‘ืืžืจื• “ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื ืคืฉืš ื™ื ืขื” (ื‘, ื™). ื•ืื–”ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื‘ื• ื—ืคืฅ (ืข”ื– ื™ื˜, ืข”ื) ื”ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืคืฅ:

ย 

[1] ย ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืืžืจ ืื—”ื›, ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื ื•ื’ื•’, ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ืขืžืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื ืืžืจ ื•ืื ืœื ืชืฉืžืขื• ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื•ืื ื‘ื—ืงื•ืชื™ ืชืžืืกื• ื•ืื ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืชื’ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื›ื ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืคืจื›ื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื™, ื•ืคื™’ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ืื ืœื ืชืฉืžืขื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื ืชืขืฉื• ื•ื’ื•’, ืžืฉืœื ืชืœืžื“ื• ืœื ืชืขืฉื•, ื•ืื ื‘ื—ืงื•ืชื™ ืชืžืืกื•, ืžื•ืืก ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืชื’ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื›ื, ืฉื•ื ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืขืฉื•ืช, ืžื•ื ืข ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™, ื›ื•ืคืจ ืฉืœื ืฆื•ื™ืชื™ื, ืœื”ืคืจื›ื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื™, ื›ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ. ื ืžืฆืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืชื— ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ืขื“ ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืคืชื— ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื•ืื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื›ื•’.

[2] ย ืืคืฉืจ ื“ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ย ืข”ืค ืžืฉ”ื ื‘ืจ”ืค ืขืจื‘ื™ ืคืกื—ื™ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื” ืืžืจื• ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจืฉื‘”ื ืฉื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืžื”ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ. ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืืœื ื”ื ืืช ืื›ื™ืœื”, [ื•ื–ื” ื’”ื› ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืฉ”ื› ืจืฉ”ื™ ืจ”ื” ื›”ื— ื“ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื™ืฆื ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื”ื ื” ื•ืข”ื› ืฉื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืคืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื  ื‘ืžืง”ื], ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ื ืื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื”. ื•ื›ืž”ื› ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ื”ื ืืชื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืื’ืœื™ ื˜ืœ “ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ื•ืฉืžื— ื•ืžืชืขื ื’ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•”.

ืื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื” ื“ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ืื”, ื“ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืช”ืช, ื“ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื”ื ืื”, ืืœื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื”. ืžืฉื”ื› ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื• ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืžืฆื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉื™ื”ื ื”, ืืœื ื“ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจืช ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืžืฉื”ื› ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื”. ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื”ืช ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ.

[3] ย ืืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื›ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื•”ืœ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื”, ืฆ”ืข ื“ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ”ืข, ื“ืžื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืจื›ื• ืฉืœื ื ืชื›ื•ื ื• ืœืฉืžื”, ืืš ืžืœืฉื•ื ื• ืœ”ืž ื›ืŸ, ืืœื ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืื” ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืข.

[4] ย ื•ืืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื”, ื“ื ืชื‘ืืจ ื“ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฆื ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื“ืœื›ืŸ ืœืื›ืœื” ื‘ืชื™ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”], ื“ื›ืืŸ

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Harav Hagaon Yaakov Moshe Katz Shlita

Whose Talmid Are You?

Parashas Balak

Harav Hagaon Yaakov Moshe Katz Shlita

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Rashi, in this weekโ€™s parashah, references the Mishnah (Avos 5:19) that contrasts Avraham Avinu and Bilam:

ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจื•ื— ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื ืคืฉ ืฉืคืœื” ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื™ืŸ ืจืขื” ื•ืจื•ื— ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื ืคืฉ ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื—’) ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉ ื•ืื•ืฆืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืžืœื ืื‘ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื”ื ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉื—ืช ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื ”ื”) ื•ืืชื” ืืœื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจื™ื“ื ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉื—ืช ืื ืฉื™ ื“ืžื™ื ื•ืžืจืžื” ืœื ื™ื—ืฆื• ื™ืžื™ื”ื ื•ืื ื™ ืื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืš.

First of all, the Mishnah is informing us that there are people in the world who are talmidim of Avraham Avinu, and there are people who are talmidim of Bilam Harasha.

At times, a person who leaves yeshiva feels that heโ€™s not a talmid anymore. From this Mishnah we see that even when you leave yeshiva youโ€™re still a talmid. The question is, which beis midrash do you belong to? Are you a talmid of Avraham Avinu, or are you a talmid of Bilam Harasha? And what defines you as a talmid of one or the other is not which limud youโ€™re learning, but the way you live your life.

There are two ways to live life: thereโ€™s Avraham Avinuโ€™s way, and Bilam Harashaโ€™s way. If you follow Avraham Avinuโ€™s path, youโ€™re his talmid, and if you are drawn to the path of Bilam Harasha, youโ€™re his talmid.

So how do you know which yeshiva youโ€™re in? How do you know if the kind of life youโ€™re living makes you a talmid of Avraham or a talmid of Bilam?

The Mishnah gives three signs by which the talmidim of Avraham and the talmidim of Bilam can be differentiated. The meforshim โ€“ including the Midrash Shmuel and the Maharal โ€“ are puzzled by this. How, they wonder, can there be only three differences between Avraham and Bilam? The differences between the two are innumerable: Bilam was a mushchas who did all the aveiros that Hashem told him not to do, while Avraham was a tzaddik who learned Torah. And thatโ€™s just the beginning. So how can we say that there are only three differences between Avraham and Bilam?

Rooted in Middos

The answer is that these three key differences in middos encompass everything about Avraham and Bilam. If you want to know who a person is, look at their middos. Middos are the essence of a person and the root of his actions. Rav Chaim Vital writes, in Shaarei Kedushah, that middos are the hakdamah to Torah because they are what cause a person to either fulfill or transgress what the Torah says.

The difference between the Avraham Avinus on the world and the Bilam Harashas is middos. In every situation, in every time and place, a person has to work on his middos to make sure that heโ€™s a talmid of Avraham Avinu and not, chas vโ€™shalom, a talmid of Bilam Harasha.

The middos of Avraham Avinu are: ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจื•ื— ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื ืคืฉ ืฉืคืœื”. Ayin tovah, the Rambam says, means being satisfied with what you have. Rashi explains ayin tovah to mean that a person is not jealous of people; he fargins the good others have, and heโ€™s happy for them. Ruach nemuchah is the middah of anavah. A person with this middah does not seek kavod, and does not need everyone to listen to him or to know how important he is. Nefesh shefalah means that a person is not running after taavah and does not need all of the pleasures, the leisure, and the tchotchkes that this world has to offer; heโ€™s happy with simple things.

In contrast, a person with an ayin raah is not happy with what he has, and he does not want other people to have. Ruach gavoha means that the person is always running after kavod. And nefesh rechavah describes someone who craves all the pleasures of this world. People with these characteristics are talmidim of Bilam Harasha.

Human nature is to tend toward the middos of Bilam Harasha, because the guf pulls people in that direction. Bilam has multitudes of talmidim, because his middos represent the default state of the individual and of society. In order for a person to be a talmid of Avraham Avinu, he has to actively work on his middos and elevate himself. The name โ€œAvrahamโ€ is related to the word ram and the concept of romemus. A talmid of Avraham Avinu has to work to achieve romemus, lifting himself above his natural human tendencies to follow the Torah way of life.

Who Enjoys Olam Hazeh?

Next, the Mishnah tells us that Avraham Avinuโ€™s talmidim enjoy both Olam Hazeh and Olam Haba, while Bilamโ€™s talmidim suffer Gehinnom. We can understand that Avrahamโ€™s talmidim go to Olam Haba and that Bilamโ€™s go to Gehinnom, but why does the Mishnah say that Avrahamโ€™s talmidim enjoy Olam Hazeh? We would think that the people who have Olam Hazeh are the ones who push their way to the top by stealing, fighting, and stepping on others, and that the nice guys, the people who are not immersed in worldly pleasures and do not insist on receiving kavod, are the nebachs in this world. How can you say that these nebachs are the ones who โ€œeatโ€ in Olam Hazeh? Shouldnโ€™t it be the other way around?

The Mishnah is teaching us an important secret. It is specifically the people who are not chasing the pleasures of this world who enjoy this world, and it is specifically the people who fargin and want good for others who receive brachah in this world: ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืขึทื™ึดืŸ ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึฐื‘ึนืจึธืšึฐ (Mishlei 22:9). A person who is constantly running after money will never be happy; heโ€™ll always want more, as Chazal teach that one who has a hundred craves two hundred. The more pleasures and indulgences a person chases, the more new desires he develops, and the less he feels full and content. Forget about Olam Haba โ€“ such a person loses his Olam Hazeh!

Similarly, a person who craves kavod is never happy, and no one likes him. He has bad middos, heโ€™s a baal gaavah, and people canโ€™t stand being around him. On the outside, people might flatter him, but inside they detest him. His own family โ€“ his wife, his children โ€“ dislike him and resent his constant pursuit of honor.

For instance, when parents of married children fight over the name of their newborn grandchild, do you think their children respect them for it? Do you think their children like them? Theyโ€™re causing themselves bizyonos! And the niftar certainly doesnโ€™t appreciate the machlokes. Thatโ€™s what a simchah is? Thatโ€™s agmas nefesh!

The Maharal observes that people who crave kavod are very sensitive, and theyโ€™re always in pain because people have slighted them by not giving them the honor they think they deserve. On the outside, it may appear as though they are receiving kavod and therefore enjoying life, but in truth they are always suffering agmas nefesh inside, because no matter how much honor they get itโ€™s never enough.

The idea that Avraham Avinuโ€™s talmidim enjoy Olam Hazeh is echoed in another Mishnah in Avos (6:4):

ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ืชืื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจื” ืชืฉืชื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืฆืขืจ ืชื—ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืชื” ืขืžืœ ื•ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ ืืฉืจื™ืš ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืš ืืฉืจื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืš ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื.

We would think that if a person lives a life of difficulty and deprivation in order to devote himself to Torah he would be a nebach โ€“ yet the Mishnah says the opposite! Such a person is fortunate in both this world and the next! Why? Because he possesses middos tovos, and middos tovos are the biggest brachah in life.

The Yaavetz notes that the above Mishnah that discusses the differences between the talmidim of Avraham Avinu and the talmidim of Bilam Harasha begins with the world โ€œkolโ€ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•, which hints to the fact that Hashem blessed Avraham Avinu โ€œbakolโ€ โ€“ with all the good. The good Avraham had was a result of his good middos. When you have good middos, youโ€™re zocheh to all the brachos and the good in the world.

A Step Closer to the Geulah

Every person has to take an honest look at himself and ask himself whose talmid he is: is he living the life of Avraham Avinu, or is he living the life of Bilam Harasha? This is especially important at this time of year, with the Three Weeks approaching, since the Churban happened because of bad middos and sinas chinam. To rebuild the Beis Hamikdash, we need to rectify that by replacing these traits with good middos. Ayin tovah โ€“ I want good for people, I want them to be happy, I can be mevater on what I want to make others happy. Ruach nemuchah โ€“ Iโ€™m not going to impose on people and insist that they honor me. And nefesh shefalah โ€“ I donโ€™t need too much, my credit card is not always maxed out, I donโ€™t have to have the newest cars and the most exotic delicacies, I donโ€™t have to go on the wildest vacation. Iโ€™m happy with what I have, Iโ€™m not running after anything.

Is such a person a nebach? No! He enjoys Olam Hazeh and Olam Haba!

The biggest brachah of being a talmid of Avraham Avinu is that, with Hashemโ€™s help, weโ€™ll be zocheh to the rebuilding of the Beis Hamikdash. Chazal say: ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืงืœืœืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื• โ€“ ever since the Churban, we have suffered horrible tzaros. Bad middos cause a Churban; they cause tzaros! And good middos are brachah and cause brachah for you in this world and for eternity.

Itโ€™s very worthwhile to join the beis midrash of Avraham Avinu and become his student. And then, Hashem will bless us with bakol, mikol, kol โ€“ all the good in the world.

In the zechus of those who are being misโ€™chazek together, may Hashem bless the whole world with the rebuilding of the Beis Hamikdash. Every bit of work on our middos brings us a step closer!

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