VayikraAcharei Mos

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Hagaon Harav Moshe Finkel zt''l

ืœึนื ืชึฐื›ึทืœึผึถื” ืคึผึฐืึทืช ืฉื‚ึธื“ึฐืšึธ ืœึดืงึฐืฆึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึถืงึถื˜ ืงึฐืฆึดื™ืจึฐืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึฐืœึทืงึผึตื˜ (ื™ื˜, ื˜)
ื‘ื™ืœืงื•”ืฉ ืจื•ืช (ืจืžื– ืชืจื): ืดืืดืจ ื–ืขื™ืจื ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ืœื ื˜ื”ืจื”, ืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื•ืœื ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ืœืžื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื”? ืœืœืžื“ืš ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ ื—ืกื“ื™ืืด.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืดื’ื•ืžืœื™ ื—ืกื“ื™ืืด, ื”ืจื™ ืชื™ื‘ืช ืดื’ืžื•ืœืด ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื—ืกื“ ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืชืฉืœื•ื ืืœื ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื—ืกื“? ื•ื”ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืดื’ื•ืžืœ ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืืด ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืฉื›ืจ ืขืดื™ ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืœ ืืฆืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื—ืกื“?

ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืŸ: ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืกื“, ื•ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ื—ืกื“. ื•ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ืกื“, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื ื›ืœื ื•ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืดื•ื ื ืืœ ืชืฆืจื™ื›ื ื• ื“ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ืœื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ื•ืœื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ืืชื ื•ื›ื•ืณ ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื ื ื›ืœื ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ืด. ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ืกื“ ื™ืฉื ื” ืขืฆื” ืœืกืœืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœื™ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืดื™ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืžืชื ืช ื—ืกื“ ืืœื ื’ืžื•ืœ ื•ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืžืฆื ืขื™ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืš ื’ืžื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืœื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืžืคื ื™.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื•ืขื– ืœืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœื• ืืœื ืืžืจ: ืดื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ืชืฉึนืœื•ึผ ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืชื™ืืด (ืจื•ืช ื‘,ื˜ื–), ื•ื‘ืจืฉืดื™: ืดืขืฉื• ืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ืืด. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ืฉืฆื•ื” ื‘ื•ืขื–: ืดื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžืจื™ื ืชืœืงื˜ ื•ืœื ืชื›ืœื™ืžื•ื””, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ืชื™ื›ืœื ืขืดื™ ืฉื ื–ืงืงืช ืœืžืชื ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื, ืืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืœืงื˜ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื™ื›ืชื” ืœื”.

ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ

ื ืœื‘”ืข ื™”ื’ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืก”ื

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Hagaon Harav Moshe Finkel zt''l

ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ
ื™”ื’ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืก”ื
ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืื‘ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ื•ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”.

ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื•ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ืืฆืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื•. ื›ืš ื™ื ืง ืืœ ืงืจื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™”ืช.

ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ‘ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ’ ื•ืื—”ื› ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื” ื•ืคื•ื ื™ื‘ื–’. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ืจ, ืฉื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืกื‘ื• ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื“ื• ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืœืžื“ ืขืžื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืฉื ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื ื›ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืž”ืž ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ’, ืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืขื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ืžืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ’, ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ’. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ’ ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื•.

ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื›”ื“, ืžื™ื ื”ื• ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื”ื’ื””ื— ืจื”ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”’ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื• ื”ืชืžื ื” ืื—”ื› ืœืจ”ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืกืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ืฉื ื”.

ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื‘ืฆืช ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ ืœื—ื•”ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื•, ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื• ื•ืคืงื—ื•ืชื•, ื ืงืฉืจื• ืืœื™ื• ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืชืจื•ืžืชื ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“’.

ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื•ืขืœื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“’ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืชืžื›ื™ืŸ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื”.

ืชื ืฆื‘”ื”

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•”ื› ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื›ืคืจ ืขื“ ืฆืืชื•. ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื. ื•ืœื›ื’ ื”ื•ื ืœืื• ื‘ืขืœืžื. ืืš ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืกืคื”ืž”ืฆ ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช, (ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื”ืœ’ ื‘ื™ืืช ืžืงื“ืฉ). ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืชืจืฅ ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืืœื ืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืจืื™ื” ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื™ื•ืžื ืค”ื” ื””ื‘ (ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืก’ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืง”ื˜ ืข”ื‘ ื•ื‘ืชื•”ื™ ื™ื•ืžื ืœ”ื˜ ืข”ื‘) ื‘ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงื””ืง ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืงืŸ ืื—ื“ ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืก ืขืžื•, ื•ื”ืงืฉื• ืฉื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ื›ื•’ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ืคื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžื” ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื“ื”ื•ื” ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ื™ื”.

(ื•ืข’ ืจ”ืฉ ื›ืœื™ื ืค”ื ืž”ื˜ ืืžืื™ ืœื ืžื ื” ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื›ื™ ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื™ื›ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœืคื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื ื•ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ื“ื”ื™ื›ืœ. ื•ืชื™’ ื“ืœื ืงืชื ื™ ืจืง ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืžื™ืœื ื•ืœื ืฉืข”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืคื™’ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืคื™’ ื”ื ”ืœ. ื•ืœื›ื’ ืขื•ื™”ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื“ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘”ืžืงื•ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“).

 

(ื•ืข”ืข ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืค”ื ื””ื” ื“ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ื•ืข’ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ื•ืชื•”ื™ ื“ืฃ ื™”ื˜ ืฉื”ืงืฉื• ืžื”ื’ืž’ ืฉื ื“ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืกื˜ืจื• ืžืœืืš ืœืฆื“ื•ืงื™. ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ื“ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืกื˜ืจื• ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›”ื› ืจ’ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ื˜”ื– ื™”ื–. ื•ืข’ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืชื™’ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืคืกื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ื›ื•’).

(ื•ืข’ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ื•ืข’ ืื•”ื– ื”ืœ’ ืง”ืฉ ืกื™’ ื—’ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื“ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื–’ ืข”ื ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื›ืชืจื™ืงืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื”’ ื•ืœื ืฉื ืžืœืืš ื•ืœื ื›ืคื™’ ืจ”ื— ืฉืคื™’ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืžืœืืš).

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•’, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืž’ ืž”ื“ ืข”ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืœื ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืชื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืžื ื™ืŸ ืช”ืœ ืขื“ ืฆืืชื•.

ื•ืฉื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ื”ืœืื• ืงืื™ ื’ื ืขืœ ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื›ืคืจ. ืืš ืฉื ื‘ืชืžื™ื“ ืค”ื• ืž”ื’ ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื ืขื“ ืฆืืชื•, ื•ื’ื ืœื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืฉื.

ื•ืœื›ื’ ื™”ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•”ื› ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™’ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ืžืฉื”ื› ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืงืื™ ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ื™ื. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•”ื› ื›”ื– ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื”ื› ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ืจืื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™’ ืข”ื‘ ื“ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื“ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื“ืจืš ืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžื” ืฉื›ื””ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ืจืš ืื—ื•ืจื™ื•. ื•ื›ืžื•”ื› ื™”ืœ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื“ืืžื ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื“ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื™ืฉ ื“ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื™ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืฉื”ื› ื‘ื™ื•”ื› ื“ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืื“ื, ื”ื› ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ื› ื’ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”.

ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Refoel Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ื. ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ืค”ื• ืž”ื“, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ืชืื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจื” ืชืฉืชื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืฆืขืจ ืชื—ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืชื” ืขืžืœ, ื•ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ืืฉืจื™ืš ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืš, ืืฉืจื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืš ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ื•ืคื™’ ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื ืืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ืื“ื ื ืžืฉืš ืื—ืจ ืชืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืื›ืœื•, ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื• (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœ”ื• ื’), ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืขื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“, ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื”, ื‘), ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื—ื ื•ืช.ย  ื•ื›”ื› ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืค”ื‘ ืžื™”ื‘ (ืžื˜”ื–), ื’ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ “ื”ืชืงืŸ ืขืฆืžืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”” ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื•, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ืชืื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจื” ืชืฉืชื”, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืฆืขืจ ืชื—ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืชื” ืขืžืœ. ื›ื™ ื”ืžืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืœื ืชืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื•, ืฆื•ืืจื• ืฉืžืŸ ืขืจืคื• ืขื‘ื”.

ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขืจ, ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืฉ”ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืก”ื’ ื‘’ ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืžืžื™ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœื™ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื–ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื”ืœ. ื•ื›”ื› ื”ืžื”ืจ”ืœ (ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื—”ื ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืค”ื’), ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืื• ืœืคืจืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ืจื” ืงื™ื•ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืœื•ืง ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืœืจืฉื‘”ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืžืžื™ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืกืœืง ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืืœื• ืื™ื ื• ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืชื•ืจืชื• ืงื™ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœื™.

ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืคื™’ ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฆืขืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืืžืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืืœื ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ื•ื›ื•’, ืืœ ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”. ื•ื›”ื› ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื‘ืคื™ื”ืž”ืฉ ืฉื, ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ืชืื›ืœ, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืคื™’ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืœื ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ืืœ ืชืžื ืข ืžืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืืœื ืฉืฆืจื›ื™ ืขื•ื””ื– ืœื ื™ืขื›ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื›’ ื”ื’ืจ”ื— ืžื•ืœื–ื™ืŸ (ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉื), ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ืฉื, ื”ืœื ืชื“ืข ืฉืื ืชืชืื•ื” ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื ื•ืชื•ืจืชืš ืžืชื™ ื ืขืฉื™ืช. ืœื–ืืช ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืจืง ืคืช ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืžื˜ื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืžืœื— ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื”. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ืชืื›ืœ ืชืฉืชื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืชื” ืขืžืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื”. ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ืš ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืชืื›ืœ ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืชื” ืขืžืœ.

ืื›ืŸ ื™ืง’ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ”ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืžืžื™ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื, ื“ื”ืจื™ ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ืžืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ืขื•ื””ื– ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื•, ื•ืข”ื› ืฉื‘ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืฉื’ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื””ื–, ืืœื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื• ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžืžื™ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœื™ื”.

ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื”ืจ”ืœ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืื‘ื•ืช (ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืค”ื• ืž”ื”, ื‘ืž”ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื), ื”ื›”ื’ ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืชืขื ื•ื’, ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืงื ื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืืจื ื• ืœืžืขืœื”, ืืœื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื“ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื•ืงื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืื‘ืœ ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืขืœืžื ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืืžืจื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืš ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ืชืื›ืœ ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงืฉื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื•, ืฉืœื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืžืžื™ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืจืง ืื ื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื ื ืœื ืืžืจื•.

ื”ื ื” ืคื™’ ืžื”ืจ”ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืคื™’ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘”ื, ืฉืืข”ื’ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืœื ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ื•ื›ื•’, ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื, ืืข”ื’ ื“ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืฉื ืฉืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืคื™’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืžืžื™ืช ื•ื›ื•’, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืžื™ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœื™ื”, ืื ืœื ืชื”ื ืœื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื “ืžืžื™ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื ื ืœื ืืžืจื•”.

ื’. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืื ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื””ื–, ื”ื ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื’ืž’ ืข”ื– ื›’ ื‘’, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืคื ื—ืก ื‘ืŸ ื™ืื™ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช, ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื ืงื™ื•ืช, ื ืงื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช.

ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื (ืคื™”ื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžื“ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช), ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกื™ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ื ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ื™ืง, ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื–”ืœ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื›): ืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื” ืขืฆืžื”, ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืฉ ื•ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืขืฆืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืœืฉืœื ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืœื“ ืžืžื ื• ื’ืจืžืช ืจืข ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืจืข ืžืžืฉ, ื™ืจื—ืง ื•ื™ืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืžื ื•. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืœืฉ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช: ื™ืฉ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–”ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื”ืจื—ืงื™ื ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ืฉ ื•ืคืจื•ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืฉืœื ื ืืกืจื• ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ื”ืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ื•ืขื™”ืฉ ืฉื”ืง’ ืข”ื– ืžื ”ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื” ืฉืœื ืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืืžืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืค”ื˜): ืœื ื“ื™ื™ืš ืžื” ืฉืืกืจื” ืขืœื™ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืืžืจื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืค”ื“): ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืื“ื ืœื™ืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืื• ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืืกืžื›ื•ื” ืืงืจื (ืงื”ืœืช ื‘): ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืฉืืœื• ืขื™ื ื™ ืœื ืืฆืœืชื™ ืžื”ื.

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืžืก”ื™ ืฉื, ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื—, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ”ื› ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื• ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื•, ื•ืืžืจื• (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™”ื) ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ื ืงืจื ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืžื” ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื””ื–, ื•ืืžืจื• (ืชื ื“”ื ืคื›”ื•), ืขื“ ืฉืื“ื ืžืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื›ื ืกื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขื™ื• ื™ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขื™ื•. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืจืฅ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคืš ื–ื”.

ื•ืขื™”ืฉ ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ื””ื– ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื˜ื ื‘ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื›ืจืก ื•ืžืฉืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื”ืขืฆื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ื›ื™ ืื– ื™ืง’ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืœืงืจื‘ื• ืืœื™ื”. ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ืืœื ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื— ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืœื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื”ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืžื”ื. ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉืœื ื™ืงื— ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืžืžื ื•, ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจื— ื‘ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืืœื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื‘ื— ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข ืงื˜ื ื”, ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื™ืงืจ ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื›ืจืชื™, ื›ื•ืœื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ืœื ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื›ื ืชื•:

ื•ื”ืง’ ืฉื”ื› ืœืžื” ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ืข”ื– ื—ื–”ืœ, ื•ืชื™’ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื’ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื. ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ืข”ื› ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื.

ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–”ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื”, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื.

ื“. ื•ื”ื ื” ืืข”ืค ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืจืฅ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคืš ืžื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืข”ื–. ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืžืืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืœื ืืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช.

ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™’ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืš ื•ื”ื›ืจื—, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื—, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•, ืœืžื” ืืžืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืœื ื“ื™ื™ืš ืžื” ืฉืืกืจื” ืขืœื™ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืœืืกื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื“ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืื• ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื•. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ืžื—ืžืช ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ื—ื•ื””ืœ ืฉืขืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืค”ื“, ืฉืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื”ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ืžื—ืžืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”’, ืืœื ืœืฉื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื•ื ื” ืขื™”ืฉ. ืืš ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื–ื”, ืฉื”ื› ืœื—ื ื ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืžืืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœืœ.

ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืš, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆื™ืขืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื—ื ื.

ื”. ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื“ืื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื— ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–”ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื): “ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื•”, ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื•, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืคื™’ ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืืœื ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ื“ื”ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜ ื‘) ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื•, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื•”. ื›ืชื‘ ืข”ื– ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืฉื, ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“, ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื. ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืืฉืชื• ื•ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื› ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ื™ืžืช ืืฉืชื• ืื• ื ืฉื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื‘ืื™ ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื•ืœืœื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืœืžื•, ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืœื•ืช, ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคืจื˜ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืกืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืฆื•ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื™ืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื• ื”) ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื ื— ื•ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืืข”ืค ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื–ื”ืจื ื• ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™ื—:) ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื“ืจืก ืœืคืจื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื• ื—) ื‘ืฉืžืจื• ืžื˜ื•ืžืืช ื”ืžืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืคื™ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืžื”ืชื’ืืœ ื‘ืจื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืกื” ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืžืืก, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื˜ ื˜ื–) ื•ื›ืœ ืคื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ืœื”, ื•ื™ืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืฉื— ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžื™ืžื™ื•.

ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื• ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“. ืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœื“ื™ื ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืก”ื™, ื“ื”ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืื–ื”ืจืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื• ืื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื””ื–, ืืœื ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืชืื•ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉืงืจื”ื• ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ “ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื””, ื•ื–ื” ืืžื ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื. ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื””ื–, ื•ื”ืกืชืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจื— ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื–ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืืœื ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื.

ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื•ื””ืœ ืฉืขืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืค”ื“, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืœืงืช ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืœืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื, “ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™” ื•”ืื–ื”ืจื”” ื•”ืžื•ืชืจ”, [ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช], ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื””ืžื•ืชืจ” ืžืชื—ืœืง ืœืฉืœืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื, “ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืง”, ื•”ื”ืจื‘ื•ื™”, ื•”ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ”. “ื“ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœืื“ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืชื”. ื•ื”ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื “ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ “ื“ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง” ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช, ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื” ืœืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฉืชื”, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ืืžืจื• (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื’ ื›): ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื‘ืื™ ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื•ืœืœื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืœืžื• ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื›ืจื ื• ื‘ืชืงื ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืื•ืชื ืžื’ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืžืžื ื• ื•ืืกืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืŸ ื””ืžื•ืชืจ” ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืื“ื ืืœ ื’ื“ืจ “ื“ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง” ื‘ืžืื›ืœ, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืชื”, ื•ื‘ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื‘ื• ืืœ ื”’ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช – ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—, ืขื™”ืฉ. ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื•ื””ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ” ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืœืžื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’.

ื•. ื•ื ืžืฆื ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ืืœื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื•, ืฉื”ืžืก”ื™ ืžืคืจืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—, ื•ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืžืคืจืฉื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืชืื•ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื’ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื.

ืื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื” ืืฃ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื“ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžืก”ื™ ื”ื ”ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื–”ืœ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื›’ ื’): ืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš, ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื’ืž’ ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื“ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขื™”ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืืœื ื“ืจืš ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืกืจื• ืœืงื“ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื, ื“ืœื ืœื™ื’ืขื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•’ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื•ืžื™ื”ื• ืžืืŸ ื“ืœื ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืจืฉืข ืžื™ืงืจื™. ื•ืื™ืš ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืก”ื™ ืžืงืจื ื–ื” ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื.

ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื“ืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืžืก”ื™ ื”ื ”ืœ “ืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ‘ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช’, ืจ”ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืฉ ื•ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืขืฆืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืœืฉืœื ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•”. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš, ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืขื™”ื› ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื—ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื—ืงื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืืœื ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ืข”ื› ื’ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืจื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื”.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื›”ื” ื ืžื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื•, ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื”ื•ื ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืชืื•ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืš ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืืฃ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื”. ื•ื›”ื  ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ ืฉื “ื•ื™ืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืฉื— ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžื™ืžื™ื•”, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ื“ื›ืœ ืžืฉ”ื› ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ืืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ’ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื ื›ืœืœืช ื‘”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื•”.

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Harav Hagaon Meir Wahrsager Shlita

Connection Creates Kedushah

Acharei Mos โ€“ Kedoshim

Harav Hagaon Meir Wahrsager

Parashas Kedoshim opens with the command of: ืงึฐื“ึนืฉืึดื™ื ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ื›ึผึดื™ ืงึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ืึฒื ึดื™ ื”’ ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื. According to Rashi, this is a mitzvah to distance ourselves from immorality: ื”ื•ื• ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื•ืช. The next passuk says: ืึดื™ืฉื ืึดืžึผื•ึน ื•ึฐืึธื‘ึดื™ื• ืชึผึดื™ืจึธืื•ึผ, and the Ohr Hachaim Hakadosh wonders, what is the connection between the mitzvah to remain holy and refrain from arayos, and the mitzvah to revere our parents?

He offers a fascinating answer:

ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืฉื ืื ืฉื™ ืืžืช ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืชื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื— ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื•ืชืžื ืขื”ื• ืžื‘ื•ื ืืœ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจื• ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื• ืชื™ืจืื•.

Citing the chachmai hakabbalah, the Ohr Hachaim explains that if a son finds himself in a nisayon in matters of kedushah, he should visualize his father, and that image of his father will strengthen his own koach hakedushah and help him to refrain from stumbling in this area.

The Ohr Hachaim continues: ื•ืœื–ื” ืžื™ ืฉืชืงืคื• ื™ืฆืจื• ื™ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืœื“ื™ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืžืฉื™ื‘ ื ืคืฉ โ€” if someone experiences a nisayon in matters of arayos, he should try to visualize his parents.

Indeed, the Gemara (Sotah 36b) relates that when Yosef Hatzaddik faced the nisayon of Eishes Potifar, according to one opinion he himself was unable to overcome that nisayon, so he was shown the image of his father: ื ื–ื“ืžื ื” ืœื• ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืื‘ื™ื•. Generally, we understand that this was a one-time occurrence that happened to Yosef Hatzaddik, but according to what the Ohr Hachaim says, this idea is relevant to every Yid: If a person experiences temptation in matters of kedushah, visualizing the image of his parents will save him and empower him to overcome the nisayon.

On a simple level, visualizing oneโ€™s parents is some sort of segulah, a marvelous thing. But Iโ€™d like to try to understand two points: what the child gains from visualizing his parents, and the unbelievable power and influence that parents can have on their children.

Itโ€™s Never an Isolated Moment

We can suggest the following idea. One powerful tool of the yetzer hara in the area of arayos is to cause a person to feel disconnected from everything and feel that heโ€™s living in the moment. โ€œWhat difference will it make?โ€ he tells himself. โ€œIโ€™ll have a small, quick fix, Iโ€™ll look somewhere I shouldnโ€™t look, Iโ€™ll do an act that I shouldnโ€™t do โ€” it will be a few moments, one night.โ€

The entire koach of the yetzer hara of arayos is in isolating everything to a moment: Itโ€™s the power of disconnection. Shlomo Hamelech says (Mishlei 18:1): ืœึฐืชึทืึฒื•ึธื” ื™ึฐื‘ึทืงึผึตืฉื ื ึดืคึฐืจึธื“, conveying that where thereโ€™s disconnection, thatโ€™s when the yetzer hara can grab hold of a person.

When a person visualizes his source โ€” his parents โ€” he realizes that heโ€™s part of something big, part of a legacy that spans the chain of generations of Klal Yisrael. This gives him a feeling of connection, and once he realizes that heโ€™s connected to something much bigger, the yetzer hara of arayos no longer has anything to sell him.

Only when a person isnโ€™t part of anything big and feels no continuity can the yetzer hara of arayos gain a foothold.

One type of tumah that comes upon a person who stumbles in this area is tumas keri, and keri has the same root as mikreh. Keri is when the person takes his koach of procreation, which is potentially one of the most powerful forces in a person, one that can actually create the connection from generation to generation through producing offspring, and instead of using that unbelievable power to create continuity, he transforms it into something transient and momentary. Thatโ€™s tumas keri.

 

Two Arcs of Influence

The Ohr Hachaimโ€™s advice to visualize oneโ€™s parents at time of nisayon also provides a glimpse into the tremendous influence a parent can have on a child. We were zocheh this past zman in yeshiva to learn the sugyos of chinuch in the vaadim, and we discussed that there are two fundamental channels of influence that parents have upon children. On one hand, thereโ€™s the channel of: ืฉืึฐืžึทืข ื‘ึผึฐื ึดื™ ืžื•ึผืกึทืจ ืึธื‘ึดื™ืšึธ โ€” the face-to-face interactions, the talks, the mussar shmuessen, the instructions, even the punishments we give our children. Those direct interactions comprise most of the effort and energy people invest into their chinuch. But in truth, thereโ€™s an entirely different dimension of chinuch that we donโ€™t pay attention to, and that is probably the stronger influence on our children and has many advantages over the direct chinuch we do, and thatโ€™s what we call ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•.

From this Ohr Hachaim, we see that the ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• was not something that existed only with Yosef and Yaakov, but is, rather, something that exists for all generations. This ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• is the overall, general image that the parents create and that the child keeps in his subconscious; itโ€™s always there.

This second channel of chinuch encompasses the example that the parents set, and the many subtle messages that are absorbed silently. The more the parent is consistent in what he stands for โ€” whether itโ€™s ahavas haTorah, yiras Shamayim, shalom bayis, honesty in business, tefillah, bein adam lโ€™chaveiro, and so on โ€” the more those values are instilled in the child.

Thereโ€™s an amazing phenomenon that Iโ€™ve noticed many times. Often, as children are growing up โ€” especially when theyโ€™re in their teenage years โ€” they wonโ€™t listen to the direct messages and talks they hear from their parents, and theyโ€™ll fight strenuously against their parentsโ€™ instructions, whether itโ€™s about going to minyan on time, about chashivus for tefillah, about being koveiโ€™a ittim, about honoring older people, etc. But as time goes on and the children get married and build their own homes, these same children will fight strenuously for the same values that their parents lived for. Suddenly, those things are kodesh kodashim to them. If, say, their father was careful with davening, they, too, will be careful with davening. If their father was medakdek in certain minhagim, or if he was makpid to be honest in business, that becomes the most holy thing to the child.

What happened? What changed? The answer is that this is the power of ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•. Itโ€™s a profound koach, far deeper than the child can understand. In general, the parent-child relationship is one of the deepest relationships that exists: ื‘ืจื ื›ืจืขื ื“ืื‘ื•ื”, the parent and the child are one. Therefore, what parents stand for is one of the most powerful driving forces in a child, propelling him to continue and follow in the path of their values.

When parents argue with a child, many other koches hanefesh are triggered in the child, including rebellion and other negative aspects of his character. But these are only the external, superficial parts of the child.

We have to realize that what we stand for, and what we are, creates a personal example for the child that becomes ingrained deeply within him. What we push for in life is whatโ€™s going to remain with the child, and that is going to give him strength, even when he doesnโ€™t have his own koach, to follow the ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• and continue the example that we created for him.

We should all be zocheh, all the children of Klal Yisrael, to treasure the kesher to our parents and always hold on to that. And that will save us in a matzav of nisayon. At the same time, as parents, we should remember how much influence we can have upon our children, and how great a responsibility we have to set a proper example for them. From both sides, then, as children and as parents, we can fulfill the mitzvah of:ืงึฐื“ึนืฉืึดื™ื ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ .

Gut Shabbos.

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