DevarimNitzavim

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Nosson Tzvi Finkel ztโ€l

ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื ืคืœืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืžืš ื•ืœื ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื, ืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืืžืจ ืžื™ ื™ืขืœื” ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื” ื•ื™ืงื—ื” ืœื ื• ื•ื™ืฉืžื™ืขื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื•ื ืขืฉื ื” ื•ื’ื•’, ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื“ ื‘ืคื™ืš ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• (ืœ, ื™ื-ื™ื‘, ื™ื“)

ื‘ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืขื›ื‘ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื˜ ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ื•.

ืืžื ื, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื” ืืžื™ื ื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง, ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืณืณื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ืืณืณ, ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืก’ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืดืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื“ืณืณ?

ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”ย ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืืจ, ื“ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืชืžื™ื”ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจ ื“ืขืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืืžืช ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”?

ืืœื, ื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืœื•, ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืชื•. ื•ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื— ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœ,ื‘) ืดื‘ืจืืชื™ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื‘ืจืืชื™ ืœื• ืชื•ืจื” ืชื‘ืœื™ืŸืด, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืฉื• ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืœื ื˜ืจ ื–ืฆืดืœ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–ืดืœ ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื™ื“ื” ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ื™ืขื•ืฆื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข, ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœืฉื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืื“ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืžืœืชืขื•ืช ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืฉืื•ืจื‘ ืœื• ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืœื•.

ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืดื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ืืด ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืดืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื“ืด. ืื“ื ืฉื—ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืกืจ, ืžืคืงื— ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ืจื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืณ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช, ืื›ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืžื™ื ืžืืจืฅ.

ืžืชื•ืš ‘ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉืš’

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ

ืกื™ืคืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืคืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืคื•ื ื™ื‘ื–ืณ ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืฉืžืข ืžื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื–ืฆืดืœ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’ื”ืดืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืดืœ:

ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ืขื•ืžืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”?! ื•ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื ื–ืฆืดืœ ืคื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืงืจืื• ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ืดืืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ”.

ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืชืžื™ื“ ื””ืกื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช.

ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื—ื” ืืžืจ ื””ืกื‘ื”: ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ? ืจืง ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•! ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ืดื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ืด, ื•ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืดื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ืด, ื•ืื•ืคื ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืืœื• ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื–ื”. ืจืง ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ื ืฆื‘ื™ื

ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื›ืชื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ืชืžื•ืŸ

ืข’ ื‘ืžื”ืจ”ื ืฉื™ืง ืื•”ื— ืกื™’ ืฉ’ ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืืžืจ ื•ื ืชื ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ื›ื•’ ื‘ืจ”ื” ื™ื›ืชื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ืชืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื‘ืจ”ื” ื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจ”ื” ืืœื ื‘ื™ื•”ื›.

ื•ืชื™’ ื—ื“ื ื“ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื™”ืช ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืชื™’ ื“ื’ื ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืž”ืž ืชื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื• ืจืข ื’ื ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื•ื‘ื“ ืขืžื”ื ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืžื””ื˜ ืืžืจ ื”ืคื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ืชืžื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ื™ืจื™ ื’ื ื‘ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืž”ืž ืœื ื ื—ืชื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื“ ื™ื•”ื› ืฉื ื—ืชื ื’ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื”ืจ”ื ืฉื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•’ ื–ื›ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ืชื”, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ื‘ืจ”ื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื™ืชื”, ื•ื”ื› ืœื›ื’ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.

ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™”ืœ ืขืค”ื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ื˜”ื– ืข”ื‘ ื•ื–”ืœ ื•ืจ’ ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ืœื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืงืืžืจ ื—ื˜ืื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื”ื•ื” ืžืœืชื ื“ื”ื•ื ืžืžื™ืœื ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ื•”ื› ืžืฆื•ื” ืžื””ืช ืœื”ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื˜ืืชื™ื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”’ ืชื˜ื”ืจื• ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ืขืฉื• ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื–ื• ื–ื›ื• ื•ื ืฉืชื›ืจื• ื•ืื ืœื ืขืฉื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจื• ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืขื• ื•ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืœืจืขืชื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื™ื”ื ื”ืงืœ ืžื˜ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ืกื“ ืœืืœืชืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื™ื•”ื› ืื ื–ื›ื• ืœื ื”ืจื•ื™ื—ื• ื›ืœื•ื ื•ืื ืœื ื–ื›ื• ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•, ื•ืœื ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื–ื›ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ื“ืขื“ื™ืคื ืžื”ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื‘ ื—ืกื“ ืžื˜ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ืกื“ ื•ืื ืœื ื–ื›ื• ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืขื›”ืœ. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ื”ื ื“ืงืชื ื™ ื–ื›ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ืชื”, ื›”ื– ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื• ื›ืจืฉืข, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ”ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™. ื•ืœืคื™ ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ืœื›ื’ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืงื•’ ืžื”ืจ”ื ืฉื™ืง.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื’”ื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืืœื ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืชื›ืชื‘ ืืœื ืชื—ืชื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืœืฆื“ื™ืง. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจ”ื ืฉืคื™’ ื”ื ื“ืืžืจื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืื“ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ”ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืื– ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื—ืชื™ืžื”, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืจ”ื ื“ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื™ื™ืจื™. ื•ืžื–ื” ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื”ื’ืจ”ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืจืฉืขื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื””ื‘.

ืฉื ื” ืฉืจืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืžืชืขืฉืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื”

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Eliezer Yehuda Finkel Shlita

ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžืžื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ืข, ื•ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื™ืจืื• ืžืœืคื ื™ื• (ืงื”ืœืช ื’). ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืจืื” ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื›ืœ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืจืฉื™ื” ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืชื”, ื•ืขื•ืžืง ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ‘ื•ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื™ืจืื• ืžืœืคื ื™ื•’. ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ืืœื ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื–ื”, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืฉืชืื” ื•ืžืฉืชื•ืžื ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”’ ื›ื›ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช, ืžื” ื”ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื• ื•ื”ืขื ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืจืคืœ ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืืจืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืคื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืœื‘ ืžื™ ืœื ื™ื—ืจื“ ื›ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื›ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืžื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืฉ ืžื™ ื‘ื—ื ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกืงื™ืœื” ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ ื™ื ื•ืข ื•ืžื™ ื™ื ื•ื— ืžื™ ื™ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืžื™ ื™ื˜ืจืฃ, ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื™ืจืื”, ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืžืง ื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื–ื•ืขืงื™ื ื•ืจื•ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ ื”’ ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ื”ื, ืžืื””ืž ื—ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืก ื•ืžืคืœื˜, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืฉื•ืื” ืฉืงื˜ื” ื ื•ืจืื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืข ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ”ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ืกืคื• ืœ”ืข, ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืงื˜ืคื• ืœ”ืข, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ืœืื™ื ื‘ืคื– ื ื’ื“ืขื• ื‘ืžื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”, ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื— ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืฉื’ืจืช ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืจืคืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื ื”ื–ื”, ืžื” ืื“ื™ืจ ื›ื— ื”ืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ, ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ื— ื•ืžืงื”ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจ”ื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื›ื ื” ืžืžืฉ, ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื ื—ืฉ ืื ืจื•ื‘ื• ื–ื›ืื™ ืื• ืœื, ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ‘ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ ืืœืš’ ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืข”ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื”.

ืื™ืš ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœ”ื˜, ืžื™ ื™ืžืฆื” ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืžืฆืคื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืขืŸ ื•ืžืฉืขื ื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืฃ ื•ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื–ื” ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื ื›”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื˜ื‘ ื•ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘, ืžื” ืกื•ื“ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช.

ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจ”ื” (ื“ืฃ ื˜ื–) ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืจืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ืœืชื” ืžืชืขืฉืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืžืจืฉื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ืช ืกื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื—ืจื™ืช, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ”ื™ ‘ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืจืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืจ”ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืฉ’, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืžื”ื• ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ‘ืจืฉื”’, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ.

ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืชืงื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืจ”ื”, ืœื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื•ื ืžืจ”ื— ืืœื•ืœ ืฉืื– ืขืœื” ืžืฉื” ืœืžืจื•ื, ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื• ื›ื”ืจืž”ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื“’ ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืจ”ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืจ”ื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืฉื™ืชื ืขืฆืžื›ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืคื ื™, ื•ืœื›ืื•’ ื”ื› ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื™ื•ื””ื› ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืจ”ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื›ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื“ื•ืงื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืจ”ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆ”ื‘ ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ‘ื›ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืจืฉื™ื ื“ืคืงื ื• ื“ืœืชื™ืš’, ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ื™ืขื ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื™ืžื” ืฉื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืชื ื•ืœื›ืื•’ ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืกืœื™ื—ื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื—ื–”ืœ ืชืงื ื• ืœื ื• ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื™ืขืฉื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืž’ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืขื–ืจื ืชื™ืงืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืงืœืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืงื•ื“ื ืจ”ื” ืชื›ืœื” ืฉื ื” ื•ืงืœืœื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื” ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืชื™ืงืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืœืงืจื•ืชื” ืงื•ื“ื ืจ”ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื’ื•ืจื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ืฆ”ื‘ ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืžื ื ื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืขืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืœื ื‘ืก”ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืืฆืœื•. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ (ื‘ืจ”ืจ ืคืจืฉื” ื ื“) ‘ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ืžืชื ื” ืืžืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื’’ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืžื” ื˜ืขื, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืืœืงื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืœื ื—ืœื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืจื™ืกื•ืชื™ื›ื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืœื ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืš ื“ืืช ืืžืจ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ื’ื ืš. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืœื ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื’. ื•ืฆ”ื‘ ืžื” ืขื•ืžืง ืžืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฆ”ื‘ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืœื ืžื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจ’ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื˜ืืช ืฉืžื™ื ื”, ื•ืžื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘’ืจืืฉื™ืช’.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืžื”ืœืš ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”’ืจืืฉื™ืช’ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ืื“ื ื ืืžื ื” ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืช’ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืื ื• ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื• ื•ืื ื• ืจืง ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื›ื— ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืขืฆืžื ื•, ื•ืœื–ื” ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจย  ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื”ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืœื ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ื”’ืจืืฉื™ืช’ ื‘ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื™ื“ื• ื ืชื ื• ืœื•, ื•ืœื ืื ื• ื”ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื•ืืคื™’ ืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ืื‘ืœ ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ื”ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื–ื” ืคื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ืข”ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฉืช ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆ”ืž ื•ื›ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื” ื–ื•, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืกื“ ื•ืžืชื ืช ื—ื ื. ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืื ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ื’ื ืš ืื• ืคืจื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืื• ืœื—ืžื• ืฉืืคื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื ืื ื• ื”ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืœื ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืชื• ื™ืช’. ื•ื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื’’ ืžืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืœื•ื ืจืง ื”ื›ืœ ื—ืกื“ื• ื™ืช’, ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืœืฉืœื ื’ืžื•ืœ ืื• ืœืชืช ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื•ื“ื”, ืืœื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื ืคืฉื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•.

ื•ื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืจ”ื” ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื“ื”ืขืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืจ’ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืกื•ื“ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”, ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื›ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืœื™ืช ืœื ื• ืžื’ืจืžื™ื ื• ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื ืžืฉืœื™ื ืœืœื‘ื ื” ื“ืœื™ืช ืœื” ืœื’ืจืžื” ื›ืœื•ื, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืชืขืฉืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ืื• ืขื•ื ืฉ ืืœื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืฉืื ื• ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข. ื•ืื ืื ื• ื”ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืค”ืข ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืชืงื•ื”. ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจ”ื” ื”ืจื™ ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืคื™’ ื—ื˜ื ื•ืœื ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื, ืืœื ืขืฆื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืขื™ื ื ื• ืœืš ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื›ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื›ืœื•ื, ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉืคืข ื•ื–ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื— ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื• ื ื•ื”ื’, ื–ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืงื™ื•ื, ืจืง ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืค”ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื›ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืœื™ืช ืœื ื• ืžื’ืจืžื™ื ื• ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื™ืช’ ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ืžืง ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจ ื ื‘ืจื ืื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืง ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืžืœื›ืชื™ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืœื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื ื• ืฉืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืคืจื ืกื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš, ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืฉืคืข ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืฉื™ื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืชืขืฉืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื”, ืืœื ืจืฉื™ื ืื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื•ืขื•ืžื“.

ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืชืงื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืจ”ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ื’ื”ื ื•ื, ืืœื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื›ื™ืจ ืฉ’ืœืš ื”’ ื”ืฆื“ืงื”’, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืกื“ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืข”ื› ืื ื• ื›ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื ื™ื ื• ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžืกื™”ื  ื‘ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™’ ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื ืขื•ืœื”, ื•ืข”ื› ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื“ืจ”ื”, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื›ืคืจืช ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื ื›ืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ื•ืืชื” ืžืœื›ื™ื ื• ืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ืš ื•ืืชื” ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืื ื• ืจืขื™ืชืš ื•ืืชื” ื“ื•ื“ื ื•, ื•ืข”ื› ื‘ืขื™’ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžื•ืžื™ืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื” ื–ื•. ื•ืข”ื› ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ืงื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื›ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืจืฉื™ื, ืืžื ื ืื™”ื– ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ื™ืœื” ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื‘ืจื™ืื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืข”ื› ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื™ืช ืœื ื• ืžืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื›ืœื•ื. โ€“ ื ืžืฆื ืœืค”ื– ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื ื›ื”ื›”ืช ืœื›ืคืจื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืœื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”’ืจืืฉื™ืช’, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ‘ื›ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื“ืคืงื ื• ื“ืœืชื™ืš’, ื•ื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจ”ื” ื‘ื’ ืชืฉืจื™ ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื›ื ื” ืžื’ ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื–ื• ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื›ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื‘ืœื ืขื, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ืœื” ืฉื ื” ื•ืงืœืœื•ืชื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื—ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืขื™”ื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืžืชืขืฉืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื”. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื•ืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ืš ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืชืขืฉืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ. โ€“ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื•”ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืกืชื™ืจ ื•ื™ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืื ื™ื›ืคื•ืจ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืื”ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืจื•ืฆื”, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืืช ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืงื‘ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ ‘ื”ืจืฃ ืžืžื ื™ ื•ืื›ืœื’, ืื– ืงื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืชื™ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืื—ื•ืŸ’, ืืข”ืค ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื” ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื—ืŸ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•. โ€“ ื‘ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื•ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืœื‘ ‘ื•ื ืชื ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ’, ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืžืžืœื™ื›ื™ื, ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ‘ื•ืืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžืœืš ืงืœ ื—ื™ ื•ืงื™ื™ื’ ‘ืื™ืŸ ืงืฆื‘ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืชื™ืš’.

ื–ื” ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”’, ื›ื“ืื™ืชื (ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื) ื‘ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”’ ื–ื” ืจ”ื”, ื•ื ื•ืจื ืžืื“ ื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื™ืœื ื• ื–ื” ื™ื•ื””ื› ืฉืกืคืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืื•’ ืื™ืคื›ื ืžืกืชื‘ืจื ื“ืจ”ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืจื ืžืื•ื“ ืฆ”ืœ ื•ื ื•ืจื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ ื™ื›ื™ืœื ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื””ื› ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื—ืกื“ ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฆ”ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”’, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื“ ื•ื—ืœื—ืœื” ืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ืคืœืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืกื“ ืขืฆื•ื ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืžื™ ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืžืœื›ืชื• ืžื™ ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ื•ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืž”ื” ืขื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื™ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื™ืฆื“ืง ืœืคื ื™ืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™.

ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื”, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืคื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื–ื”, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืืช, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื”ืฉื•ืื”. โ€“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื— ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื›ื—ื™ ื•ืขื•ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื”, ื’ื ื›ืฉืจื•ืื” ืฆ”ื— ืงืœืœื•ืช, ื–ื” ื›ื— ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื. ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ‘ื›ื™ ืื ืœื™ืจืื”’ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืœื ืงืœืœื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืก”ื” ืคืชื— ื›ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ืœื‘, ื˜ื™ืคืช ื™ืจืื”, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ, ืื ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื” ื™ื•ืขื™ืœื• ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื.

ื”ืจื™ ืื“ื ืœื ื™ืฉืชื” ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืจืขืœ, ืื– ืœืžื” ื›ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”’ ื™ืจื—ื, ื›ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื• ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืœื, ื›ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ืงืจืœื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื–ื•ื•ืขืช ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ ืฉืžืข ื›ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืจื›ื‘ืœ ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื™ืืžื™, ื›ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ‘ื•ืชืคืชื— ื”ืืจืฅ ืืช ืคื™ื”’ ื‘ื‘ื””ื— ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง ืืคื™’ ื”ืืชื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื—ื ื•, ื›ืฉื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ืคืชืื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื ืขืคื• ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื•ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืžืฉืจื™ืคื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืœืžื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจืช, ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื–ื” ืจ’ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืœื ื˜ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื–ื•ืขืง ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืžื’ื™ืข ืจ”ื” ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ื•ื– ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืชื ื”ื’ ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื›”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ืจื ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื”, ื‘”ื” ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืจ”ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ ืืœืš ืœื ื™ืื‘ื” ื”’ ืกืœื— ืœื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืจืขืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ืื—ื•ื– ื–ืขื™ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžื—ืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืขืฉื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื“ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจ? ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืคื—ื“ ืคื—ื“ื™ื.

ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžื˜ืจื”, ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืช ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื—ื™ื”, ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘, ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืจืžื– ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืง ื•ืžื•ืคืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื ื•, ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื•ืคืœืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขืžื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฆื ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘”ื” ื”ื•ื ื›”ื› ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืื ื—”ื• ื™ืฉ ืฆืจื” ื•ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืžื’ืคื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื, ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืขืฆื™ืžืชื ืื™ื ื• ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ืฉื, ื•ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื›ืกืš ื•ืžื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืข ื•ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืง ืžืœื—ืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืงื ื, ื•ืžื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื ืืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืœืฉ”ืฉ, ื•ื›”ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ืžื—ืคืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื›ื— ืฉืชืงื•ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ ืจืžื”, ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืืŸ ื•ืœืžื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื ื”, ื”ืœื ื”ื‘ืข”ื— ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืืœื• ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื” ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื”ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืคืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืง ืžืœื”ืชื’ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื›ืขืก ื•ืžื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื“ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืœื ืœืข”ืœ ื›ืฉื™ืจืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื ื™? ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™? ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›”ื› ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืคืœื.

ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืœื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืœื ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘, ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื— ืœื• ืฉืœื ื ื‘ืจื, ื•ื”ื› ื›ืžื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ื— ืฉื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”’ ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ืจื ื• ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืืจื™ื ื ืฉื’ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ, ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื•ืœืช ื•ืœื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ืกื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื• ื›ืœื™ ื—ืžื“ืชื• ืœื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ื•ืœื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืกืจ ื—”ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืจืง ืืžืจืชื™ ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš, ืžื™ ื›ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืขื ื›ื–ื” ืฉืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืืชื ื”ืžืžืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืžื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขืจืฆื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืจืคื™ ืžืขืœื”, ืืชื ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืš ืืชืคืืจ ืจืื• ื ื ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื, ืื ืื ื• ื ืจืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ืขืœื” ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ื•ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”’ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื‘ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ื–ื›ื” ืฉื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘, ืฉืชื”ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืชืขืฉืจืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื”, ืฉื™ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื–ื™ื• ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืœื”ืชืขื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ืชืจ ืงื“ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”’ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืชื‘ื•ืืชื”, ืœื”ืžืœื™ื›ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ืฉื™ืคืงื“ื ื• ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื•ื™ื—ืชืžื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื›ื ื• ืžื”ืจื” ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช ืœืืจืฆื™ื ื• ืขื ืžืœื›ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื— ืฆื“ืงื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื ื•. ืฉื ืช ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉื•ืขื”, ื’ืœื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื”ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืคืข ื•ื”ื ืฉื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื™, ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ื›ื•ืœื ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ืš ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ ืฉืœื.

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Moreinu Hagaon Harav Nachman Levovitz Shlita

The King is Near!

Selichos/Rosh Hashanah

Moreinu Hagaon Harav Nachman Levovitz Shlita

This past Motzaei Shabbos โ€” here in yeshiva, on Sunday morning โ€” we started to say Selichos.

The Chayei Adam, at the beginning of Hilchos Rosh Hashanah, discusses why we say Selichos. He explains that Chodesh Elul โ€” which Chazal established as the ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช, with a special emphasis on tefillah and bakashah โ€” are the special days when Moshe Rabbeinu went up to Shomayim and davened for Klal Yisrael. During those days, he merited to turn these days into ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช not only for that period after the chet haโ€™eigel, but for all time. These forty days will always be special in the sense that Hakadosh Baruch Hu listens to our tefillos in a heightened way, not the regular ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ of every day. Every day needs rachamim โ€” without it the world wouldnโ€™t stand โ€” but these days of Elul are special days of rachamim, and they were established through Moshe Rabbeinuโ€™s tefillah and bakashah for kapparah on Klal Yisraelโ€™s behalf. Because these days have remained ื™ืžื™ ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช, there are special tefillos to be said at this time.

In addition, Selichos parallels the bikur, inspection, of a korban offered in the Beis Hamikdash. A korban requires four days of inspection to ensure that it has no mum (blemish) preventing it from being offered on the mizbeiโ€™ach, and the same is true of us: We need at least four days of Selichos prior to Rosh Hashanah. In a year like this one, when Rosh Hashanah falls on Tuesday, we start the week before, since Selichos have to start on Motzaโ€™ei Shabbos. This gives us more opportunities to check ourselves and ensure that we are temimim vโ€™sheleimim.

Regarding the korbanos of all the Yamim Tovim, the Torah says ื•ึฐื”ึดืงึฐืจึทื‘ึฐืชึถึผื ืขึนืœึธื”, while regarding the Rosh Hashanah it says ื•ึทืขึฒืฉึดื‚ื™ืชึถื ืขึนืœึธื”, and Chazal explain that the difference between Rosh Hashanah and every other Yom Tov is that on Yom Tov you bring the korban, whereas on Rosh Hashanah you are the korban โ€” youโ€™re bringing yourself to Hakadosh Baruch Hu.

The Ramban, in his hakdamah to Chumash Vayikra, says that when a person brings a korban, he is meant to think that it is as though he is offering himself on the mizbeiโ€™ach, and that all the avodah done to the korban are really being done to him. Similarly, we need to prepare ourselves and put ourselves in the proper position to be able to stand in front of Hakadosh Baruch Hu on Rosh Hashanah and crown Him King over us. This is not easy; it needs a lot of work. But above everything else you have to check yourself and ensure that you have no mumin that would prevent you from being mamlich Hashem. For this we need the four days of inspection, and thatโ€™s the idea of saying Selichos before Rosh Hashanah.

I hope that during these days weโ€™ll have the opportunity and the will to work on ourselves, cleanse ourselves, and prepare ourselves, making ourselves pure and clean so that we can stand before Hakadosh Baruch Hu and ask Him: ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืœืคื ื™ืš, which really means, bring us back to where we were prior to the chet. Then, we were close to Hakadosh Baruch Hu, and we had a kesher with Him. He embraced us and kept us beside Him all the time, but then the chet distanced us, to the extent that Hashem declares that He cannot live together with us anymore.

So we ask Hashem: ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ื• ื”’ ืืœื™ืš ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€” this is really the avodah of the period leading up to Rosh Hashanah, the days of Selichos.

How do you return? Rabbeinu Yonah gives the exact directions: through charatah, kabbalah, azivas hachet, etc.

Rav Yeruchamโ€™s Critique

About a century ago, the president of Poland decided to travel around the entire country to get a feel for the land he was governing. He traveled with a whole entourage, and they went to check out all the different places in Poland. One of the places they visited was a hamlet called Mir. Out of respect for the visiting dignitary, the yeshivaโ€™s hanhallah and talmidim donned special clothing and went out to welcome him. Thereโ€™s actually a picture of how they were all standing and waiting for him to come.

The next day, my zeideh, the mashgiach, asked to say a shmuess in the yeshiva; apparently, he was not supposed to speak that day, but he called everyone and said he wanted to address them. He told them that he had a strong criticism of the reaction of the bochurim to the arrival of the king. No one said anything; they just stood there and watched the way he went by. โ€œThatโ€™s kevod malchus?โ€ he asked. โ€œThatโ€™s how you show honor to the king?โ€

He explained that in a nearby hamlet called Karelitz, when the king came with his entourage, the people lay down on the ground and said, โ€œWeโ€™re not moving from here until the king helps us. King, you must help us!โ€

โ€œThat,โ€ he said, โ€œis kevod malchus.โ€

In other words, the people of Karelitz acknowledged that they were powerless to do anything without the kingโ€™s help, and that without him, they had no future whatsoever. In Mir, in contrast, the people just stood and said nothing, which conveyed that they didnโ€™t need the king, and they werenโ€™t interested in him: โ€œWe can manage on our own, thank you very much. Donโ€™t make harsh decrees or do bad things to us, and donโ€™t bother us โ€” just leave us alone.โ€

โ€œThatโ€™s not kavod,โ€ the mashgiach said.

We have to remember that this is the time of ื“ืจืฉื• ื”’ ื‘ื”ืžืฆืื•. During these special days of Chodesh Elul and Aseres Yemei Teshuvah, Hakadosh Baruch Hu says, โ€œIโ€™m here โ€” ask Me!โ€

If we go on with our lives as usual โ€” our davening is the same, our kiyum mitvos is the same, weโ€™re not asking Hashem to help us โ€” then weโ€™re essentially saying, โ€œEibishter, everything is fine, we can manage without you,โ€ chas vโ€™shalom. Thatโ€™s a bizayon to the King! When we come to crown Hakadosh Baruch Hu, weโ€™re asking Him to be King over us because without Him thereโ€™s nothing, thereโ€™s no world and thereโ€™s no life. Everything depends on Hashem: ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื•. And thatโ€™s really our bakashah.

Hakadosh Baruch Hu should help us be zocheh to be be mekabel ol malchus Shomayim fully, and we should be zocheh to a ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

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