BereishisMikeitz

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ื•ืฉื ืืชื ื• ื ืขืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืœืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื (ืžื, ื™ื‘)
ืืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ (ืจืฉืดื™).

ื”ืงืฉื” ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืงืœืœื” ื–ื• ‘ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœืžื”’ ืœื ื ืืžืจื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืจืฉืขื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ืกื“, ืœืžื” ื“ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืืœื• ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืกื“ ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื•ื—ืกื“ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ืกื“ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช?

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ: ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช, ืื“ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืกื“ ืžืชืขืœื” ื•ืžืชืจื•ืžื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืชื‘ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ืขื“ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืงืœืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืกื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ืกื“. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื™, ื‘) ืดืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•: ื‘ื ื™, ืžื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื“, ืœื“) ืฆื“ืงื” ืชืจื•ืžื ื’ื•ื™ ื•ื—ืกื“ ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื—ื˜ืืช, ื ืขื ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืืžืจ: ‘ืฆื“ืงื” ืชืจื•ืžื ื’ื•ื™’ – ืืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื–, ื›ื’) ‘ื•ืžื™ ื›ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ’, ‘ื•ื—ืกื“ ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื—ื˜ืืช’ – ื›ืœ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื—ืกื“ ืฉืื•ืžื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืืœื ืœื”ืชื’ื“ืœืด.

ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื—ื˜ืื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื—ืกื“, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื—ืกื“ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื˜ืืช – ืดื•ื—ืกื“ ืœืื•ืžื™ื ื—ื˜ืืชืด, ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืกื“ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื ืชื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืกื“ื ืฉืœื, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ืกื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื˜ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื ื•ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœืœ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื—ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ืืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ืžื”.

ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ (ืขืž’ ืงืฆืดื‘)

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ
ื’’ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืœ”ื˜

ืคืขื ื”ืชืืจื— ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”ย ืืฆืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื‘ืฉืขืช ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืขืžืœ ืขืœื™ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืขืฆื ื”ืžืืจื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื•. ืจื””ื™ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืืจื—ื• ื”ืขื™ื™ืฃ, ืขืฆืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื ื•ื—ืชื•. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืืจื— ืคืงื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉืจื””ื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.

ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžืจืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืืš ื”ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืฆื ื”ืžืืจื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ื™ืฃ. ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืฆืจ ืžืจืŸ ืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื”. ื”ืžืืจื— ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืงื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉืจื””ื™ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืจืŸ: ืื ืื™ื ืš ืขื™ื™ืฃ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืขื•ืฆื ืืชื” ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ืš? ืขื ื” ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•: ื›ืฉืฉื•ืžืข ืื ื™ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ืš, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฆื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื•ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืžืข ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืจ’ ื™ืจื•ื—ื.

ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™: ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ืื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืืฆืœื™ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืจ’ ื™ืจื•ื—ื, ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจื‘ื™!

ืชื ืฆื‘”ื”

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ืžืงืฅ

ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”

(ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืค’ ืžืงืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืืœื ื›ืฉื—ื ื•ื›ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืค’ ืžืงืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืœ ืจ”ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืกืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื ืžืฆื ื™ื•ื ื’ ื“ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืข”ืฉ. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื”, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ืชืฉืค”ื“, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”).

ื‘ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื“ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืŸ.

ืข’ ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืจืœ”ื‘ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื‘ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื“ืžื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืื‘ ื•ื‘ืœืข ืžื‘ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“. ื•ืข”ืข ื”ืจ ืชืงืก”ื— ื˜”ื• ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ืžื‘”ื‘ ื ”ื— ืข”ื ืืžืื™ ืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉื ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื. ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉ”ืฉ ืžื” ืฉืชื™’ ืžืฉื•ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืžืฆืื• ืžืžื–ืจื•ืช. (ื•ืข’ ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื™”ืฉ ืงืœ”ื” ื‘ืืžืจื” ืฉืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืื—ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืžืžื–ืจื•ืช ืขืค”ื™ ื”ืจืฉ”ืฉ ื”ื ”ืœ).

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžืžืขืฉื” ื“ืฉืœืžื” ืืžืื™ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื–ื”. ื•ืชื™ืงืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ ืก’ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžืขืฉื” ืก”ื— ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืฉืœืžื” ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื ืจืก”ื’.

(ื•ืข’ ื–ืจืข ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขืœ ืฉื”ืฉ”ืจ ื’ ื™’ ืฉืคื™’ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื™ ื”ืื‘, ืฉืืžืจื• ื›ืŸ ืœืชืจืฅ ืงื•’ ื”ื ”ืœ).

(ื•ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื ื‘ืขืœืžื, ื‘ื–ื” ื™”ืœ ืœืคืž”ืฉ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืฉื” ื•ื—ืžื•ืชื” ื•ื”ื› ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืœื ืžื”ื ื™ ืœื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื“ื. ืืš ืž”ืž ืงืฉื” ืืžืื™ ืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉืœืžื” ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื“ืจ’ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ).

ื•ืข”ืข ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื™”ื’ ืง”ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื. ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื”ืจื™ ืืžืจื• ื‘ื ื“ื” ืœ”ื ืข”ื ื“ืืžื• ืžื–ืจืขืช ืื•ื“ื. ื•ืข’ ื ืฉืžืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื”ืข”ื– ื“’ ืขืž’ ืœ’ ื“ื“ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ืื• ืžืื—ืจ ืื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจืฉ”ื– ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื“ืืคืฉืจ ื“ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–”ืœ ืื™ื ื ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื. ื•ืข”ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืจื™ื‘”ืฉ ืชืž”ื– ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชื•ืจืชื ื• ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืื ื ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•’ ืข”ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื‘”ืฉ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช. ื•ืข”ืฉ ื ืฉืžืช ืื‘ืจื”ืย  ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืชื—ืœืคื• ืื ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื.

ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื”

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ืดื•ื™ืืžืจ ืคืจืขื” ืืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื›ื ื›ืžื•ืš, ืืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ืš ื™ืฉืง ื›ืœ ืขืžื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณืด (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื ืœื˜-ืž).

ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืชืžื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืคืจืขื” ืžืœืš ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืžืœืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉืจื™ื• ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืžื•ืกืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืื™ืฉ ื–ืจ, ื ืขืจ, ืขื‘ื“, ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉื ื•ื ื ืคืฉื, ืžื” ืจืื• ืืฆืœื• ืžืœื‘ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ื? ื•ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื?

ื•ืืžืจ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืงืœื ื–ืฆืดืœ ื›ื™ ืจืื” ื‘ื• ืคืจืขื” ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ (ืฉื ื˜ื–): ืดืืœืงื™ื ื™ืขื ื” ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ืคืจืขื”ืด, ื•ืžื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืขืœ ืคืจืขื” ื•ืืžืจ: ืดืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืืชืด, ื•ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ืจ ืกืžื›ื, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.

ืื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ืดืœ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื”. ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคืจืขื” (ืฉื): ืดื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืดโ€™ ื•ืคืจืฉืดื™: ืดืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืœื™, ืืœื ืืœืงื™ื ื™ืขื ื” – ื™ืชืŸ ืขื ื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื ืคืจืขื”ืด. ื›ืฉืคืจืขื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ (ืฉื ื˜ื•): ืดื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ืš ืœืืžืจ ืชืฉืžืข ื—ืœื•ื ืœืคืชืจ

ืื•ืชื•ืด, ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ: ืดื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืด, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื— ื–ื” ืฉืœื™, ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ื, ืืฃ ืœื ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื—ื›ืžืชื•

ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืกืœืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื›ืœ ืžืขืœื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื” ื›ืœืœ โ€“ ืดื‘ืœืขื“ื™”. ืขืœ ืื™ืฉ ื›ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš, ื•ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื›ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืš,

ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ื.

[ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื ืืžื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื•ืช ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืœื ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื”ื• ืคืจืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืฉืœืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืขื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจืขื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื”, ืžื•), ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืชื• ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื ื˜ืœ ืžืื•ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.]

ื”ืืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ [ืžืืžืจ ืžื•] ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื—ืกื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืžื ื” ื”ื ืื” ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืžื” ื ื•ืจื ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืณ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืŸ ืชืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืกืขืช ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ื›ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืฉืฉื™ื‘ื—ื•ื” ื›ืžื” ื ืื•ืช ืคืกื™ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื“ืงื“ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื ื•ืช (ืข”ื– ื™ื—, ื), ื•ื‘ืžืกืดื™ (ืคื˜ืดื–) ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉืฉื™ื‘ื—ื•ื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืœื›ืชื”, ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื” ืฉื“ืงื“ืงื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืจื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื— ืฉืฉื™ื‘ื—ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืจื•ืžื™, ืฉืืฃ ืฉืฉื™ื‘ื—ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืžื” ืฉื“ืงื“ืงื” ื‘ืคืกื™ืขื•ืชื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืชื•ืกืคืช ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช, ืžืดืž ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื ื˜ืœื” ื”ื ืื” ื›ืœ

ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื” ื ืขื ืฉื” ืžืจื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืžืณ.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื˜ืื ืฉืœ ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื“, ื™ื): ืดื•ื™ื—ื–ื• ืืช ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื•ืด, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื ื”ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืดื•ื™ื—ื–ื• ืืช ื”ืืœืงื™ืืด, ืืขืคืดื› ืดื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื•ืด, ื ืชืขืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื ืื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื” [ืขืดืฉ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืž”ื• ื”ื ืดืœ].

ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ: ืดื™ืคื” ืฉื™ื—ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืืด (ืจืฉืดื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื“ ืžื‘), ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื—ืชื•: ืดื•ื™ืืžืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื ื›ื™ืด (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื“ ืœื“). ื•ืœืฉื ืžื” ื‘ืื” ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื–ื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืžืื—ืจ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืœืกืชืจ ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื›ืฉืืžืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืดื‘ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื“ืณืด, ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื‘ืจื”ื (ื‘ืดืจ ืคืดืก ื–), ืœื ืจืฆื” ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื ื›ืœ ื•ืืžืจ ืดืขื‘ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื ื›ื™ืด ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ืœื•ื, (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืดืง ืฆื‘, ื‘).

ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื–ืดืœ (ื‘ืดืจ ืคืดื  ื˜), ื›ื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืœืœื•ื˜ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื˜, ื™ื’) ืดื›ื™ ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื™ื ืื ื—ื ื•ืด, ื ื“ื—ื• ืžืžื—ื™ืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืงืœืดื— ืฉื ื”. ื•ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืืžืจื•: ืดื•ื™ืฉืœื—ื ื• ื“ืณ ืœืฉื—ืชื”ืด, ืืœื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืดื›ื™ ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื™ื ืื ื—ื ื•ืด, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ื ืื” ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืจื’ืข ืื—ื“, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืขื ืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš.

ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืื•ืžื” ืžื” ืจื‘ ืฉื›ืจื• ื•ืื•ืฉืจื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื• (ืื‘ื•ืช ืคืดื• ืžืดื“): ืดื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ืชืื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจื” ืชืฉืชื”, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืฆืขืจ ืชื—ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืชื” ืขืžืœ, ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ ืืฉืจื™ืš ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืš, ืืฉืจื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืืด. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžื•ืขื˜ ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžืœ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ืืช ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ื, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืฉื›ืจื• ืฉืžื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื– ืดืืฉืจื™ืšืด.

ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ืฉืจ, ืืœื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื ืขืฉื” ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืžืณ ืกื•ื›ื” (ืžื“, ื‘): ืดืืžืจ ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ืืžืจ ืจืณ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืจืดืฉ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื ื™ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืจืืชื™ ื•ืขื“ ืขืชื”, ื•ืื™ืœืžืœื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื™ ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืœืžืœื™ ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืขืžื ื• ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื•ืด, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉืดื™: ืดื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื™ื” ื•ืขื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื• ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืณ, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืจืข ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืœื›ื™ืึพื‘ ื˜ื• ื”) ื•ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื•ื’ื•ืณ, ืœื ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืชืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ื™ื•ืด. ื•ื”ืจืดื— ืฉื ืคื™ืจืฉ: ืดื•ืœืžื” ื™ื•ืชื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ื””ื– ื›ืœื•ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ื””ื– ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืขื•ื”ืดื‘, ื•ืจืดืฉ ื•ื‘ื ื• ื•ื™ื•ืชื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ืืด. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืจืฉืดื ืฉื ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื›ืœ ืืœื• ืกื‘ืœื• ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฆืขืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ืื“ื.

ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•, ืฉืฉืœืฉืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื ื˜ืœื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื›ืœื•ื. ืœื ื ื”ื ื• ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืžื”ืจืฉืดื, ื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจืดื—, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชื ืขื ื™ื• ื’ืžื•ืจ ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉืดื™, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื•ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืื•ืžื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืจืดืฉ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื—ืื™.

ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–ืดืœ: ืดืืจืดื™ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื•ืื•ืžืจืช, ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™, ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื™ ืœื• ื‘ืงื‘ ื—ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืœืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชืด (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื“ ื‘), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™, ื•ืžื” ื˜ืขื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื™ ืœื• ื‘ืงื‘ ื—ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืœืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื”ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžืœื•ื ื ื™ืžื.

 

ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ “ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื•ืด (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื‘), “ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื•” (ืชื•”ื› ืฉื), ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื•: “ืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืš” (ืจืฉ”ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ ื›ื, ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื› ื), ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื™”ื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ (ื•ื™ืง”ืจ ืคื›”ื“ ื˜) “ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื• โ€“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ืช”ืœ ื›ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืื ื™, ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืงื“ื•ืชื›ื” [ื•ืขื™’ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืกื”].

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืฉื• ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื— ื™ื’): ืดื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจืง ืœืžืขืœื”ืด, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ืชืดืœ ืดืจืงืด, ื•ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ืœื” ืžืคืจืขื” ืฉืืžืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื ืž): ืดืจืง ื”ื›ืกื ืื’ื“ืœ ืžืžืšืด ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœืชืšืด (ื•ื™ืงืดืจ ืฉื). ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืดื [ืžืืžืจ ืก”ื”] ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขืžืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืžื™ ืฉืขืžืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ืดืคืช ื‘ืžืœื— ืชืื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจื” ืชืฉืชื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืชื” ืขืžืœืด, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืขืžืœื• ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื–ื” ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจืง ืœืžืขืœื”ืด – ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœ. [ื•ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืดื“: ืดื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืžื•ื ื™ืด, ืช”ืœ ืดืจืงืด]. ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืจืขื” ื™ืชื‘ืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืคืดื™ ื”ื ืดืœ, ืฉื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืชื• ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœื ื ื˜ืœ ืžืื•ืžื” ืœืขืฆืžื•.

ื•ื‘ื’ืžืณ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช (ืกื• ื‘) ืื™ืชื: ืดืชืดืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืžื”ืœื›ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•, ืจืื” ืจื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœืงื˜ืช ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืœื™ ื‘ื”ืžืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื ืชืขื˜ืคื” ื‘ืฉืขืจื” ื•ืขืžื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืืžืจื” ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ ืคืจื ืกื ื™, ืืžืจ ืœื” ื‘ืชื™ ืžื™ ืืช, ืืžืจื” ืœื• ื‘ืช ื ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื ื™, ืืžืจ ืœื” ื‘ืชื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืš ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืš, ืืžืจื” ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชืœื™ืŸ ืžืชืœื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืœื— ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ืกืจืด. ื•ืคื™ืจืฉืดื™: ืดื•ืœื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืœื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžืœื•ื— ืžืžื•ื ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื, ื™ื—ืกืจื ื• ืœืฆื“ืงื” ืชืžื™ื“, ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื• ื–ื”ื• ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื ืœื ืขืฉื• ืฆื“ืงื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื›ืœื” ืžืžื•ื ืŸ”. ื•ืžืงืฉื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื’ืž’: “ื ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืขื‘ื“ ืฆื“ืงื”, ื•ื”ืชื ื™ื ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืขืœ ื ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ืŸ ืชื—ืชื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงืคืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืื—ืจื™ื•, ื•ืžืฉื ื™, ืื™ื‘ืขื™ืช ืื™ืžื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ืขื‘ื“”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื: “ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ืš ืฉืœื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™, ืืœื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ืš ืขืฉื™ืชื™” (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›, ื), ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• [ื›ื“ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉื], ื•ื’ื ืืžืจ (ืฉื): “ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžืš”, ื”ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื”ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•? ื•ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ืš, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื”, ื•ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›”ื ื•ืชืŸ”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื›ื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•. ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืจืื” ืžื” ืขืœืชื” ืœื•, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืžืžื•ื ื• ืœืฆื“ืงื” ืืœื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืขืฉื”, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืžืžืžื•ื ื• ืœืฆื“ืงื”, ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš.

ืžื” ื ื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœื ื•ื˜ืœ ืืฃ ืžืขื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉืข”ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืื•ืžื”, ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื• ืœื ืœืขืฆืžื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื•ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.

โ€ซโ€ชParshaโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชPreview

Harav Hagaon Elimelech Reznick Shlita

What Kind of Nes Are We Asking For?

Chanukah

Harav Hagaon Elimelech Reznik shlita

On Chanukah, we say Al Hanissim in davening and Bircas Hamazon, and the halachah, as the Mishnah Berurah states, is that if someone forgets Al Hanissim in Bircas Hamazon, when he reaches the Harachamans, he adds: ื”ืจื—ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”. The poskim wonder how we are allowed to make this request, considering that we are not allowed to daven for a miracle; in fact, the Gemara states that davening for a nes is considered a ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื•ื. How, then, can we ask, on Chanukah, that Hashem perform miracles for us?

The Acharonim discuss this question and offer various answers, but perhaps we can suggest an answer based on the Ben Yehoyadaโ€™s explanation of the following Gemara (Taanis 25):

ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ ืฉืžืฉื™ ื—ื–ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ืจืชื™ื” ื“ื”ื•ื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื‘ื, ืืžืจ ืœื”: ื‘ืชื™ ืœืžืื™ ืขืฆื™ื‘ืช? ืืžืจื” ืœื™ื”: ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื ืชื—ืœืฃ ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืŸ, ื•ื”ื“ืœืงืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ืื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช. ืืžืจ ืœื”: ื‘ืชื™, ืžืื™ ืื›ืคืช ืœืš? ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืœืฉืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืœื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืฅ ื•ื™ื“ืœื•ืง. ืชื ื: ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœืง ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืžื ื• ืื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื”.

R’ Chanina ben Dosa saw that his daughter was sad, and he asked her, โ€œMy daughter, why are you sad?โ€ She responded, โ€œI accidentally used vinegar instead of oil to light Shabbos candles.โ€ He said to her, โ€œWhat do you care? The One who told the oil to light will tell the vinegar to light.โ€ And indeed, it remained lit the entire Shabbos, and they were able to take a flame for Havdalah from it.

The Ben Yehoyada asks two questions on this Gemara. One, the Gemara elsewhere teaches that itโ€™s not a good thing if Hakadosh Baruch Hu does a nes for a person, as it takes away from the personโ€™s zechuyos โ€” how, then, could R’ Chanina comfort his daughter by telling her that Hashem would perform a miracle for them? What was there to be happy about? Two, thereโ€™s a rule that a person may not derive benefit from miracles โ€” ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื ื™ืŸ ืžืžืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื, so how could vinegar be used for hadlakas neiros? Isnโ€™t that benefiting from a miracle?

He answers by pointing out another difficulty with this Gemara. R’ Chaninaโ€™s daughter told him that she had accidentally taken vinegar and lit it โ€” ื•ื”ื“ืœืงืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ืื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช. Now, if you were to try lighting a wick filled with vinegar, the wick might burn for a second, but no fire will start. So how can the Gemara use the term ื•ื”ื“ืœืงืชื™? And how could R’ Chanina comfort her by saying that the vinegar will stay lit, if there was no fire that could burn? It must be, says the Ben Yehoyada, that when R’ Chaninaโ€™s daughter lit the vinegar she had a beautiful ner Shabbos that remained lit. Her distress was not over the fact that the vinegar had not ignited, but rather over her realization that Hakadosh Baruch Hu had performed a nes for her, which is problematic.

What she was telling her father then was, โ€œI mistakenly took vinegar, and look, Hakadosh Baruch Hu made a nes and it stayed lit โ€” is that going to cause me to lose zechuyos?โ€

R’ Chaninaโ€™s response was, โ€œMy dear daughter, in our family thereโ€™s no difference between oil and vinegar. You know when Hakadosh Baruch Hu deducts from a personโ€™s zechuyos? When the person views the miracle as outside the realm of nature. If a person views the world as operating according to nature, and when something extraordinary happens he considers it a big nes, then the nes causes him to lose zechuyos. But in our house, where we are accustomed to miracles, vinegar burning does not constitute a nes.โ€

With this explanation, the Ben Yehoyada addresses both the above questions. Since vinegar burning was not considered a nes in his family, his daughter would not lose her zechuyos, and there was no problem of deriving benefit from a nes.

R’ Chanina was teaching his daughter how to view nissim: In our house, this is not a nes, because for us, this is all normal. What a beautiful pshat in the Gemara.

Returning to the nes Chanukah, one of the common answers to the Beis Yosefโ€™s question โ€” why is Chanukah eight days, if the nes lasted seven โ€” is that the extra day celebrates the fact that the oil burned even one day. In other words, thereโ€™s no difference between nes and teva, as the Ramban teaches at the end of Parashas Bo that open miracles are meant to bring us to believe in Hashemโ€™s hidden miracles as well. When Hashem performs a nes, it is meant to bring us to believe that everything that happens is in the category of: ย ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืžื ื•โ€” every single thing we receive from the Borei Olam is all a nes. And if you reach the madreigah weโ€™re supposed to reach on Chanukah, then the nes doesnโ€™t have a din of a nes.

If so, we can understand why specifically on Chanukah we can daven for a nes: ื”ืจื—ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื.

Equal Hispaalus

To add to this point, I saw a vort from both the Chazon Ish and the Ropshitzer, regarding the words of the Zohar Hakadosh on Parashas Vayeitzei. Itโ€™s hardly bโ€™derech hateva that the Chazon Ish and the Ropshitzer should say the same vort, but they both explain the concept of ayin hara the same way.

Usually, we think of ayin hara as a phenomenon that occurs when someone looks with jealousy and bad middos at something belonging to another person. But they explain that ayin hara happens when someone looks at something with hispaalus: If you own something that people look at and say, โ€œwow,โ€ that causes ayin hara. The Chazon Ish says this in Bava Basra, regarding the Gemaraโ€™s teaching: ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืงืžื•ืชื™ื”; he explains that the reason for this prohibition is in order to prevent people from being nispaโ€™el, which could cause the object of their hispaalus to be damaged.

How does that work?

If a person has reached a level of bitachon in which he believes that everything is from Hashem โ€” you woke up this morning because Hashem wanted you to wake up, that person has money because Hashem gave it to him โ€” then why should he be nispaโ€™el from anything? Hashem can do anything โ€” ื”ึฒื™ึดืคึผึธืœึตื ืžึตื”’ ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ? Why are we nispaโ€™el over certain things and not over others? So displaying hispaalus is, in a sense, disconnecting the object of that hispaalus from bringing about kevod shamayim, because itโ€™s as if youโ€™re saying that this item or phenomenon by rights should not exist. Therefore, says the Ropshitzer, if youโ€™re ever nispaโ€™el from something, you should immediately connect it to the Borei Olam, by saying, โ€œWow, look what the Eibishter did! Look what the Eibishter gave him!โ€

Does that mean that we shouldnโ€™t be nispaโ€™el from anything? Well, Iโ€™ll tell you one thing โ€” we shouldnโ€™t own things that cause hispaalus. You bought a brand-new car? Let it get scratched and banged up a little; youโ€™ll enjoy your new car without knocking peopleโ€™s eyes out. But the ideas isnโ€™t that you shouldnโ€™t have hispaalus โ€” rather, you should be equally nispaโ€™el from everything, ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื: waking up in the morning, saying ืคื•ืงื— ืขื•ืจื™ื and ืžืชื™ืจ ืืกื•ืจื™ื in Birchos Hashachar โ€” itโ€™s all the same chessed from Hakadosh Baruch Hu, none of which should be taken for granted. When a person strengthens his hakaras hatov for the small things โ€” what the Ramban calls the hidden nissim โ€” then thereโ€™s no such thing as a nes, because ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืœืฉืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืœื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืฅ ื•ื™ื“ืœื•ืง.

A freilichen Chanukah!

  • SEARCH BY PARSHA

  • โ€ซโ€ชSEโ€ฌโ€ฌARCHโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชBYโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชRโ€ฌโ€ซโ€ชABBONIMโ€ฌโ€ฌ