DevarimDevarim

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Aryeh Finkel, ztโ€l

ื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื•ืจื•ืžืžืชื™ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉืขื• ื‘ื™ (ื”ืคื˜ืจื”)
ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืขืจ ื•ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช. ื•ืฆ”ื‘: ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื› ืžื“ื•ืข ืืขืค”ื› ืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื›”ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”?

ื‘ื™ืืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฆืขืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ื™”ืช. ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืž’ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื’.) ืืจ”ื™ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืžืจ ืœื™ [ืืœื™ื”ื•] ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•’ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžื ืขื ืข ื‘ืจืืฉื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœืื‘ ืฉื”ื’ืœื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืื•ื™ ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื’ืœื• ืžืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื”ื. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืืช ืงืจื‘ืชื ื• ืœืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืข”ื™ ื”ืฉืจืืช ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื• ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื.

ืข”ื™ ืงืจื‘ืช ื”’ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืขืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ืชื ืœื”ื™”ืช. ื•ืข”ื™ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืงื‘”ื” ื–ื›ื• ืœืฉืคืข ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืžื ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื ื—ืกื›ื• ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฆืจื•ืช, ืžื—ืกื•ืจ, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืžืฉื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืคืจื ืกื”, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ืžืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืŸ. ืข”ื› ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆืขืจื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื™”ืช “ื›ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื’ืœื• ืžืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื”ื”.

ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื‘ืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื• ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื›ืจืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™”ืช. ืžืžื™ืœื ื–ื”ื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื• ืžื”ื™”ืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืข”ื›. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื ื• ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื‘”ื.

ืข”ืค ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืžืกืจ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืชืฉืข”ื

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช
ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืขื ืจื‘ื• ืžืจืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื” ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ: ืžืจืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืข”ื› ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื (ื”ืœ’ ืชืขื ื™ืช). ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืกื‘ื: ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื? ืžืงื“ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื—ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื’’ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืช ื—ื™ื ื, ืœืœืžื“ ืฉืฉืงื•ืœื” ืฉื ืืช ื—ื™ื ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื’’ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.

ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืกื‘ื: ื”ืื ืœื ื™ื—ืจื“ ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื ื•? ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืืช ื—ื ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจืงื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื•. ื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื ื• ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•? ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ืจื”. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื? ื‘ืฉื ืืช ื—ื ื. ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืจืžืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช. ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ืดืœ ื“ืื’ื• ืœื ื•, ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื’ืื•ืœืชื ื• ื•ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืœื ื• ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืœื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื‘ืœื ื“ืขืช ื•ื‘ืœื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื.

ืคื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื ื•ืืžืจ: ืฉืžืข ื ื ืืœื™, ืืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช. ืื ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืจ ื™ื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ืืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ืช ืดืืจื–ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸืด ื•ืœื ืื•ืชืš, ื”ืื ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื”? ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื”! ื”ืื ืœื ืชื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื‘ืš ืืฉ ื”ืฉื ืื” ืœื’ื‘ืื™ื, ื•ืœืื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืš, ื•ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืื• ื‘ืงืœืงืœืชืš ื•ืœื ืžื™ื—ื•? ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื ืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื ื ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ื‘ืจืืชื™ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื‘ืจืืชื™ ืœื• ืชื•ืจื” ืชื‘ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ืจื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื ืืช ื—ื ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืขืงื•ื ื‘ืœื ืžื•ืกืจ? ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืš, ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’ืื•ืœืชื ื• ื•ืคื“ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื ื•, ืขื›ืดืœ.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื

ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช

ื‘ืจืž”ื ืชืงื ”ื’ ืก”ื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื˜”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื™ืœืžื•ื“, ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื˜”ื– ืฉื”ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ. ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ืืคืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉืชื™’ ื“ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ืœื ืฉืžื—ื” ื“ื”ืจื™ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื ื’ ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืงืจืืช ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”’ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืš.

ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ืจืค”ื— ืืžืจื• ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ื ื›ื™ ืขื•ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ืœื•. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•”ื˜ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื“ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ืฉืžื—ื” ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•”ื˜ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื ืžื”ื ื™ ืžื” ื“ืืฆืœื• ื”ื•ื™ ืขื•ื ื’ ื“ื”ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื‘ืžื•”ืง ื—’ ืข”ื‘ ืืžืจื• ืฉืฉืœืžื” ืขืฉื” ืฉืžื—ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื™ืง ื”ื’ืžืจื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื™ื•”ื˜ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืข”ืฉ. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื”ื’ืžืจื ื“ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืขืฉื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ืจืื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ ื—”ื ื‘ืคืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ืื•ืช ืค”ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืŸ.

ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ื•ื‘ืจืž”ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.

ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช (ืžื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ืกืคืจื“ ื’ื ืืฉื›ื ื–) ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืชืš ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ืขืž’ ืงืž”ื• ื“ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืœื ื‘ื™ื•”ื˜ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ื—ื’ืš. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืค’ ื‘ื”ืขืœืชืš ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืชื›ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื›ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื›ื ื•ืชืงืขืชื ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืฉืžื—ืชื›ื ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ืข’ ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ืขืž’ ืงืž”ื’ ืžื””ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืข”ืฉ (ื•ืข”ืฉ ืž”ืฉ ืžื™ื•”ื˜ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช.

ื•ื›”ื› ื‘”ื™ ืกื™’ ืจืค”ื ืžืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜. ื•ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืž”ื ื•ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ื•ื’ืž’ ื”ื ”ืœ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื’ืจ”ื ื’ืจืก ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื ื’ืจืก ืฉืžื—ืชื›ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื˜ืขืžื• ืขืค”ื™ ื’ืž’ ื•ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ื”ื ”ืœ, ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘”ื™ ื•ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ืงืฉื”.

ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›”ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื”. ื•ื›”ื› ื‘ื”ืขืžืง ืฉืืœื” ื˜”ื• ื™’ ื“ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ ื’”ื› ืฉืžื—ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช (ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ).

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ืจืื” ื“ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžื ”ื— ืจืก”ื“ ื’’ ื”ืงืฉื” ืื ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื™ื•”ื˜ ื”ื› ืืžืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•”ื˜ ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื”ืง’ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ืื•ืจ ืข”ื•, ื•ืข”ืข ืชืจื•ืขืช ืžืœืš ืœ”ื’ ื”’, ื•ืข’ ื™’.

ื•ืชื™’ ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืžืก’ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื”ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืืคื™’ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื. ื•ืข”ืฉ ื‘ืจ’ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื“ื”ื ื“ืืžืจื• ื‘ืžื•”ืง ื™”ื“ ืข”ื‘ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•”ื˜ ื“ืขืฉื” ื“ืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื—ื™ ืขืฉื” ื“ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืขืฉื” ื“ืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืขืฉื” ื“ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื™’ ื‘ื–ื” ืงื•’ ืฉืื’”ื ืก”ื— ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื’, ื™ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื• ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืชื™’ ื“ืž”ืž ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื•ื. ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ื™”ืœ ื“ื””ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืืข”ื’ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื”ืจื™”ืœ ืž”ืž ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื–ื”ื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืชื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืชืš.

ื•ืชืจื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ืžืขื”" โ€“ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”

Moreinu Hagaon Harav Asher Arieli Shlita

ืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื”: ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”’: “ื•ืื ืœื ืชืฉืžืขื•ื” ื‘ืžืกืชืจื™ื ืชื‘ื›ื” ื ืคืฉื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื•ื”” ื•ื”ื’ืž’ ืžื‘ืืจืช ืฉื”ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ.

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื”ื’ืž’ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง “ื•ื“ืžื•ืข ืชื“ืžืข ื•ืชืจื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ืžืขื” ื›ื™ ื ืฉื‘ื” ืขื“ืจ ื”'”. ื”ืจ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉืœืฉ ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืžื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื“ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื•ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื’ืœื• ืžืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื•ืื™ื›ื ื“ืืžืจื™ ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืฉืœืžื ืœืž”ื“ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื’ืœื• ืžืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื ืฉื‘ื” ืขื“ืจ ื”’, ืืœื ืœืž”ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืื™ ื›ื™ ื ืฉื‘ื” ืขื“ืจ ื”’ ื•ืžืช’ ื”ื’ืž’ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”.

ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืกืžืจื™ ืฉืขืจ. ื›ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืช”ื‘ ืืช ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื. ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”. ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื“, ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช. ื”ืงื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื’ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืงื•ืžืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”! ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”.

ื”ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžืชืขืœื ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื•ืขืง ืžืจื” ื‘ื›ืื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ืžืขื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”?!

ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื [ื•ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื ื™ ืžื”ื’ืจ”ื ืงื•ื˜ืœืจ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ] ืฉื“ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ืคืœื. ื›ืฉืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืื“ื ืฆืขืจ ืื• ื›ืื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขื™ื ื™ื• ื“ืžืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžืข ืืš ื”ื“ืžืขื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง “ื•ื“ืžืข ืชื“ืžืข ื•ืชืจื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ืžืขื”” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืงื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื“ืžืขื”. ืืš ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื• ืฉื”ื“ืžืขื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆ”ื‘.

ื•ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืจืื” ื›ืš. ืืžื ื ื”ืฆืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจื. ื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืืœื” ืฉื•ืื•ืช, ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช. ืืš ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืชื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืงื™ื™ื. ืืš ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”. ื•ื›ื“ืื™’ ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืฉืœ ื‘”ืฉ ื•ื‘”ื”, ื”ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ืจืง ืื—ืจ “ืฉืžืœื›ื” ื•ืฉืจื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”” ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช. ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืื ื•, ืฉืจื‘ืชื” ื›”ื› ืฉื›ื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœื ืคืชื—ื• ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉ”ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ื•ื”. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” “ื›ื™ ืœื ืชืฉื›ื— ืžืคื™ ื–ืจืขื•” ืืš ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงืจื “ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื””. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”.

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืชืจื•ืขืข ื•ื”ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืžืงื•ื“ื, ืข”ื– ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ืคื•ืจืฅ “ื•ืชืจื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ืžืขื”” ื•ืื– ื’ื ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ืืš ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืฆืขืจ ื•ื”ื›ืื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”.

ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ืœืœื ื”ื™ืกื— ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ ืฉืœ “ืื•ื™ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•”, ื“ืžืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื“ืžืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื“ืžืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืขื–ืข, ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง โ€“ ื”ื ืžืงืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื”. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™’ ื‘ื’ืž’ ืฉ”ืžื™ื•ื ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžืคืกืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื” ืืš ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื—ื•ืžื” ื–ื• ื•ื›ื“ืื™’ “ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื ื ืขืœื• ืฉืขืจื™ ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืœื ื ื ืขืœื•” (ื‘”ืž ื ื˜.). ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืขื•ืžืง ื”ืœื‘, ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืช. ืขื ืืžืช ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงื•ืข ืืคื™’ ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื”ื–ื•ื””ืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง “ื•ืชืคืชื— ื•ืชืจืื”ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ื ื” ื ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ื”” (ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืขืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืค”ื“) [ืจืง ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืืžืช ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื’ืจื™”ืก ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžื‘ื›ื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ].

ื”ืฆืขืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืฉื™”ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืฉืœ ื›”ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื›ื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื’ื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉื™”ืช, ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ.

ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื—ืจ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืฉื ืชื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฉื” ืœืคืจืฉื” ื•ืขื™ืงืจื• ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœืื’ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืจืขื ื ื™ื. ืืš ื ื•ืคืœืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” โ€“ ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืœื™ืฆื” โ€“ “ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”” ื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื•ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”. ื–ื” ื ืฆืจืš, ืื‘ืœ ื•ืชืจื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ืžืขื”. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื—ื“ ืžื–ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืง. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ืž’ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื, ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ืืžื ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื›”ื ืœืคื•ื ืžื” ื“ืžืฉืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื™ื”, ืืš ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืงื™ื™ื. ื”ืื“ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื’ืž’ ื›ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘. ืืš ื›ืฉื—”ื• ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืชืœื•ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—”ื• ืžืชืจื•ืขืข, ืืฆืœื ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ืžืช, ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ืœืœื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืจืฆื™ื—ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืœื™ื•ื ื–ื”. ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื’ ื‘ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื“ื•ื“ “ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืœืœื ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ื–ื” ืคืกื•ืง, ืืœื ืœื™ืฉื‘ ืขื ื”ื’ืž’ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“.

ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื“ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•. ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืžืขื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช “ืื‘ื™ ืขื–ืจื™” ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื โ€“ “ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื•.

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืื“ื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืžืื‘ื“ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช. ื›”ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช ื›”ื ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื. ื”ื™ืฆื””ืจ ืžืกื™ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืœ ืขืจื›ื• ื•ืžื’ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช, ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืฉื›”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื” ืฉืœื™ื‘ื• ื—ืคืฅ ื•ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื—ืคืฅ. ืžื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื˜, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื•. ื•ืืœื• ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื, ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื ืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื™ื‘ื• ื—ืคืฅ. ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืœื•ืื•, ืขื•ื“ ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืœื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ, ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื’”ื› ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื›ื ื™ื›ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘. ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•”ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›”ื›, ืฉืœื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืคื™ืงืŸ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื.

ื•ื™ื””ืจ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื’ “ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ืœื” (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœ”ื) ืฉืข”ื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืžืŸ.

ื ืžืกืจ ืข”ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื™ื˜”ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืข”ื•

โ€ซโ€ชParshaโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชPreview

Harav Hagaon Ahron David Shlita

Five Minutes Will Change Your Life

Bein Hametzarim

Harav Hagaon Ahron David Shlita

We are now in the period of Bein Hametzarim, which is a very special time.

I once heard a shmuess from R’ Sholom Schwadron in which he noted that thereโ€™s a glaring contradiction between the Gemara in Yoma (9b), which states that the first Beis Hamikdash was destroyed because of avodah zarah, shefichas damim, and gilui arayos, and the Gemara in Nedarim (81a), which says that it was destroyed because the people did not recite Birchos HaTorah before learning. R’ Sholom explained โ€” I believe he was quoting his rebbi, R’ Elya Lopian โ€” that the churban indeed occurred because of avodah zarah, shefichas damim, and gilui arayos, but the Gemara in Nedarim is asking a different question: ืขึทืœ ืžึธื” ืึธื‘ึฐื“ึธื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ โ€” why didnโ€™t their Torah learning protect them from these aveiros? They were learning Torah, and as such they should not have come to sin. The answer to that, says the Gemara, is that they didnโ€™t say Birchos HaTorah first.

We see, then, the great chashivus of saying Birchos HaTorah before learning. It makes the Torah different. The reason that Torah learning did not protect the people against these aveiros was that they werenโ€™t machshiv the Torah.

R’ Dov Yaffe ztโ€l, the mashgiach of Kfar Chassidim, explains, citing the Maharal, that the Gemara doesnโ€™t mean that the people didnโ€™t recite Birchos HaTorah; the same is implied by the Mishnah Berurah (47). Rather, they did recite those brachos, but not bโ€™simchah. We have to make these brachos with joy that Hashem gave us the zechus to learn Torah and thank Him for this zechus. Torah learning turns us into new people, teaching us what to do, how to live, and how to do mitzvos.

According to the Rambam, reciting Birchos HaTorah is a mitzvah dโ€™Oraysa, derived from the passuk ื›ึดึผื™ ืฉึตืื ื”’ ืึถืงึฐืจึธื ื”ึธื‘ื•ึผ ื’ึนื“ึถืœ ืœึตืืœึนืงึตื™ื ื•ึผ. The whole Torah is Shem Hashem, explains the Maharasha, so before we say Shem Hashem, we have to give praise to Hashem.

If you say Birchos HaTorah bโ€™simchah, your Torah learning is different. Say it slowly, with kavanah, standing, from a siddur. Not walking around, not in the street โ€” say it at home, or in shul. Say Vehaarev na, asking Hashem to make it sweet, that we should know the Torah, that it should be clear to us, that it should be part of our life. That will change your life. This brachah is very chashuv.

I have a dear chaver, R’ Shlomo Pollack, who tells a story that he heard from R’ Yaakov Edelstein. R’ Yaakov once had a major shailah in middle of the night, so he called R’ Elyashiv, who said that he first had to say Birchos HaTorah. He said these brachos while R’ Yaakov was listening on the phone, and he said them as if it was Maamad Har Sinai โ€” with great hislahavus and kavanah.

I daven in Mir on Shabbos morning, and sometimes, R’ Yaakov Ades comes to daven there. He comes early, an hour before davening, goes to the aron hakodesh, and says Birchos HaTorah with intense kavanah, for twenty minutes, crying when he says Vehaarev na. This is a person who has written many sefarim on all of Shas.

Being careful with Birchos HaTorah makes our Torah completely different. This may be a teshuvah in Bein Hametzarim: ืขึทืœ ืžึธื” ืึธื‘ึฐื“ึธื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ. The brachah before Torah learning makes a big difference in how we learn. So we have to make it bโ€™simchah, slowly, well, and then Hashem will answer our Vehaarev na and make us learn clearly and well.

The Gemara in Nedarim says that the question of ืขึทืœ ืžึธื” ืึธื‘ึฐื“ึธื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ was posed to the malachim and to the neviโ€™im, but no one knew the answer, only Hashem. That is because the answer was very subtle; only Hashem could know that the problem was that the brachah was said without simchah.

R’ Shach noted that while the malachim donโ€™t know, we ourselves do know โ€” we know better than the malachim how weโ€™re acting and how weโ€™re living. So we have to say the brachah properly, and weโ€™ll see our life change because of that brachah. Five minutes! That will make our life change.

Catch Hashem While Heโ€™s Close

The passuk in Eichah says, ื›ึธึผืœ ืจึนื“ึฐืคึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ึดืฉึดึผื‚ื™ื’ื•ึผื”ึธ ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ื”ึทืžึฐึผืฆึธืจึดื™ื, and the word ืจึนื“ึฐืคึถื™ื”ึธ can be read as two words, rodfei Kah. R’ Chaim Brim explains that those who run after Hashem all year, can find Him during Bein Hametzarim. All year, Hashem is inside His palace, so to speak, and itโ€™s hard to get to Him, but in these Three Weeks, a time of galus, Hashem has left the palace and is more accessible. So daven to Him, ask Him for whatever you need. Everyone needs yeshuos, so letโ€™s ask for them now.

The Gemara (Yoma 54) teaches that at the time of the churban, the keruvim were embracing each other, and R’ Chaim Shmulevitz explains that this is a time of closeness and love; Hashem loves us. Let us ask Hashem for what we need, and make Birchos HaTorah with great simchah and kavanah, asking Hashem to make our Torah sweet, and then it will protect us against aveiros.

Hashem should give us all the yeshuos we need and grant us hatzlachah.

ืคืจืฉืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื

Hagaon Harav Yitzchok Hacohen Hellman Shlita

ื. “ืืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื” ืืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ” ื•ื’ื•'(ื,ื). ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉื ื“”ื” ืืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–”ืœ “ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืžืงืฆืชืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืง ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืžืจื ื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืžื›ืš ื•ื›ืš, ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื•'”, ืขื›”ืœ.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจืฉ”ื™ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืจืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืžืงืฆืชืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืืจ ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ ื›ืืŸ (ืคื™ืกืงื” ื) “ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืžืจืย  ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื“’ ื•ื”’ ืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ”. ืžืฉืžืข ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืœื• ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืงืฆืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืฉืืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“’ ื•ื”’ ืคืขืžื™ื.

 

ื•ืœื›ื’ ืชืžื•ื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื—ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื› ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœืžืคืจืข ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืืฃ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืงืฆืชืŸ ืž”ืž ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืœื•ื ื•ื›ื“ื—ื–ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื”ื• ื›ืœื•ื.

 

ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžื—ื›ื ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ืืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœ, ื•ืจืง ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืคื—ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆืคื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ื‘ื›ืš.

ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ืจืื” ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข “ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœ ื”ืœื‘”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืืฆืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžืœื™ื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ. ื•ืจืง ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžืคื™ ืื•ืชื ืฉืฉืžืขื• ืžืžืฉื” ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“’ ื•ื”’ ืคืขืžื™ื.

 

 

ื‘. “ื•ืชืจื’ื ื• ื‘ืื”ืœื™ื›ื ื•ืชืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉื ืืช ื”’ ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื” ื•ื’ื•’ (ื,ื›ื–). ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ ืฉื ื“”ื” ื‘ืฉื ืืช ื–”ืœ “ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืœืฉื ืื” ื”ื™ืชื”. ืžืฉืœ ืœืžืœืš ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืชื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช, ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืงื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ, ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืงื™ื, ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ. ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืงื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืœื•ืก ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžืฉืงื” ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ”, ืขื›”ืœ.

 

ื•ืœื›ื’ ืฆ”ืข ืื™ืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™”ื“ ื–’) “ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืื“ ืžืื“” ื•ื›ืŸ (ืฉื ื™”ื“ ื—’) “ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื‘ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื“ื‘ืฉ”. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืงื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ, ื”ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

 

ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™”ื ื™’) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืฉืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ืชื—ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื–ืœื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืคื ”ื™ (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืง”ื™ ืข”ื‘ ื“”ื” ืช”ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื) ื•ื–”ืœ “ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืชื—ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ืœื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืชื—ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžื–ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืœื”’ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื›ื ื•ื“ืข ื•ื›ื•’ ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ‘ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื•ื’ื•’ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื”’ ืืœื•’ ื‘ื” ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ืช ืฉื ื””, ืขื›”ืœ.

 

ื•ืœืคื™”ื– ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื, ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืžื–ืœื•ืช ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื’ืฉืžื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื. ืืžื ื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ื›ืœืœ ืชื—ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืžื–ืœื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื“ืจืš ื””ื˜ื‘ืข” ืืœื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืฉืœื ื—”ื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™”ื ื™”ื‘) “ืขื™ื ื™ ื”’ ืืœื•’ ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื•'” ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ื“”ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื”’ ื•ื–”ืœ “ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื” ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืขืชื™ื ืœืจืขื””, ืขื›”ืœ. ื•ื‘ืจืฉ”ื™ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ืฉื ืคืก’ ื™”ื’ ื“”ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข) ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื–”ืœ “ื•ื”ื™ื”, ืžื•ืกื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืชืฉืชื” ืžื™ื”, ืขื›”ืœ. ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืœืœ, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ืื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื ืœืื•, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• “ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข ืชืฉืžืขื• ืืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื•ื’ื•’ “.

 

ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชืงื ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื ื”ื•ื “ื•ืขื ื ื• ื‘ื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ื“ืœื• ื•ื”ื“ืจืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคื™ืœื” ืชืŸ ื˜ืœ ื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื›ื•’ “, ืข”ื›.

ื•ืœื›ื’ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื™ืจื” “ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ” ืœืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื. ืืžื ื ืœืคื™ ืžืฉ”ื  ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืืจ ื“ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืืžื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืžื—ืžืช ื—ื˜ืื™ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื›ืœ “ื˜ื‘ืข” ืื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืœื ืกื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžื—ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื”ื•ื “ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ” ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืชืชืขื•ืจืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืœื”ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื.

 

 

ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืคื™”ื– ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืฉืื– ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘. ืืœื ื“ื–ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืืžืจื• “ื‘ืฉื ืืช ื”’ ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ื•ื’ื•'”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื— ืžื”ืงื‘”ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ืื ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื ืœืื•, ืืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืฉื ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืžืขืฉื™ื”ื, ื•ื“ื•”ืง.

 

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื

ย 

ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื’ ื™”ื—) “ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื˜ืื™ื›ื ื›ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื’ ื™ืœื‘ื™ื ื• ืื ื™ืื“ื™ืžื• ื›ืชื•ืœืข ื›ืฆืžืจ ื™ื”ื™ื•”, ื•ืื™ืชื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืง ื˜’ ื””ื’) “ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื˜ืื™ื›ื ื›ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื’ ื™ืœื‘ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ืื ื™ืื“ื™ืžื• ื›ืชื•ืœืข ื›ืฆืžืจ ื™ื”ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™”.

 

ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘”ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื”” (ื‘ื”ืคื˜ืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื) ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื–”ืœ “ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื˜ืื™ื›ื ื›ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื’ ื™ืœื‘ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ [ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืœื’], ืื ื™ืื“ื™ืžื• ื›ืชื•ืœืข ื›ืฆืžืจ ื™ื”ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ [ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืง ื›ืฆืžืจ].ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื˜ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื, ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืชื’ืœื” ืขื•ื ื (ื™ื•ืžื ื˜’ ืข”ื‘) ืฉืขื•ื ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” ืค”ื” ื™’) ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืื‘ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืœืฉื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ืืœื™ื”ื• ืืžืจ ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืจืชื™ ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืœื“’ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื‘ื™ื”ื•ืจื ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืค”ื’ ื—’), ืฉื ืฉื™ื• ื•ื›ืกืคื• ื•ื–ื”ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืœืš ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ, ืœื‘ื“ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืœื’, ืœื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื ื›ืชื•ืœืข ืฉื“ื ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื ืฉื ืืช ื—ื ื ื•ืžืœืฉื™ื ื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืจืง ื›ืฆืžืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืœื’”, ืขื›”ืœ.

 

ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื˜ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืืช ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืžืœืฉื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื—ื˜ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื›ื—ื˜ืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืœื‘ืืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจ”ื (ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืก’) ื•ื–”ืœ “ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืžื—ืžื“ื” ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื”ื”ืกืชืคืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื“ืื’ืช ืžื—ืจ, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื™ื‘ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืข”ืค ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืงื ืื” ื•ืฉื ืื”, ืืข”ืค ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'”, ืขื›”ืœ.

 

ื”ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจ”ื ืฉืงื ืื” ื•ืฉื ืืช ื—ื™ื ื ื”ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืจืฉื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘”ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจ ืฉื ืืช ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืžืœืฉื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื ืืช ื—ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื.

 

“ืืฉืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื›ื” ื•ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืžื™ื”

ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืขืฆื ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืฆืขืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื•.

 

ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื‘ืœ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ”ืข ื ืคื˜ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืืฆืœื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืขืœื™ื•, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืืฆืœ ื ืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืืฆืœื• ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื›ื•’.

ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืื™ืจืข ืœื ื• ืข”ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ืชืคืก ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื–ืœื–ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื“ื•ื—ืง ื•ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจืขื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœื•ืช. ืืžื ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจื ื• ืข”ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช.

 

ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืจืฉื‘”ื ื›ืชื‘ (ืฉื•”ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘”ื ื—”ื ืกื™’ ืฆ”ื“) ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืืจื™ืš ืฉื ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืฉื’ื” ืจืง ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ื•ื–”ืœ “ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืื“, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื ืกืชืชืžื• ืžืขื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืจื ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื•ืชืคืืจืชื ื• ืฉืžืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืš ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื ืžืฉืš ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ื” ืขื›”ืœ.

ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืฉื‘”ื ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื’ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืžืฉืš “ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื””, ื•ื”ื”ืฉื’ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืฉื’ืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื” ื•ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืฉื’ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืื™ื–ื” ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืžื™ื“ ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื ืขืœืžืช, ื•ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื.

ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจ”ื ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื• ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืœื™ ื ืฉืžื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืขืœืžื ืœืœื ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืจ”ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืคืจืงื™ ืื‘ื•ืช (ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืง ื”’) ื•ื–”ืœ “ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื›ืž”ืฉ (ืื™ื›ื” ื‘’ ื˜’) ‘ืžืœื›ื” ื•ืฉืจื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืชืŸ ื—ืœืงื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืชืš ื•ื›ื•’ ” ืขื›”ืœ. ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.

 

ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ืคื ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืกืจื ื• ืžื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช, ืฉื›ืขืช ืื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื ื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืจืง ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืœื™ ื ืฉืžื”.

 

ืืžื ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืžืช ื ื–ื›ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื (ืค”ื˜ ืžื”ืœ’ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื””ื) ื•ื–”ืœ “ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื• ื“ืขื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ื•ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื”” ืขื›”ืœ. ื”ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื””ื‘ ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื›ืžืชื•, ื•ื”ื› ืืฆืœื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ืขื™ืจ ื•ืœืจื’ืข ืงืฆืจ, ื”ื› ื”ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ื ื—ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ื ื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื›ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืœื›ื’ ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ื”ืž”ืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื””ื‘ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืžื” ื ื—ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื•.

 

(ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื””ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช” (ืฉืขืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืค”ื’ ื“”ื” ื•ื”ืื—ื“ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื) ื•ื–”ืœ “ื•ื”ืื—ื“ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ืขื ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืžืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ื™ืจื•ืฅ ื•ื™ื—ืจืฅ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืขื“ ืฉืชืฉื•ื‘ ืœื• ืœืžื ื”ื’. ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•, ื•ื™ื›ืกื•ืฃ ืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื•, ื•ื™ืขืœื” ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื•, ื•ื™ืฉืืœ ืžื”ืืœ ืœืขื•ื–ืจื• ื•ืœืืžืฆื• ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื•ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ืืžืŸ. ื•ื›ืฉื™ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื™ืžืฆื™ื ืœื• ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื™ืคืชื— ืœื• ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื•, ื•ื™ื—ื–ืง ืฉื›ืœื• ื•ืื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื”. ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืื ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ื•ื™ืžื”ืจ ื•ื™ื—ืจืฅ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•, ื™ืขื–ืจื”ื• ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื•ื›ื•’ ืขื›”ืœ”.

ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื’ื ืฉืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืขื›”ืค ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ืขื–ืจื™ื ื• ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื›ืœืชื ื• ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ “ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช”. ืืš ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื” ืื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื—ื–ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉื‘”ื ื•ื”ื’ืจ”ื ื”ื ”ืœ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื•ืžืง ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืœืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืžืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ื”ื“ืจื ืงื•ืฉื™ื ืœื“ื•ื›ืชื).

 

ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื”ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืž’ (ืชืขื ื™ืช ืœ’ ืข”ื‘) “ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืฉื•ืชื” ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜’ ื‘ืื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืชื”ื™ ืขื•ื ื•ืชื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืชื”. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื• ืฉื ื•ื–”ืœ “ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ืชื—ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื›ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื™”ื‘ ื™”ื‘) ‘ืืฉืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื›ื” ื•ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืžื™ื’, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—” ืขื›”ืœ.

ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ “ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื”, ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉืฉื ื™ืงื•ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื‘’ ืžืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื. ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ืคื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื”. (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘’ ืกื™’ ื›’ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื™ื“ื‘”ื–).

 

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืจืง ื”ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื• ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื–ื•.

 

ื•ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื  ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• “ืžืฉืš ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื”” ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื‘”ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ืคื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื•ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืชื, ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืฆื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ืื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื›ืจ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจืžื‘”ื ืค”ื— ื•ืค”ื˜ ืžื”ืœ’ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”), ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืžืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘”ื ืฉื”ืžืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื – ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืฆื—.

 

ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืจืง ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื‘ื ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืœื ื–ื›ื”, ืืœื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืฃ ืืœื• ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืงื•ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ื””ื‘. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ “ื”ืจื—ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื›ื ื• ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื–ื›ื ื• ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ืฉื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื””ื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช.

 

ื•ืื’ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื—ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืœืจืขื”ื• ‘ืฉืชื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—’ [ื“ื• ื–ืืœืกื˜ ื–ื•ื™ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—’ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ], ืœืคื™ ืžืฉ”ื  ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืื—ืœ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืฉื™ื— ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืขืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืงื•ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ื•ื–ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื™”ื– ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื””ื‘ ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื .

 

ื•ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื (ืค”ื˜ ื”ืžืœ’ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื””ื‘) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ื•ื–”ืœ “ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ื ืชืื•ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื”ื ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื”ื ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื• ืžืžืœื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ. ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ืœื”ื ืžืจื’ื•ืข ื•ื™ืจื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืชืจื‘ื” ื”ื“ืขื” ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ืืžืช ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื›ื•'” ืขื›”ืœ. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื ืชืื•ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื’ืชื ื‘ืงื‘”ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืœื ืฉื ืชืื•ื• ืฉืื—ืจ ืžื™ืชืชื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ืงื•ืžื• ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืฉื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขื™”ื– ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื.

 

ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื—ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”’ ื•ื”ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืฉื ื™ืงื•ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื•ืฆื™ืคื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืฉื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”’ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ื””ื‘.

 

ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืฆืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืคื ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ื•ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืขืช, ื•ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื ื”ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื• ืžื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ืกื— ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžืื“ ื‘ืขื•ื””ืจ.

 

ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ืื™ื›ื” ืจื‘ืชื™ ืคืจืฉื” ื”’) ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ืื™ื›ื” ื”’ ื”’) “ืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื ื• ื ืจื“ืคื ื• ื™ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื ื— ืœื ื•” ืฉื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ืืžืจ ืœื ื‘ื•ื–ืจืื“ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืืฃ ืœืจื’ืข ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื”ืจื’ื”ื• ืžื™ื“. ื•ื–ื”ื• “ื™ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื ื— ืœื ื•”. ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ืžืคืจื™ืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”’ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ื•ื”ื™ืกื— ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™.

 

ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช “ืจื—ื ื ื” ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ “ืจื—ื ื ื ื”’ ื•ื›ื•’ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืžืš ื•ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื™ืจืš ื•ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ืš ื•ื›ื•'” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื “ื•ื ื ืขืœ ืชืฆืจื™ื›ื ื• ื•ื›ื•’ ืœื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ื•ืœื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืืชื ื•ื›ื•'”. ื•ืœื›ื’ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ืœืคื™ ืžืฉ”ื  ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื™ืกื™ืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืœื‘ ื•ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ืข”ื™ ืฉื™ืกื™ืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื›ื•’.

 

ื ืžืฆื ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช, ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื•ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“. ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืื ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–”ื” ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— โ€“ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื‘”ื.

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