ืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื
Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim Shmulevitz, ztโl
ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืกืคืื ืืฉืจื ืืืืืืชื. (ืื, ื)
ืืืกืคื ืฉื ืฉื ืืจื ืจืืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืฉื”ืช ืืืืื ืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืืืฅ ืืฆืืง”ื ืืคื ื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืจื ืืคืื ืืื’, ืืืืื ืจืื ืืืกืฃ ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆ”ื, ืืงืฉื ืืจื ืจื”ื: ืืืื ืืชืคืจืฉ ืืืชืื ืื ืืื ืืืกืคื? ืืืช ืืขืื, ืืื ืฉืจื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืื, ืืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืขืืืชืื ืืกืืืืืชืื?
ืืืืืจ: ืืืกืคื ื ืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืชืื ืืืขืื “ืฉื ื ืืื ืฉืจื”, ืืคืืจืฉ ืจืฉ”ื: ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืื ื ืื ืก ืืคืจื ืืืชืืจ ืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืฉืจื, ืจืง ืืืช ืืืจ “ืฉื ื ืืื ืฉืจื – ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื”. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืืืจ. ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืคืกืง ืืืืกื ืืืขืช, ืืืื ืื ืืกืคื ืืืื ืืื! ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืจ ืื.
ืฉืื ืืืคืื ืื ืืืืืฅ ืืจื ืจื”ื ืขื ืืจื ืืคืื ืืื’ ืืฆ”ื. ืืืืืช ื ืคืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืชื ืื ืฉืงืฉื ืื ื, ืืืขืืื ื ืื ื, ืืชืืจื ืืืืืืืจื ืืจืืื. ืืื ื ืืืช ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืช: “ืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื”! ืื ืืืื ืืื ืจืฆืืคืืช ืืืช ืฉื ืขืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืกื, ืืืจ ืืืื ืฆืขืืจ ืืื ืขื ืง ืืชืืจื ืืืขืฉืื ืืืขื ืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืขื ืืงื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืคืขืืื ืืืืืจืื.
ืื ืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืื ื “ืืืืจืื ืืงื ืื ืืืืื” (ืื, ื), ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืช ืฉื ืขืืืืช ื’ ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืงืื, ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืคืกืง ืืื.
ืืืจื ืืืืื
Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yeruchem Levovitz, ztโl
“ืื ืื ืืืจื ื ืื ื ืืฉื”
ืกืืคืจ ืืจื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืจื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืืืฅ ืืฆืืื”ื: ืืืืขืืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืืฉืืดืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืงืื ืืืงืื, ืืืชืืืืช ืืืจื ืื ืืืจืขื ืื ืืขืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืชืงืื ืืขืืืื. ืืื ืืฉื ืืืจืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืขืื ืคืงืืื ืืืืื ื ืขื ืฆืขืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืขืื ืื ืฉื’ ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืฆืขื ืืฆืขื!
ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืืื: ืืืืืชื ืืืงืื ืขืืจ ืืืืจื ืืขืืจ ‘ืืืื ืื’ ืกืืื ื3ืขืืจ ืงืื, ืืจื ืฉื 25 ืงืดื ืืืื, ืืืืกืชืืคืคื ืืืืช ืืชืืืื ืืฉื, ืื ืืืืชื ื ืืกืข ืืขืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืฉืดืง, ืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืขืืืืืื ืืชืจืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืกืขืื ืืขืจืฉืดืง.
ืืื ื ืคืขื ืืืช ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืืฆืืช ืืืืื ืื ืกืขืชื ืืืืชื ืืขืฉืดืง, ืืื ื ืืฆืืชื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืคื ื ืฉืดืง. ืืืืขื ืฉื ืฉืืจืชื ืืืจื ืืืงืืฉื ืืืื ืืืชื ืกืืื ืืืืืงืช ืื ืจืืช. ืื ืืื ื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืจืคืชืงืืืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืืื, ืขืืจื ืขืืื ื. ืคืขื ื ืฉืืจ ืืกืื ืฉื ืืืืคื ืื, ืืคืขื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืืคื ืขืฆืื. ืคืขื ืื ืืคืขื ืืืจืช, ืืืฉ ืื ืฉืขื ืืฉืขื ืงืจื ืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืืฉืื. ืจืืื ื ืืืืฉ ืืืฉ ‘ืื ืืื ื’ ืืชื ื ืืืจื’ ืืืื ืงืืืืชื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืจื ืืขืจื ืฉืืช.
ืืืืจื ื ืื ืืฉืจ ืงืจื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืืื (ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื), ืืฉื ืฉืืจืชื ืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืกืืข ืืจื ืืจืื ืื ืืคืืื ืื, ืืืคื ื ืืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ื’ ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ืืกืื ืืจื ืืจืื ืื ืืื ืฆืื.
ืืืืืื ืืขืืจ ‘ืืื ืกืืขืืืจื’ ืื ื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืื, ืืฉืืื ื ืื ืื ื ื ืืกืข ืืื ืฆืื, ื ืคืชืขืชื ืืืขืืืื, ืื ืื ืืืขืชื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืข ืืืืฉ ืืื ืื ืืื ืฆืื ืื ื ืฆืจืื, ืืืฉืืขื ืชืฉืืืชื ืชืืืฃ ืืงื ืื ืืืืืืชื, ืกืืจื ืืจืืื, ืืืืืงืจ ืืืจ ื ืกืขื ื ืืื ืืื ืฆืื, ืฉื ืื ืืจืื ืื ืืงืื ืืืืกื ืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืฉ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืกืืืจ ืืืืคื ืขืื ืืื ืืฆืจืื ืื, ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืจืชื ืืขืืืจ ืืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืคืืื ืื.
ืืฉืชืืืืชื ืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืจืื ืขืื ื. ืื ืืืจืชื ืืงืจืืชื ืืคืกืืง ืดืื ืื ืืืจื ื ืื ื ืืฉืืด. ืืืฉ ืืชืื ืืง ืืืืงืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื, ืืืืขืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืจื ืื ืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ื’ ืืคื ื.
ืืชืื ืืืื ืืืจืืช ืฉืืืดืช
ืืฉืืืื ืืืื
Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita
ืืื ืฉืจื
ืขืื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืื ืขืฉืจืื
ืืช ืง’ ืืืช ื’ ืืืฉืืข ืืขืื ืฉืื ืจืง ืืืช ื’. ืืข’ ื”ืก ืื”ื ืงื ”ื ืฉืืฉืืื ืจืฆื ืืคืืืจ ืืคืจื ืคืืืช ืืืช ื’, ืืข”ืฉ ื”ืก ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉ”ืก, ืืขืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืงื ืืคื ื ืืชื ืชืืจื. ืืืฉ ืืืขืืจ ืืจืฉ”ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื’ ื”ื ืืฉืคืชื ืืืืื, ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืชื ืชืืจื. ืืืืขืช ื”ืก ืข’ ืืข”ื ื”ื ืืจืืฉ ื’ ืขื’ ืงืก”ื ืื ืื ื ื ื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ื’, ืืื ืื ”ื ืืคื ื ืืชื ืชืืจื).
ืืข”ืข ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืื”ื ืกื’ ื’ ืกืขืืฃ ื’ (ืื”ื ืืืช ื’ ื”ื ืืืช ืื) ืฉืืืื ืืืคื”ื ืืก’ ืชืืืช ืืืื ืค’ ืืื ืฉืจื ืืคืืืช ืืื ื’ ืื ืืืืจ ืื”ืจ ืืืจ ืค’ ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืจืช ืืคื ืืจืื”ื ืืกืคืง ืืื ื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืกืืจ ืืจืช. ืืข”ืฉ ืื ืฉืชืื ืขืืื. (ืืข’ ืค”ืช ืื”ื ื’ ื’ ืืฉื ืชืืืช ืืื ืื ”ื).
(ืืืขื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ื”ื ืขื ืื ื’ ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืื ืืจืช ืข’ ืืืืื ื ืืฉ”ืก ืฉืืช ืค”ื ืข”ื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืคืจ ืขื ืืจืช ืืื ืืืคืจ ืขื ืืืื, ืืข’ ืืืจ”ืฅ ืืืืช ืฉื (ืืจ’ ืืืืื ืืืืืืืขืจ ืฉื). ืืข’ ืืจืฉืืช ืืื ืฉืืขื ืขื’ ืข”ื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืื ืฉืคืืจื ื ืืฉื ืขืฉื ืื ื ืื ื’. (ืืืืื ืชืืื ืขื ื’ ืคืืจืืฉืื ืฉื ืืจืื ืฉืคืืจื ื).
ืืข’ ื ืื”ื ืื”ืฆ ืืชื’ ื’ ืื ืขื ืฉ ืืืคืจืข, ืืื ืืขื ืื ืฉื’ ืืืืจ ืืชืฉืืื ืขื ืื ื’. ืืืืื ืค”ืช ืฉืข”ื ื’ ืื ืื”ื. ืืข’ ืคื”ื ืจื”ื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืชื’ ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืช ื”ื ืืขื ืืฉืื ืืคืืื ืืฉืืื ืืคื ื ื’, ืืจืง ืืจืช ืื.
ืืข’ ืื”ื ืืจืืฉืืช ื”ื ืข”ื ืื ืืื ืขืื ืฉ ืืฉืืื ืขื ืื ื’ ืืืจื ืืฉ ืืืืจ ื ืคืืจ ืืื ื”ื ืื’, ืืข”ื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจ ืื ื”ื. ืืืคื ืคื”ื ืื ื”ืฉ, ืืืคื ื ืื”ื ื”ืฉ.
ืืข’ ืืฉืืงื ืืื ืฉืืืขืืช ืขื’ ื”ื ืื ืขืืืฃ ืืืื ืฉืืช ืืืงืื ืคืืงืื ื ืคืฉ ืข”ื ืคืืืช ืืื ื’. ืืข’ ืก’ ืฆ”ืค ืขื ืืก’ ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืืช, ืืฉื ืขื ืขืืืืช ืค”ื ื”ื ืขื’ ืฆ”ื ืกืงืก”ื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืช ืืืืขื, ืืื ืืืงื ืื ืืื ืื ื’. (ืืืื’ ืืื”ื ืืื”ื ืขื ืืกืืื ืขืฆืื ืืืงื ืื ืืื ืืช ื’. ืืข’ ืฉื”ืช ืฆ”ืค ืจื”ื. ืืข”ืฉ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืจืื”ื ืค”ื ืืกืืื ื”ื ืืืืขื ืจืง ืงืื ื.
ืืข’ ื”ื ืกื’ ืจืก”ื ืืฉื ืืืืืจืื ืื ืืกื ืื ืืื ืก ืืชืืจื ืืืืคื ืืืืขืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืขืื ืฉ ืขื ืื ื’ ืืืืคื ืื ื”ื. ืืืงืฉื ืขืืื ืืฉื”ื ืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืจื ืื ืขืื ืฉ ืืืคื ืืื ื ืืื ืืื ื’ ืืืจื ืืืจื ืชืืคื ืขืฆืืืชืื ืจืง ืืื ื’.
ืืข”ืข ืคืจืืก”ื ืืฉืจื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืก”ื ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืจืง ืืืช ื’ ืืืืืืช ืค’ ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืขืฉืืช ืืืืื ืืืคืจืข. ืื”ื ืชืื”ืฉ ืืกืืฃ ืืกืคืจ ืขื ืฉืืช ืค”ื ืข”ื. ืืข”ืข ืค”ืช ืื”ื ืฉืข”ื ื’ ืืฉื ื ืื”ื ื”ื ืื”ื ื’.
ืืข’ ืืืจื ืืืช ืืงืืืื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืฉืืง’ ืืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืืขื ืืืชื ืื ืืฉื ืจืง ืืืืจืช ืืืื ื”ื ืื ืฉื ืขืฉืืช ืืืืจืช ื ืืฉื ืขืื ืืฉื, ืื”ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืคืจ ืืขื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืขืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืช ื’.
ืืข’ ืคื ื”ืค ืค’ ืืืืืจ ืขื”ืค ืื ืืืฆื ืฆืื, ืืื ืืข”ื ื”ื, ืฉืืชืื ืืืจ ืืชืืืืช ืฉื ืช ืืขืฉืจืื.
ืืข’ ืืจืืืช ื”ื ืืขืื ืฉ ืฉืืืื ืืืืจืฉ”ื ืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืื”ืฉ ืืืื ืืคืืื ืืงืื, ืืข’ ืืจืฉืืช ื”ืก ืฉืก”ื ื’ ืฉืืง’ ืืฉืืช ืค”ื ืข”ื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืขืื ืฉ ืืงืื.
ืืข’ ืื”ื ืงืก”ื ืืื ืืื ืืืคืืจืฉ ืืชืืจื ืขืื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ื”ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืคืืจืฉ ืื ืขืื ืฉื ืจืง ืืื ื’, ืื”ื ืืฆืื ื ืืืืืืงืช ืงืจื ืืื ืงื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืงืฉื ืืืืืืงืช. ืืข”ืฉ ืืืคืืื ืืืจืื”ื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืชืืจื ื”ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืขืฉื ืงืจื, ืืข”ื ืื ืื ืขื ืฉื ืงืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืงืช.
ืืขื”ืค ืืฆืื ื ืืฉืืืืช ืืื ืื ืฉื ืขืฉื ืื ื’. ืืข’ ืื”ื ืื”ื ื”ื ืฆ”ื ื’. ืืข’ ืืืจืฉ”ื ืื”ืง ื”ื ืืขืืงืจ ืฉื ืืชืื ืฉื ืืื ืืชืืื ืขืืฉืื, ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืขืืจืื, ืืขืืฉืื ืืชืืื ื”ื ืฉื ื ืขื ืืชืืืืช. ืืข’ ืืกื ืืืืจืื ืืืงื ื ืฉื ืืื”ื ืืขืื ื’ ืขืื ืงืืจื ื ืืจ ื ”ื ืืืขืื ืฉื ืืื ืื, ืืขืืงืจ ืืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืฉืชืื ืืขืกืืง ืืชืืจื ืืืฆืืช, ืืื ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืืืืื ืฉืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืคืฉื ืืื’ ืืขื”ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืกืื ืืืชื ืืืชืจ ืืื’. ืืข”ืฉ ื”ื ื”ื ืืืืคื. ืืข’ ืืงืืืช ืฉื”ืช ืจ’ ืืฆืืง ืืคืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืข”ืฉ.
ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืค”ื 56 ืืชื ืืขืืืฃ ืืืฉื ืืืืฉืชืชืฃ ืืกืืจื ืืืฉืืื.
ืคืจืฉืช ืืื ืฉืจื
Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Refoel Shmulevitz, ztโl
ื) ืงืืืืฉืื ื”ื ื’ ืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื, ืืืชืื ืืชืืก’ ืืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉ ืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืจ.
ืืืฉ ืืืชื ืืขื ื ืืกืฃ ืืืืจ, ืืื ื ืืขืฉืจื ื ืกืืื ืืช ืืื ืืฆืืืื ืื ืื ืืืจืฆื, ืืืื ืื ืกืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืจ ืืชืืจื ืืคืืจืืฉ, ืืืฉ ืืืชืขืืจืจ, ืื ืืืืืจื ืื ืกืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขืจืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืกืืื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื’ ืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืชืืจื, ืืืืืืชื ืืืจืฆื ืืคืืจืื ืจื, ืืจืืืชื ืืืืจ ืจืฉ”ื ืจืืฉ ืื ืื, ืฉื ืชืขืืจืจ ืืขื”ื ืขื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืขืงืืื, ืืืชื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืข ืืืจืื ืืื ืข”ื ืืืจืชื, ืืืชืืจื ืืชืืืช ืจืง ืืืขืื ืื ืืฉืื, ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืฉื”ืช, ืืืื ืืขืงืืื ืืื ืข”ื ืืฆืืืื, ืืื ืืคืืจืืฉ, ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืฉืข”ื ืืืจืชื ื ืจืื ืืขื”ืฉ. ืื”ื ืื ืืขื ืื ืื ืกืืื ืฉื ืื ืื.
ืื ืืฉ ืืืชืขืืจืจ ืขืื, ืฉืืืืื ืื “ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืจืื”, [ืืคืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืจืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืืืช, ืืื ื”ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืื” ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืขื ืชืืงืื ื, ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืจืืืช ืื ืืขื ืื ืืื], ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืขืงืืื “ืึผึดื ืึธืจึตืึฐ ืึฒืึธืจึถืึฐืึธ ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึผึธื ืึทืจึฐืึผึถื ืึถืช ืึทืจึฐืขึฒืึธ ืึผึฐืืึนืึฐืึตื ืึทืฉึผืึธืึทืึดื ืึฐืึทืืึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึทื ืฉืึฐืคึทืช ืึทืึผึธื ืึฐืึดืจึทืฉื ืึทืจึฐืขึฒืึธ ืึตืช ืฉืึทืขึทืจ ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืื, ืืืจื ืืืื ื ืกืืื ืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืฉื ืื ืื.
ื) ืืื ื ืืฉ ืืืื ืื ื ืกืืื ืืฉ ืืื, ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืงื”ื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืื’, ืืืืื ืฉืืืืื ื”ื ืข”ื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืื, ืืื ื ืกืืื ืืฉ ืืืืจ.
ืืืืจ ื ืชืขืืจืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ื”ื ื’ ืฉืืขืืจ ืขื ืืืงืจื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืืื ื’, ืฉืื ืืืงืจื ืืืืชืจ, ืฉืืจื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืกืืื (ืฉื ื’) ืืืงื ืืืจื ืืช ืฉืจื ืืฉืชื ืื’, ืืื ืืขืืจ ืขื ืืืฉืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจ, ืืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืงืฉื ืืื, ืืืฆืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืฉืื ืืืืจื, (ืฉื ื’) ืืืืืจ ื’ ืื ืืืจื ืืื’. ืืืืืจ ืืืื”ื ืืืืืช ืฉืืืจ ืื ื’ ืืืืืืช ืชืืขืืืืช ืืจืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืจืฆื, ืืกืืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืง ืื ืืืื ืข”ื, ืฉืืคืืื ืงื ืฉืืงืืื ืืฉืืจืื ืื ืืชืืขืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืกืข, ืืื ืืืืืข ืืืชืื ืฆืืงืชื ืฉื ืืืจื, ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืฆื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช, ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืจ ื’, ืืืืงืืง ืืืชืื ืืืืจ “ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจ”, ืืื “ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ” ืืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืคืจืฉื: ืืืืืจ ืืื’, ืืคื ืฉืืชืืื “ืืืืืจ” ืืฆื ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืจื, ืืืืขืฉื ืืืจื ืืืจ “ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจ” ืคื’ ืฉืขืฉื ืืืืจ ืืฆื ืืืืจืช ืืื, ืืื ืืชืืขืืช ืื ืืฉื ืืืื.
ืืื ื ืืคื ืื ื”ื ืฉืื ืืกืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฆื ืืืืืื, ืืืืฉ”ื ืืืื”ื ืฉืืคืืื ืงื ืฉืืงืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืขืฉืืช ืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืื ืื ืกืืื, ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ.
ืืื ืืชืืืจ ืื ืืืืจื ืืฉืค”ื (ืฉื ืช ืชืจื”ื) ืฉื ืชืขืืจืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืงื”ื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช [ืืื ืืืขืืืื ืื ืืื ืืงืืื, ืืืจื ืืืจ ืืกืจ ื ืคืฉ ืืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืฉ”ื ืฉืืื ืืืจืฆื] ืืชื’ ืฉื”ื ืืืืืื ืื ืกืืื ืืื, ืืจืืืช ืื ืืื ืขืืืจ ืืฉืืจ ืื ืืฆืืืื ืืงื”ื, ืืื ืืื ื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืืื ื’, ืืจ”ื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืฆืืืื ืืงื”ื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืจ, ืืขื”ืฉ ืืฉืค”ื.
ืืืืืื ืืื, ืขื’ ืฉืค”ื (ืฉื ืช ืชืจื”ื) ืฉืืง’ ืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืงืืง ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืืืืข ืืืขื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืฃ ืืื, ืืชืืื, ืื ืืฉ ืื ืืจืืืคืช ืืืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืคืกืืช ืขืจืื, ืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืจืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื, [ืจ”ื ืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืคืกืืช ืขืจืื, ืื”ื ืืฃ ืืืจืื ืืื ื ืืื ื ืฆืจืื, ืฉืืืกืื ืืื ืืช ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืื], ืื ืื ืืืืฉ ืืงื”ื “ืืื ืืืืื”, ืข”ื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืื ืจืืืฃ ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืช’, ืืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื’, ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืงื”ื, ืฉืืชืคืจืกื ืืืจืื ืขืืื, ืืืืกื ืืช ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ื’, ืืขื”ืฉ ืืฉืค”ื.
ืื”ื ืืืื ื”ื ืืืืืื ืื ืกืืื, ืฉืขืฉื ืืืื ืฆืืืื ื’ ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืชืืืจ ืืืื.
ื) ืืืค”ื ื ืจืื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืกืืื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืจ ืืฉืืื, ืฉืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืจืชื ืืืืืชื ืืืกืืจืืช ื ืคืฉ ืื ืืืืื ืื’ ืืืคืจ ืืข”ื, ืืืกืจ ื ืคืฉื ืขื ืืืจืชื, [ืืืฆืื ื ืื ื”ืื ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืื” ืฉืืืกืจืื ื ืคืฉื ืขื ืืืจืชื], ืืื ืืฆืืืื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืจืชื, ืืื ืข”ืค ืฆืืื ื’, ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืขืฆืื, ืืืืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืขืื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืืจื, ืืืื ืื “ืืขื” ืืฉื ืขืฆืื, ืืืื ื ืกืืื ืฉื ืื ืื.
ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืจ ืก”ื ืืืืจ ืืืื”ืจ ืืฆ”ื ืืช ืืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืขืฉื, ืื ืื ืฉืขืืฉื ืืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืื, ืืจื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืืืืช ืืืจืชื, ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืื ื’ ืืืืจื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืืืช ืืฆืืืื ืืืื.
ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืจืืจ, ืืืจื ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืฉ ืื “ืืฆืื ืงืืืืืช”, ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืฆืื ืืื, [ืืืฉ ืื ืืื ืขืืกืง ืืืฆืื ืคืืืจ ืื ืืืฆืื, [ืืืืืืืจ ืืฉื”ืข ืื”ื ื”ื ืก”ื ืืืืชืื ืชืคืืืื ืืชืืจืืื ืคืืืจืื ืืง”ืฉ ืืชืคืื, (ืืขื”ืฉ ืื”ื ืก”ืง ื”ื ืืืื”ื ื”ื ืฆืจืืืื), ืืข”ื ืืืื ื ืืฆืื ืืืืืืช], ืืืฆืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืช ื ืืชื ื, ืืืจื ืืืขืช ืจ”ืช ืืฉื ืืืจืืช ืืฉืจ ืงืืืฉื ื ืืืฆืืืชืื ืืฆืืื ื ืืื’, ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืกืืืืืช ืฉื ืฆืืืื], ืื”ื ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืจืฆืื ื’ ืฉืืขืฉื ืืืฆืื, ืขืืืื ืืืื ืขืื ื’ ืืื, ืืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืงืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื.
ื) ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืจ ืื, ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉ ืฉืืื ืขืื ืืืืจ, ืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืจืชื, ืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืขืื ืืื, ืืืืฉ”ื ืืืืชื ืืืืืื (ื”ื ืขื’ )117, ืืฉื ืจ’ ืืจืืื ืืฆ”ื, ืื ืขื ืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืืจื, ืืืืื ืฉื ืืฉื ืืืจ”ื, ืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืื’ ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืืกืจ ืื ื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืฉืจ ื ืืืจ ืื ื, ืืขืชื ืืืืืืืื ืื ื ืืืืืืจ ืืช’ ืืช ืืืืืชื, ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืจืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืจืฆืื ืืืจืื ื. ืืื ืืชื ืืืืจ”ื (ืืืงืืื ืืืจืืฉ ืขื”ืช) ืืืฉืื ืงืืฉืืช ืืชืืก’ ืฉืืช ืค”ื ื’ ืืื ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืคืืืช ืืจ ืืืืืืช, ืืืจื ืืืจ ืืืจื ืืฉืจืื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืฉืืข, “ืื ืืืฉ”ื ืืจืฆืื ื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืฉืืข ืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืื, ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืคื ืขืืืื ืืจ ืืืืืืช, ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืงื ืืืื ืืืืืืกืื ืืืื ืข”ื, ืืืืืืจ ืืืฉ ืขื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขืื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืช ืืืืจืชื, ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืื ืืจืฆื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืขืฉืืช.
ืืขืชื ื ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืื ื ืขืืฉื ืืฆืืช ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืจืชื ืืจืฆืื ื, ืืื ืืจืฆื ืฉืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืจืฉืืช ืืื, ืืฉื”ื ืืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืื ืขืื, ืืืชืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขืื ืืงืื ื, [*ืืืื ืืืืจ”ื ืืชื ืฉื ืฉืืืฆืจืื ืืืคืืืช ืืจ ืืืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืขืืฉืื ืืืขื ื ืืกืฃ, ืืืื ืืื ืืชื ืืื”ืง ืืขืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื].
ืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืื”ืจ ืืฆ”ื, (ืฉืืืืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืจ ื ”ื ืืืืื) ืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืขืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื’ “ืขืื” ืืงืื ื, ืขืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืืฆืืช ืจืื, ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ “ืืฉืืื ืืช ืจืืื” ืืืคื’ ืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืืื ืฉืืื, ืฉืื ืืื ืขืืฉื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ื ืขืื, ืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืขืืฉื ืขื ืืขืช ืขืฆืื. ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืฉ”ื ืืืจืืืช ื’ ื’ ืืืืืืจ ืืืชืื “ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืช, ืืืจื ืืืื ืืฉืขืืื ืื ืืืืฅ ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื, ืื ืืืจ ื’, ืฆื ืืืืชื, ืื ืืช ืืชื ืืื ืชืื'” ืืื’, ืืืืจื ืืื’ ืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืื ืชืื’, ืืช ืืชื ืืขืื”ื ืืื ืชืื’ ืืขืื”ื, ื”ื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื, ื”ื ืืฉืื ืืื ืขืกืงืช ืืคืจื’ ืืจืื’, ื”ื ืืืงืืื, ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืจืื”ืง ืื ืคืงื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืขืื, ื”ื ืืฉืขืืื, ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืื ื ืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืคืงืืืช ืืืืขื ืื ืืืืขืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืงืื ืงืื”ื ืืืขืืื ืืื’, ืืฆ”ืข ืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืขืื”ื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืขืื”ื ืขืืืจ ืืืืื ืืฆืืช ืขืฉื ืืคืจื’ ืืจืื’, ืืืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืฆืืช ืขืฉื ืืจืืื, ืืื ืขื ืืืขื ืฉื ืชื ืืืืจ, ืืืื “ืืืืื ืืจืื”ืง ืื ืคืงื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืขืื”, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืช ืืขืื ืื ืืืืงื ืคืืจ ืขืฆืื ืืงืืื ืืฆืืช ืืฉื, ืืืืื ืคืจืง ืขืื ืขืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืขืืื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืฆืืช ืจืื ืืชื ืื, ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืกืืืืช ืืขืฆืื ืืืืจืืข ืืืืช ืืงืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืืืื, ืืจื”ื ืืืจืื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืฉืืื ื ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืืคื’ ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืชืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื, ื”ื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืืขืื ืืฆืืืื ืจืื ืืืืช ืฉืืื.
ืืขืค”ื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืช ืขื ืื ื ืกืืื ื”ืขืงืื” ืฉืื’ ืื ืกืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืกืืื ืืช, ืืืืืืจื ืงืฉื, ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ื ืืฆืืช ืืขืงืืื, ืืื ืืชื’ “ืื ืขืืื ืืืจืื ื ืื ืืืื”, ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืกืจืื ื ืคืฉื ืขื ืงืืืฉืช ืืฉื, ืืืคื’ ืคืฉืืื ืขื ืืจืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืชืืื ืืฉืขืช ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืืช, ืืืื ืจืืืชื ืืขืงืืืช ืืฆืืง. ืื”ื ืฉืขืืงืจ ืื ืกืืื ืื ืื’ ืืขืฆื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืงืจืื ืืช ืื ื ืืืืื, ืืื ืฉืื’ ื”ืขืงืืื” ืกืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืช ืื ืื ื ืืืจื ืืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืชืจืืง ืืข”ื ืืืขืืื ืืช ืืฉื ืืืืื ืฉื ืขืืื, ืืขืชื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืืช, ืื ื ืืืจืื ืืขืฆืื ืืงืจืื ืืช ืื ื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ื’ ืืืื ืืื, ืืืื ื ืขืืฅ ื ืกืืื ืืขืงืืื, ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืขื ืืฆืืช ื’ ืืฉื ืืื ืชืขืฉื, ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืื ื”ื ืข”ื ืืขืฉื, ื”ืืืืืื ืฉื ืชืืจื ืืื ืงืืืื”, ืื ืืื ืืคืืืช ืื’ ืืืื ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืฆืืืื ืืคืฉืืื, ืืืคืจืฉ ืื ืืื ื ืืืจืช, ืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืื ืฉื ืฉืืื, ืื ืขื ืื ืืืช ืขืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืจ “ืื ื ืืชืืื ืืืื”, (ืืขื’ ืกื ืืืจืื ืค”ื ื’), ืืืืืจ ืขืื ืื ื ื ืืืงืืื ืืช ืฆื ื’ ืคืฉืืื ืืืฉืืขื. ืืืื ืืืจ ืืงื”ื ืืืืจ ืืขืงืืื “ืขืชื ืืืขืชื ืื ืืจื ืืืงืื ืืชื”, ืืจื ื’ ืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืื ื ืืจื ืืฉืื ืืืจ ืฉืืขืืื, ืืื ื”ืืืจ ื'” ืืืฉืจ ืืื.
ื
ื) ืืืงืืืืฉืื ื”ื ื’ ืืืชื, ืจืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืื’ ืืืจืฉ ืืช ืืืงืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ, ืื ื ืฉืชื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืฉืืืืฃ, ืืืจ ืืงื”ื ืืืื ืฉืฉืืขื ืงืืื ืขื ืืจ ืกืื ื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืืจืชื “ืื ืื ืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืขืืืื ืขืืื ืื, ืืื ืขืืืื ืืขืืืื”, ืืืื ืื ืืงื ื ืืืื ืืขืฆืื, ืชืืจืฆืข ืข”ื. ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืฆืื, ืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื”ื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืื ืืจืฆืข, ืืืคืจื ืื”ื ืืจืง ืืืจืืื ืื”ื ื ืจืฆืข, ืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืจืฉ”ื ืืคื’ ืืืืืฉ ืจืืฉ ืืฉืคืืื ืืช ืืืืืืชื, ืืืื ืฉืฉืืขื ืขื ืืจ ืกืื ื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืชืืจืฆืข, ืืื ืืืืจ ืขืฆืื – ืืืื ืฉืฉืืขื ืื ืื ืื ”ื ืขืืืื ืืื’ ืชืจืฆืข.
ืืืฉ ืืืชืืื ื ืืืืจืืื ืื”ื ื ืจืฆืข ืขื ืฉืขืืจ ืืื ืชืื ืื, ืืื ืชืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืงืื ืืฆืื ืืืคืจืข ืืื ื ืขื ืื ืืืชื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืื’ ืื ืืฆื ืืืคืฉื, ืืฉืขืช ืืืืืจื ืื’ ืื ืืืจืฆืข, ืืื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืืงืฉ ืืืฉืืจ ืืฆื ืืืื ื, ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืงืฉ ืฉืื ืืฆืืช ืืืคืฉื ืืจื ืื ืฆื ืื ืืจืฆืืขื, ืืื ืืขื ืืื.
ื) ืืื ืฉื ืจืื ืืืืจ ืืื, ืืืืจืืื ืื”ื ืืื ืขืืื ื ืืจืืฆืขื ืืฉืขื ืฉื ืืืจ, ืฉืขืฆื ืืืืจืชื ืื ืืื ืขืื ืฉื ืขื ืื ืืืชื. ืื ืื ืืฉืขื ืฉืขืืื ืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืคืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืื’ ืื ืืฆื ืืืคืฉื, ืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืคืจืข ืฉืื ืืจืืืฉ ืืขื ืขืื ืฉ ืืืืืจืชื, ืืืืจืื ืขืจืืื ืืื ืขืืืืชื ืขืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืื ืขืื ืืืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืืื, ืืื ืงืืขื ืชืืจื ืฉืชืจืฆืข ืืืื ื ืืชืืจืช ืขืื ืฉ ืขื ืฉืื ื, ืืืื ืฉืขืื ืฉ ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืขืื ืื, ืืืื ืฉื ืชืืืจ. [ืื ืฉืืืืจื ื ืืืื ืขืื ืฉ, ืืชืื ืฉืื”ื ืืืืืง, ืฉืืื ืืจืฆืืขื ืืื ืืืืืจื ืืขืื ืฉ ืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืื, ืืขื”ืค ืืืจืื ื ืืืงืืื ืขืืืืื].
ืืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืฉ ืืขื’ ืืื ืืืืืจื ืชืืจื ืืขืืืืชื ืืืจ ืืจืฆืืขื ืฉืื ืืืขืื ืื ืืจืขืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืฉืืจ ืขืื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืื ืฆืจืื ืืขื ืืืจื ืืืืืจื ืจืืฉืื ื ืฉืืฃ ืืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืขื ืื ืืืชื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืฉ ืืืฉ ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืื ืฉื ืืขืช.
ืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืจืื ื ืืง’ ืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืขืฆืื, ืฉืื ืขืื ืฉื ืืื ืขื ืฉืขืืจ ืขื ืื ืฉืฉืืขื ืืืื ื ืื ืื ืื ”ื ืขืืืื ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืขืืืื, ืืืื ืื ืืงื ื ืืืื ืืขืฆืื, [ืืืื ื ื ืจืฆืข ืืื ืืืืืจ ืขืฆืื, ืืื ืืจื ืืคื ื ืืืืงื ืืืจ ืขืฆืื (ืจืื ืงืืืืฉืื ืืฃ ื.) ืืื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืื ืขืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืคืฉื, ืืืฉืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืื'” ืืื ื ืจืืฆื ืืฆืืช ืืืจืืช, ืขื ืื ืงืืขื ืืชืืจื ืืื ื ืืจืฆืืขื], ืื”ื ืื ืืขื ืืืืืจื ืชืืจื ืืขืืืืชื ืืืจ ืืจืฆืืขื ืฉืชืื ืืืืจื ืืืชืจ ืืขืืืืชื ืืงืืืืช, ืฉืชืื ื ืืฉืืช ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืคืืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืื.
ื) ืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ื ืืืืจ ื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืชื ืช, ืืื ืชืืขืืชื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืขื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืืฉืชืืจืจ ืข”ื ืืจืขืื ืืกืฃ, ืืืื ืข”ืค ืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืื”ืจ ืืฆ”ื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืกืจ ืืืืจ ืก”ื, ืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืืื (ื’ ื’ ื-ื) ืืื ื ืขืื ืฉืืขื ืื ืืจื ืืื’ ืืืื ืงืืื ื ืงืืื ื ืืจืฆืช ืื’ ืืืฉืืข ืื ืื’ ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจื, ืืขืชื, ืื ืชื ืงืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืื ืืชื, ืืืืขืช ืืช ืืฉืจ ืชืขืฉื ืื ืืืืจืืช ืืช ืฉืืืชื ืืื ืฉืืื ืข”ื. ืืื ืขืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืื, ืืืจ ืื ืืฉืืขื (ืฉื ื”ื ืืืืื) ืื ื ืื ืืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉื ืืื’ ืืื’ ืืืื ืฆืืชื ืืขืืจืช ืืช ื ืื ืงืืืจืื ืืืืข ืชืืข ืื ืืืช ืชืืืช, ืืื ืืื’ ืืจืืฉื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืขืฉื ืขืืื ืืื’ (ืื ืฉืืข ืขื ืื). [ืืืื ืืงืฅ ืฉืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ื ืขืืืื ืืฉืืขื ืืื’ ืืืงื ืฉืืขื ืืืืืืฉ ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืชื ืืื’, ืืืฉืืข ืืืื ืืืงืจื ืืฉืืขื ืืืืืจ ืืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืขืชืื ืื’ ืืื’ ืืชืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืขืชื, ืืืืืข ืื ืฉืืจืช ืืช ืฉืืืขืช ื’ ืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืฉืจ ืฆืืืืชื ืขืืื ืืื’, ืืืืกืืฃ ืืืืชื]. ืืืฉื ืชืืื ื ืืคืจืฉื ืื ืืฉ ืืชืืื ืื ืืืื, ืืื ื ืฉืืื ืฆืืื ืข”ื ืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืงืืช ืืช ืฉืืขื, ืืื ืขืฉื, ืืืจ ืื ืฉืื ืืฆืืช ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืชืืื ื ืืืืจ ืื, ืืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืฉืขืื’ ื ืืืจ ืืคื ื ืืฃ ืืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืื’, ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืขืืื ืืฉืืืขืชื, ืืืจื ืืื ืงืืื ืงื ืื ืื’ ืฉืืขื, ืืื ืจืืฉ ืืกื ืืืจืื, ืืื ืฉื ืจืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืงืจ. ืืื ืืืืช ืฆืืง ืฉืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืชืื, ืืืื ืืงืฅ ืืื’ ืืืชืื ืืืขืื, ืืืืืช ืื ืืขื ืื ืื’ ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืืข ืขืฆืื ืืืขืืืจ ืขื ืฉืืืขืชื.
ืืืืืจ ืืืื”ืจ ืืฆ”ื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืกืจ ืฉื, ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืชื ืื ืจืื ืืืื, ืฉืืฃ ืฉืืจืฆืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืฉื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืื ื, ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืฉื ืื, ืืจื ืืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืชืืืคื ืืืื, ืืืขื ืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืคืจืืฅ ืืืื ืืืฆืืช ืืื ื, ืข”ื ืืืจืื.
ื) ืืข”ืค ืืกืื ืื ืืืกืืจืช ืื ื ืชืืขืืชื ืฉื ืืจืฆืืขื, ืฉืืืคื ืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืช ืืืื ื ืืื’ ืื ืืฆื ืืืคืฉื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืืืจืขืช ืืขืืืืช, ืืขืจื ืื ืืฆืื ืืฃ ืฉืืื ืืฉืคื ืืืืจืื (“ืขืืืื ืืขืืืื”) ืืืื ืืืชื ืืชืืจื ืืืกืจ ืข”ื ืฉื ื ืืืจืื: ื) ืืขืฉื ืืจืฆืืขื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืจืืช ืื ืืืื ืฉืฉืืขื ืขื ืืจ ืกืื ื ืืื’, ืืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืืืืกืจ ืขื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืืฉ ืืขืื ืฉ ืืืืืกืจ ืืขืืืืช ืฉืืืจืืื ืื”ื, ืื’) ืฉื ืขืฉื ืขืื ื ืจืฆืข ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืจืขืื ืืกืฃ, ืืข”ื ืืขืืื ืืช ืืืื ื, ืื ืืฆืื ืืชืืจื ืืจื ืืืืื ืฉืคืืืช ืืฆืื ืฉื ืจืื ืืขื ืื ืืืชืืง ืืืขืจื ืืื ืข”ื ืฉื ืืืืฃ ืขืืื ืืช ืืฆืื, ืืืืื ืฉืืื’ ืืืืจื ืืขืืืืชื ืจืง ืื ืืจืืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชื, ืืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืฉื “ืขืื ืืขืืืื”.
ืืื ืื ืื ืืขืื ืืขืืืื, ืืื “ืืขืืื ืื” ืืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืฉืชืขืื ืืงืื ื ืืื ืืืคืฉืจ, ืืืฃ ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืืจื, ืืืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืขืื ืืขืฉืืช ืจืฆืื ืงืื ื, ืืข”ืค ืฉืื ืงืฉื ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืจ, ืืคืื ืฆืขืจื ืืืจื.
ืืืืื”ืจ ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืื”ื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื, ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืื, ืืจื ืืื ื ืืฉืืขืื ืืคืช ืืกืื, ืืจื ืงืืื ืืืฆืืช ืงื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืืจืืืฉ ืฉืืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื (ืืืืฉ”ื ืืชืืก’).
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Harav Hagaon Elimelech Reznick Shlita
Earn Your Name!
Parshas Chayei Sarah
Harav Hagaon Elimelech Reznik shlita
In this weekโs parashah, Efron sold Meโaras Hamachpeilah to Avraham Avinu, and Chazal are extremely critical of him for the way he went about it. At the beginning he said, โIโll give it to you as a gift,โ but at the end he took 400 shekel for the plot, which was a tremendous amount of money, and was paid in ืขึนืึตืจ ืึทืกึผึนืึตืจ currency. On the words: ืึทืึผึดืฉืึฐืงึนื ืึทืึฐืจึธืึธื ืึฐืขึถืคึฐืจึนื, Rashi comments that Efronโs name is spelled without a vav because he promised a lot and did not do even a little: ืืคื ืฉืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืคืืื ืืขื ืื ืขืฉื.
How much was the 400 shekel he charged Avraham worth? I saw the following calculation: In Parashas Vayishlach Yaakov Avinu bought a field from Chamor, the father of Shechem, for 100 kesitah. This was probably a big plot of land, since it had to accommodate Yaakov, his family, and all of his sheep and cattle. Rashi says that kesitah is the same as maโah, so that means Yaakov Avinu paid 100 maโah for that field. The Gemara says there were 24 maโah to a shekel, so Yaakov Avinu paid approximately 4 shekel for that land. Presumably, Meโaras Hamachpeilah was not bigger than that plot of land, yet Efron charged Avraham a hundred times the price.
Chazal say that Efron wasื ึดืึฐืึธื ืึทืืึนื โ he ran after money. But why did that result in his losing a letter from his name? What connection is there between the loss of the vav and his failure to control his middos and withstand the nisayon? The Vilna Gaon, cited in the Likkutim from the Sifrei Hagaon, notes that later in the parashah the Torah says that Avraham gave gifts to the children of the pilagshim, and Rashi says that those gifts were the money that Avimelech gave Avraham to compensate for what he had done to Sarah. Avraham didnโt want to keep that money, so he gave it to the children of the pilagshim. How much was that? In last weekโs parashah the Torah says that Avimelech gave Avraham 1000 kesef. Avraham Avinu, says the Gaon, was planning on using that 1000 kesef to pay Efron for Meโaras Hamachpeilah. Had Efron not named a price, Avraham Avinu would have given him 1000 shekel. But because Efron set this tremendous price of 400 shekel, thatโs what Avraham Avinu gave him. It turns out that he actually lost 600 shekel, because had he kept quiet he would have gained another 600! Since he was ื ึดืึฐืึธื ืึทืืึนื, and greedily demanded 400 shekel, in the end he lost 600, as alluded to in the vav (which has a gematria of six) that was dropped from his name.
Whatโs in a Name?
The loss of the vav has deeper significance as well. The sefarim teach that a personโs name reflects his essence and his tafkid in this world. When a person fulfills his mission here in Olam Hazeh, then his name becomes fulfilled as well. The Ri Bar Yakar says that at a bris milah, when we say ืืืงืจื ืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื, itโs not just an announcement of the name, itโs a brachah to the baby that he should live up to his name.
The Shelah advises that at the end of Shemoneh Esrei a person should say a passuk that starts with the first letter of his name and ends with the last letter of his name. Someone who has two names should say two pesukim. (Rav Chaim Kanievsky is quoted as saying that a person with two names should say three pesukim โ one for each name, and a third passuk that starts with the first letter of his first name and ends with the last letter of his second name โ because itโs possible that two names are essentially one name.) The reason for this, explains the Shelah, is that after 120, when people stand before the beis din shel maalah and their name is called out, they are unable to answer, because they forget their name, which is a great bushah. Saying a passuk for your name at the end of Shemoneh Esrei is a segulah to remember your name up in Shomayim.
What does it mean that a person forgets his name? When a personโs name is called in beis din shel maalah, they are calling the person who fully carried out the tafkid contained in that name. If a person did not fulfill that job, he doesnโt recognize his name: โThatโs me? I didnโt live up to that!โ
Getting back to us, every person has to know that they have a tafkid here in Olam Hazeh. What was Efronโs tafkid? What was he sent to this world to do? He was sent here to sell the field of Meโaras Hamachpeilah to Avraham Avinu. And indeed, as soon as the Bnei Cheis heard that Avraham Avinu was interested in the field, they appointed Efron as the sar vโshofet, to enable the sale of the field. Had Efron done that, it would have gone down in history, in the Torah Hakedoshah, that Efron was the one who sold the field, just as we find that Mamrei, the friend of Avraham, was recorded in the Torah as having given Avraham good advice โ Hashem appeared to Avraham in his property, in ืึตืึนื ึตื ืึทืึฐืจึตื.
Mamrei fulfilled what he was sent to this world to do: to give Avraham a good eitzah. Efron, in contrast, didnโt read the map right. He was overcome by greed when he saw Avrahamโs money, and he tried to rip off Avraham by demanding an astronomical sum, instead of fulfilling his tafkid. Therefore, he lost a letter from his name โ his name in the Torah is not complete, indicating that he did not accomplish what he was sent to this world to do.
This is amazing, rabbosai! Efron lost his name because he was greedy for money. Every person has a tafkid in this world, and you never know where your opportunity is and what you were sent here to do. We are certainly not here to use everything as an opportunity to earn more money and more kavod.
The Chasam Sofer gives an intriguing psak in Yoreh Deโah siman 330. Someone wrote him a shailah complaining that the Chevrah Kaddisha had charged a huge sum of money for the kevurah of his parent and asking whether the Chevrah Kaddisha had a right to do that. The Chasam Sofer answered that if they were willing to purchase any kever, then the Chevrah Kadisha was indeed obligated to give it to them for a fair price, but if they wanted a specific kever, then the Chevrah Kaddisha was entitled to charge any price, as per the principle of ืืื ืืื ืื ืืงืจืงืขืืช. A chashuveh kever is worth all the money in the world, and the children of the niftar could not have any complaints against the Chevrah Kaddisha.
As proof, the Chasam Sofer noted that the subject of purchasing a gravesite appears twice in the Torah: once regarding Efron and Avraham, and once regarding the burial of Yitzchak. At the time of Yitzchakโs burial, Yaakov and Eisav argued over who should receive the last place in Meโaras Hamachpeilah, and it says that Yaakov gave Eisav a ืืจื ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืืืื โ a tremendous amount of money โ in exchange for his portion in Meโaras Hamachpeilah.
The Chasam Sofer notes that while Chazal disparage Efron for charging Avraham a fortune for Meโaras Hamachpeilah, applying to him the passuk in Mishlei that says: ื ึดืึฐืึธื ืึทืืึนื ืึดืืฉื ืจึทืข ืขึธืึดื, we donโt find that Chazal similarly disparage Eisav for taking an astronomical sum from Yaakov for the same Meโaras Hamachpeilah. Why is that?
The Chasam Sofer explains that Efron was unaware of the chashivus of this plot of land; to him, it was a simple piece of land with a cave, so he had no reason to charge Avraham so much money. By the time Eisav sold his portion in that plot, however, Avraham and Sarah and Yitzchak and Rivka were already buried there, making it the most chashuveh gravesite in the world and therefore priceless. Therefore, Eisav was entitled to take any amount of money for it. Accordingly, ruled the Chasam Sofer, if a person wants a chashuveh kever the Chevrah Kaddisha can charge him all the money in the world.
Beware of Behalah
I had a kasha on this insight of the Chasam Sofer. The Midrash Rabbah, on the passuk: ืึดื ืึผึถืกึถืฃ ืชึผึทืึฐืึถื ืึถืช ืขึทืึผึดื, applies the description of ื ึดืึฐืึธื ืึทืืึนื to both Efron and Eisav: first the Midrash says ื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืขืคืจืื, and then it says ืืืจ ืืืจ ื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืขืฉื. Efron is faulted for taking 400 shekel from Avraham for Meโaras Hamachpeilah, and Eisav is faulted for taking a ืืจื ืฉื ืืกืฃ from Yaakov and selling his portion in Meโaras Hamachpeilah.
If so, how can the Chasam Sofer say that Chazal did not disparage Eisav for taking an astronomical sum for Meโaras Hamachpeilah? He may have known the value of the gravesite and been entitled to sell it for any price, but Chazal do fault him nonetheless!
I believe I have a truthful answer, though. If we look carefully at what the Midrash is saying, we see that Chazal have a different complaint against Eisav than they have against Efron. Chazal criticize Efron for being greedy and chasing after Avrahamโs money, but they do not criticize Eisav for the amount of money he took from Yaakov. Their criticism of Eisav was: If you know that this is the makom kevurah of the Avos hakedoshim, and you have the opportunity to be buried here, how can you sell this plot, even for all the money in the world? Eisavโs willingness to sell his portion in Meโaras Hamachpeilah demonstrated that money was more important to him than having a connection with the Avos. Heโs called ื ึดืึฐืึธื ืึทืืึนื not because of the amount of money he took โ on the contrary, the more money he took the better, because that shows that at least he appreciated the value of the place โ but because he was willing to sell such a priceless plot for money.
The Chasam Sofer says that the description ืจึทืข ืขึธืึดื refers specifically to Efron, not Eisav. Efron possessed an ayin raโah, and desired the money of others. Eisav, on the other hand, was right to demand that amount of money for Meโaras Hamachpeilah. The description ื ึดืึฐืึธื ืึทืืึนื applies to both, but each of them experienced a different downfall as a result of being bahul for money. Because Efron was bahul for money he lost himself and ran after Avrahamโs money. Eisav wasnโt running after other peopleโs money; the deal was right, except that he shouldnโt have gone through with it. He went through with the deal only because he was bahul for money, as Chazal say that ืืงื ืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืืฆืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืื ืืขืืื. Kinah, taavah, and kavod can cause many nisyonos, and when a person is faced with these nisyonos he is liable to lose his seichel hayashar and become unable to control himself. We have to know to prepare ourselves for situations like these. For example, when a person learns mussar and he sees how repugnant certain middos are, he can recognize what a middah can cause and prepare himself for that time in life when he is tested with a nisayon in that area.
They say that before Rav Wolbe would enter a meeting with other gedolim about matters concerning the klal, he would sit down for an hour before and prepare himself by thinking of different middos that might come up during the meeting that could affect his ability to think clearly and make sensible decisions. A person has to be prepared not to lose his judgment and became bahul, because at the time of a nisayon โ whether it involves taavah, mamon, kinah, or kavod โ a person can completely lose his ability to make good decisions.
We should all be zocheh to make the proper decisions and fulfill our tafkid in Olam Hazeh.