BereishisChayei Sarah

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Sar haTorah Hagaon Harav Chaim Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ื•ื™ื‘ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืกืคื•ื“ ืœืฉืจื” ื•ืœื‘ื›ื•ืชื”. (ื›ื’, ื‘)
ื‘ื”ืกืคื“ ืฉื ืฉื ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื””ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆื•ืง”ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืคื•ื ื™ื‘ื–’, ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ื›ื”ื ืžืŸ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ื”ืงืฉื” ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™: ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืกืคื“? ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื”ืœื ืฉืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”?

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ: ื”ื”ืกืคื“ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” “ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื””, ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ”ื™: ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ ื•ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื”, ืจืง ื–ืืช ืืžืจ “ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื” – ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื””. ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ. ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ืฆืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกืง ื•ื”ื™ืกื— ื”ื“ืขืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื”ืกืคื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”! ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”.

ืฉื‘ื— ืžื•ืคืœื ื–ื” ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืžืจืŸ ืจื””ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืคื•ื ื™ื‘ื–’ ื–ืฆ”ืœ. ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื ืคืœืื” ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื ื•, ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื ื• ืื ื•, ืœืชืืจื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ืจืื•ื™. ืืžื ื ื–ืืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช: “ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื””! ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ืกื“, ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืขืฉื™ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืฉืขื“ ื–ืงื ื” ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื.

ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• “ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื” (ื›ื“, ื), ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”’ ื•ืœื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืคืกืง ื›ืœืœ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yeruchem Levovitz, ztโ€l

“ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื—ื ื™ ื”ืฉื”
ืกื™ืคืจ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”: ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืดืช ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื ืื™ืจืขื” ืœื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ืชืงืœื” ื•ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘. ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ืื•ืจื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืคืงื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื•, ื™ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ื•ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉื”’ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ื•ืฆืขื“!

ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื: ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื™ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื˜’ ืกืžื•ืš ืœ3ืขื™ืจ ืงืœื, ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ 25 ืงืดืž ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื‘ื”ืกืชื•ืคืคื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื“ืฉื, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืกืข ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฉืดืง, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืขืจืฉืดืง.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ื–ื• ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฉืดืง, ืืžื ื ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืดืง. ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ืฉืืจืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืชื™ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•, ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื ื•. ืคืขื ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืคืขื ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžื•. ืคืขื ื–ื” ื•ืคืขื ืื—ืจืช, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ื•ืฉืขื” ืงืจื• ืœื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ‘ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”’ ืืชื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš’ ื•ืžืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช.

ื–ื›ื•ืจื ื™ ื’ื ืืฉืจ ืงืจื” ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” (ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”), ื›ืฉื ืฉืืจืชื™ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื“ืจืš ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืคื•ืœื ื™ื”, ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘’ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืœืกื‘ื‘ ื“ืจืš ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื“ื ืฆื™ื’.

ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœืขื™ืจ ‘ืื•ื ืกื˜ืขื‘ื•ืจื’’ ื”ื ื” ื‘ื ืœื ื’ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“, ื•ืฉืืœื ื™ ืื ืื ื™ ื ื•ืกืข ืœื“ื ืฆื™ื’, ื ืคืชืขืชื™ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื•ืžืื™ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืœื“ื ืฆื™ื’ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš, ื•ื‘ืฉืžืขื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ ืชื™ื›ืฃ ืœืงื— ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืชื™, ืกื“ืจื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืกืขื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœื“ื ืฆื™ื’, ืฉื ื’ื ื”ืจืื” ืœื™ ืžืงื•ื ืœืื›ืกื ื™ื”, ื•ื’ื ื–ื™ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื“ืจ ื•ื˜ื™ืคืœ ืขืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™, ื•ื”ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœืคื•ืœื ื™ื”.

ื”ืฉืชื•ืžืžืชื™ ื•ืœื ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ืœืžืจืื” ืขื™ื ื™. ืื– ืืžืจืชื™ ื•ืงืจืืชื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืดืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื—ื ื™ ื”ืฉืืด. ืžืžืฉ ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื”’ ืœืคื ื™.

ืžืชื•ืš ื˜ืœืœื™ ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืดืช

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shpitzer Shlita

ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”

ืขื•ื ืฉื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื

ื‘ืช ืง’ ื›ื‘ืช ื›’ ื•ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื‘ืช ื›’. ื•ืข’ ื—”ืก ื™ื•”ื“ ืงื ”ื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืจืฆื” ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื›ืคืจื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืช ื›’, ื•ืข”ืฉ ื—”ืก ืฉื”ื•ื ืื’ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉ”ืก, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืื’ื“ื” ื–ื” ื“ื•ืงื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”’ ืœ”ื‘ ื•ืฉืคืชื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื“ืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ืžื• ืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ื“ืขืช ื—”ืก ืข’ ื™ืข”ื“ ื—”ื ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื—’ ืขืž’ ืงืก”ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืืœื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื›’, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ”ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”).

ื•ืข”ืข ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืžืœื‘ื™”ื ืกื™’ ื’ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–’ (ื‘ื”ื™ ืื•ืช ื–’ ื“”ื” ื•ืืช ื–ื”) ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืคืž”ื’ ื‘ืก’ ืชื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืžื ืค’ ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื” ื“ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ื›’ ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ื™ื””ืจ ืื—ืจ ืค’ ืืฉื ืชืœื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืชื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืจืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื“ืกืคืง ืื™ื ื• ืืกื•ืจ ืืœื ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืจืช. ื•ืข”ืฉ ืžื” ืฉืชืžื” ืขืœื™ื•. (ื•ืข’ ืค”ืช ื™ื•”ื“ ื”’ ื’’ ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื‘ืช ื’ืžื ื”ื ”ืœ).

(ื•ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ืืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื™”ื’ ืขื“ ื‘ืŸ ื›’ ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืจืช ืข’ ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉ”ืก ืฉื‘ืช ืค”ื˜ ืข”ื‘ ื“ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืจืช ืืœื ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื, ื•ืข’ ืžื”ืจ”ืฅ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื (ื•ืจ’ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ื˜ืžืื›ืขืจ ืฉื). ื•ืข’ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืขื‘ ืขืž’ ืข”ื– ื“ื—ื›ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื˜ืจื ื™ ื›ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื›’. (ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื‘’ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืคื˜ืจื ื™).

ื•ืข’ ื ื•ื‘”ื™ ื•ื—”ืฆ ื‘ืชื™’ ื‘’ ื“ื ืขื ืฉ ืœืžืคืจืข, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”’ ืžืื—ืจ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื“ ื‘ืŸ ื›’. ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ืค”ืช ืฉืข”ื• ื’’ ืžื ื•ื‘”ื™. ื•ืข’ ืคืž”ื’ ืจื™”ื˜ ืื™ืš ื™ื‘ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืžืœ ื•ืชื™’ ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื‘”ื“ ืžืขื ื™ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›’, ื•ืจืง ื›ืจืช ืœื.

ื•ืข’ ื–ื•”ื— ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›”ื” ืข”ื‘ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืขื“ ื‘ืŸ ื›’ ื•ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™”ื’ ื•ื›’, ื•ืข”ื› ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™”ื’. ื•ืœืคื™ ืคืž”ื’ ืœื ื”ืฉ, ื•ืœืคื™ ื ื•ื‘”ื™ ื”ืฉ.

 

ื•ืข’ ื—ืฉื•ืงื™ ื—ืžื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขืž’ ืž”ื ืื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืข”ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ื›’. ื•ืข’ ืก’ ืฆ”ืค ืขืœ ืžืก’ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื ืขืœ ืขื“ื™ื•ืช ืค”ื‘ ืž”ื˜ ืขืž’ ืฆ”ื” ืกืงืก”ื” ื“ืžื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขืœ, ื“ื–ื” ื“ื•ืงื ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื›’. (ื•ืœื›ื’ ื›ืžื•”ื› ื”ื•ืœ”ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื“ื•ืงื ืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ื›’. ื•ืข’ ืฉื•”ืช ืฆ”ืค ืจื™”ื‘. ื•ืข”ืฉ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืจืžื‘”ื ืค”ื‘ ืžืกื•ื˜ื” ื””ื’ ื“ืžืžืขื˜ ืจืง ืงื˜ื ื”.

ื•ืข’ ื‘”ื™ ืกื™’ ืจืก”ื” ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ื“ื ื•ืกื— ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืคื” ื•ืœืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขื“ ื‘ืŸ ื›’ ื•ื—ื•ืคื” ื‘ืŸ ื™”ื—. ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื“”ื— ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืจื™ ื’ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ื—ื•ืคื” ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื›’ ื“ื”ืจื™ ืืžืจื• ืชื™ืคื— ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ืจืง ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื›’.

ื•ืข”ืข ืคืจื“ืก”ื™ ื“ืฉืจื” ืื™ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืก”ื“ ื•ืื™ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ื‘ืช ื›’ ื›ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืค’ ืœืื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžืคืจืข. ื•ื›”ื› ืชื‘ื•”ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืค”ื˜ ืข”ื‘. ื•ืข”ืข ืค”ืช ื™ื•”ื“ ืฉืข”ื• ื’’ ื‘ืฉื ื ื•ื‘”ื™ ื—”ื‘ ืื•”ื— ื—’.

ื•ืข’ ืืžืจื™ ืืžืช ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ื ืจื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื”ืง’ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ื•ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืขื“ื• ื•ื‘ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืจืง ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื•ืœื—ื“ ืž”ื“ ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื ื•ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ืืฉื”, ื•ื”ื› ืื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ืš ื•ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื‘ืช ื›’.

ื•ืข’ ืคื ื™”ืค ืค’ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื””ืค ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฆื‘ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืข”ื“ ื—”ื‘, ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื.

 

ื•ืข’ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœ”ื ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“”ืฉ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืข’ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื—”ืก ืฉืก”ื— ื“’ ืฉื”ืง’ ืžืฉื‘ืช ืค”ื˜ ืข”ื‘ ื“ื’ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœืงื˜ืŸ.

ื•ืข’ ื—ื•”ื™ ืงืก”ื• ื“ื›ืœ ืœืื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขื•ื ืฉื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื™”ื’ ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืื– ืขื•ื ืฉื• ืจืง ืžื‘ืŸ ื›’, ื•ืž”ืž ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืงืจื— ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ืœื–ื” ืืžืจื• ืงืฉื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ื•ืข”ืฉ ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื“ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืž”ืž ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืœื ืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืงืจื—, ื•ืข”ื› ื”ื ื“ื ืขื ืฉื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.

 

ื•ืขื›”ืค ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื›’. ื•ืข’ ืื’”ืž ื™ื•”ื“ ื—”ื’ ืฆ”ื• ื˜’. ื•ืข’ ืžื”ืจืฉ”ื ืžื•”ืง ื›”ื— ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ืขื“ ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืž”ื˜ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช. ื•ืข’ ื—ืกื“ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื–ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื“”ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘’ ืขื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื ื ื”ืจ ื ”ื• ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื–ื”, ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืชื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืช, ืื–ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ืœื— ืžืœืืš ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืขื“”ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ื•’. ื•ืข”ืฉ ื””ื” ื—”ื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ื•ืข’ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืฉื•”ืช ืจ’ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืคื•ื–ื ื ืฉื–ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืข”ืฉ.

ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืค”ื” 56 ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืจื”

Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Refoel Shmulevitz, ztโ€l

ื) ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœ”ื ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื”, ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืชื•ืก’ ื“ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืื’ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ืจ.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื“ื”ื ื” ืžืขืฉืจื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืœืš ืœืš ืžืืจืฆืš, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ, ื›ื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืš ืœืš ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืœืžื” ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื– ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ืžืืจืฆื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจื‘, ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืจืฉ”ื– ืจื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœืš, ืฉื ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื›ืขื™”ื– ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืงื™ื“ื”, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื›ืœ ืข”ื™ ื”ื›ืจืชื•, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชื—ืœืช ืจืง ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ืฉืื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืื– ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืชื•ืจื” ืžื”ืฉื™”ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขืงื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื” ืข”ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉืข”ื™ ื”ื›ืจืชื• ื ืจืžื– ื™ืขื•”ืฉ. ื•ื›”ื” ื’ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืš ืœืš.

ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืขื•ื“, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• “ื•ืืขืฉืš ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืื‘ืจื›ืš ื•ืื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืžืš ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื›ื””, [ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืœื• ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ื‘”ืืขืฉืš ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ” ืžื•ื ื— ื›ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื•, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ื’ื ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื”], ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืงื™ื“ื” “ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืึฒื‘ึธืจึถื›ึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธื” ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึถื” ืึถืช ื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ ื›ึผึฐื›ื•ึนื›ึฐื‘ึตื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐื›ึทื—ื•ึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึทืœ ืฉื‚ึฐืคึทืช ื”ึทื™ึผึธื ื•ึฐื™ึดืจึทืฉื ื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ ืึตืช ืฉืึทืขึทืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ืœืš ืœืš.

ื‘) ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืžื” ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื•ืืขืฉืš ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืื‘ืจื›ืš ื•ืื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืžืš ื•ื’ื•’, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ืข”ื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ื•ืžื” ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ.

ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™”ื‘ ื“’ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ื™ืœืš ืื‘ืจื ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื”’, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš (ืฉื ื”’) ื•ื™ืงื— ืื‘ืจื ืืช ืฉืจื™ ืืฉืชื• ื’ื•’, ื•ื’ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ, ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืจื”, (ืฉื ื’) ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”’ ืืœ ืื‘ืจื ื•ื’ื•’. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืื•ื””ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ื”’ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืฉื™ืœืš ืœื• ืžืืจืฆื•, ื™ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืข”ื–, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืงืœ ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื”ืจ ืœื™ืกืข, ืœื–ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฆื“ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื, ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืœืš ืœื ืœืฆื“ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”’, ื•ื“ื™ืงื“ืง ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ “ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ”, ื•ืœื “ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžืจ” ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉื”: ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื•ื’ื•’, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ “ื•ื™ืืžืจ” ืœืฆื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืืช ืื‘ืจื, ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ืจื ืืžืจ “ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ” ืคื™’ ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื“ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืžืœืš, ื•ืœื ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื ืžืฉืš ืืœื™ื•.

ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื™”ืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืื•ื””ื— ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืงืœ ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื”ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ืืœื ืฉื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืœืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ.

ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืืจ ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืค”ื (ืฉื ืช ืชืจืœ”ื•) ืฉื ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช [ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืจ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉ”ื› ืฉื™ืœืš ืžืืจืฆื•] ื•ืชื™’ ืฉื””ื– ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ืœืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืื• ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžื ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืœืš ืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื”’, ื•ืจ”ืœ ืฉื”ืœืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื›ืจ, ื™ืขื•”ืฉ ื‘ืฉืค”ื.

ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื•, ืขื™’ ืฉืค”ื (ืฉื ืช ืชืจืœ”ื“) ืฉื”ืง’ ื•ื›ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืžื• ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืืœื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ื“, ื•ืชืžื•ื”, ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืคืกื•ืช ืขืจื›ื•, ืืœื ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, [ืจ”ืœ ื•ื”ืจื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืคืกื•ืช ืขืจื›ื•, ื•ื”ื› ืืฃ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืžื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš, ืฉื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื— ืฉื•ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•], ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืงื‘”ื” “ืžืœืš ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“”, ืข”ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืจื— ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžืœืš, ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื™ืช’, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื•ืืขืฉืš ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•’, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ืฉื™ืชืคืจืกื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื•, ื•ืœื™ืกื“ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”’, ื™ืขื•”ืฉ ื‘ืฉืค”ื.

ื•ื™”ืœ ื“ื–ื”ื• ื’”ื› ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”’ ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืชื‘ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ.

ื’) ื•ืœืค”ื– ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืš ืœืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืจืชื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืชื• ืœืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”’ ื•ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืข”ื–, ื•ืžืกืจ ื ืคืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจืชื•, [ื•ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื’ื ื‘”ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”” ืฉืžื•ืกืจื™ื ื ืคืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจืชื], ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืœืš ืœืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœื™ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืจืชื•, ืืœื ืข”ืค ืฆื™ื•ื™ ื”’, ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืฉื™ืœืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• “ื“ืขื”” ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืš ืœืš.

ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ืก”ื ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขืฉื”, ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื—ืžืช ื”ื›ืจืชื•, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื”’ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ื•ืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื“ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• “ืžืฆื•ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื–ื• ืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื, [ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, [ื•ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•”ืข ืื•”ื— ืœ”ื— ืก”ื— ื“ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืชื’ืจื™ื”ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžืง”ืฉ ื•ืชืคืœื”, (ื•ืขื™”ืฉ ื‘ืž”ื‘ ืก”ืง ื›”ื• ื•ื‘ืื””ืœ ื“”ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื), ืืข”ื’ ื“ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช], ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืจ”ืช ืืฉื” ืžื‘ืจื›ืช ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื• ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืžื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™], ื•ื”ื› ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”’ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขื‘ื“ ื”’ ื”ื•ื, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื”.

ื“) ืืš ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืš, ืืœื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื•, ืืœื ืฉื™ื”ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœื›ืš, ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• (ื—”ื ืขืž’ )117, ื‘ืฉื ืจ’ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื–ืฆ”ืœ, ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื•ื›ืจื—, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจ”ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”’ ืœื‘ื“ื•, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืกืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืื ื•, ืžืขืชื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ืช’ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืื ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื”ืจ”ืœ (ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืขื””ืช) ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืก’ ืฉื‘ืช ืค”ื— ื’ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข, “ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉ”ื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื•, ืืžื ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืžื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืงื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืข”ื›, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืจืฆื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.

ืžืขืชื” ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื— ืืœื ืžื—ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“, ืžืฉื”ื› ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ ืœืงื•ื ื•, [*ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืžื”ืจ”ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืจ ื›ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื˜ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื›ืž”ืง ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื”].

ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืืจื™ืš ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ, (ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ื ”ื˜ ื•ื”ืœืื”) ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™’ “ืขื‘ื“” ืœืงื•ื ื•, ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืœื ืžืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืœืš ืื“ื ืื—ืจ “ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื” ื•ืืคื™’ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื“, ืืœื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื” ืžืฉ”ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™’ ื‘’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ “ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื—ืœื” ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื™ื• ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืืžื•ืฅ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื•, ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื“’, ืฆื• ืœื‘ื™ืชืš, ื›ื™ ืžืช ืืชื” ื•ืœื ืชื—ื™'” ื•ื’ื•’, ื•ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ืž’ ืžืื™ ืžืช ืืชื” ื•ืœื ืชื—ื™’, ืžืช ืืชื” ื‘ืขื•ื””ื– ื•ืœื ืชื—ื™’ ืœืขื•ื””ื‘, ื”ืœ, ืžืื™ ื›ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™, ื”ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืœื ืขืกืงืช ื‘ืคืจื™’ ื•ืจื‘ื™’, ื”ืœ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื—ื–ืื™ ื‘ืจื•ื””ืง ื“ื ืคืงื™ ืžื™ื ืื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื“ืœื ืžืขืœื•, ื”ืœ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ื‘ื”ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ ื“ืจื—ืžื ื ืœืžื” ืœืš, ืžืื™ ื“ืžื™ืคืงื“ื™ืช ืื™ื‘ืขื™ ืœืš ืœืžื™ืขื‘ื“, ื•ืžื” ื“ื ื™ื—ื ืงืžื™ ืงื•ื‘”ื” ืœื™ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืฆ”ืข ื“ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ื””ื– ื•ื›ืจืช ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื””ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื›ืคืจื™’ ื•ืจื‘ื™’, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื “ื“ื—ื–ืื™ ื‘ืจื•ื””ืง ื“ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ืื™ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื“ืœื ืžืขืœื•”, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื˜ืขืžื• ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืงื• ืคื˜ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืคืจืง ืขื•ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืขืœื™ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืœื ืžืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื• ื•ืชื• ืœื, ื•ืื ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืื™ืžืช ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืื™ืžืช ื™ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื”ืจื™”ื– ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื“ ืืœื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืืคื™’ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ืž”ืž ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืจื‘ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื.

ื•ืขืค”ื– ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉื ืืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื””ืขืงื“ื”” ืฉื”ื™’ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ื›ื™ ืžื” ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขืงื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื ื›ืชื™’ “ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืจื’ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื”, ื•ื›ื—ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืกืจื™ื ื ืคืฉื ืขืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื, ื•ืืคื™’ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขืฆืžื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฉืžื“ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื ื‘ืขืงื™ื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง. ื•ื™”ืœ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™’ ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•, ืืœื ืฉื”ื™’ ื‘”ืขืงื™ื“ื”” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืข”ื– ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืขืชื” ืžื” ื™ืืžืจื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืœืžื•ืœืš, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื“’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ืขื•ืฅ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืงื™ื“ื”, ืฉืžื ื™ืืžืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื“’ ื‘ืฉื‘ ื•ืืœ ืชืขืฉื”, ืžืืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ื—”ื• ืข”ื™ ืžืขืฉื”, ื•”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื”ื• ืงื™ื•ืžื””, ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืคืฉื•ื˜ื•, ื•ืœืคืจืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื—ืœืœ ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ืืš ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืขืžื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ “ืื ื™ ืœืชื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœืš”, (ื•ืขื™’ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืค”ื˜ ื‘’), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื ื ื™ ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืฆื• ื“’ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขืงื™ื“ื” “ืขืชื” ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืืชื””, ื™ืจื ื“’ ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ื™ืจื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืืœื ืž”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“'” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื.

ื‘

ื“) ื•ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›”ื‘ ื‘’ ืื™ืชื, ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ื™’ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืื•ื–ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืงื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ “ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื, ื•ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื•ืงื ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืชื™ืจืฆืข ืข”ื›. ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื›ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืื™ ื™ืจืฆืข, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœืž”ื“ ื“ืจืง ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ื ืจืฆืข, ืื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืคื™’ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืจื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœืชื, ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื ืชื’ื ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ื ื‘ ืชื™ืจืฆืข, ื•ืื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• – ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ”ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื•’ ืชืจืฆืข.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ื ืจืฆืข ืขืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืœื ืชื’ื ื•ื‘, ื“ื–ื” ืชืžื•ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื, ื“ืžื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆืื• ืœื”ืคืจืข ืžืžื ื• ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ืœื ืืฆื ืœื—ืคืฉื™, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื™’ ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฆืข, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืืฆืœ ืื“ื•ื ื•, ื•ื’ื ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืœื ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ืคืฉื™ ื”ืจื™ ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื”, ื•ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื‘ื–ื”.

ื”) ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื, ื“ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ืžื›ืจ, ืฉืขืฆื ืžื›ื™ืจืชื• ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉื• ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื•. ืืš ืื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ืคืฉื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื•’ ืœื ืืฆื ืœื—ืคืฉื™, ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื’ืœืื™ ืžื™ืœืชื ืœืžืคืจืข ืฉืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืขื•ื ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืชื•, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ, ืœื›ืš ืงื‘ืขื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืชืจืฆืข ืื•ื–ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื’ื ื‘, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ. [ืžื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื‘ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื™”ื– ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœื•, ืืœื ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื˜ืื•, ื•ืขื›”ืค ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื].

ืžื™ื”ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™’ ืœืžื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื• ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื˜ืขื ื“ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื• ืœื ื ืžื›ืจ ืืœื ืœืฉืฉ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื—ืžืจ ืขื•ื ืฉื• ื›ืขืช.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื’ื ื‘ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื™ืง’ ื›ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืื•ื–ื ื• ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ”ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื ื•ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื•ืงื ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•, [ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ืจืฆืข ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื“ืื– ื”ืจื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื—ืงื• ืžื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• (ืจืื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ื›.) ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ืคืฉื™, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื•'” ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ื›ืš ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ืขื”], ื•ื”ื› ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืชื”ื ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืฉืชื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืขื•ืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

ื•) ืืš ื›ืฉื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืข”ื™ ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืข”ืค ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ืก”ื, ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื (ื’ ื‘’ ื—-ื˜) ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืžืš ืฉืžืขื™ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืœืœื ื™ ืงืœืœื” ื ืžืจืฆืช ื›ื•’ ื•ืืฉื‘ืข ืœื• ื‘ื”’ ืœืืžื•ืจ ืื ืืžื™ืชืš ื‘ื—ืจื‘, ื•ืขืชื”, ืืœ ืชื ืงื”ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื›ื ืืชื”, ื•ื™ื“ืขืช ืืช ืืฉืจ ืชืขืฉื” ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื“ื ืฉืื•ืœ ืข”ื›. ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื, ืืžืจ ืœื• ืœืฉืžืขื™ (ืฉื ืœ”ื• ื•ื”ืœืื”) ื‘ื ื” ืœืš ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื”ื™’ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืืชืš ื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืืช ื ื—ืœ ืงื™ื“ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืชื“ืข ื›ื™ ืžื•ืช ืชืžื•ืช, ื“ืžืš ื™ื”ื™’ ื‘ืจืืฉืš, ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœืžืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ืš ื•ื’ื•’ (ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš). [ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืงืฅ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืจื—ื• ืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžืขื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ื™ืงื ืฉืžืขื™ ื•ื™ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื—ืžื•ืจื• ื•ื™ืœืš ื’ืชื” ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœืฉืžืขื™ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื•, ื”ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ืš ื‘ื”’ ื•ื›ื•’ ื•ืชืืžืจ ืืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื™, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืฉืžืจืช ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”’ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื•ื™ืชื™ ืขืœื™ืš ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืชื•]. ื•ื›ืฉื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืชืžื•ื” ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื, ื“ื”ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฆื•ื•ื” ืข”ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœื ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžืขื™, ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื”, ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืœื ืœืฆืืช ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื” ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืฉืขืœื™’ ื ืืžืจ ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœืื• ืงื˜ืœื ืงื ื™ื ื”ื™’ ืฉืžืขื™, ืืœื ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ. ืืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืงืฅ ื•ื›ื•’ ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืœื ื”ื™’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื•.

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื, ื“ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืฃ ืฉืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืžืขื™ ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื™ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืžืฉื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื• ืชื™ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืœื, ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื• ื™ื•ื›ืจื— ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื›ืœืื• ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื ื”, ืข”ื› ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.

ื–) ื•ืข”ืค ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ืœื ื• ืชื•ืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื”, ืฉื›ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ื•’ ืœื ืืฆื ืœื—ืคืฉื™, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื’ืจืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืขืจื‘ ืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื• ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืคืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” (“ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื”) ืœืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืกืจ ืข”ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื) ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื•, ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื• ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื›ื•’, ื•ื‘ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ื›ืžื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™”ื“, ื•ื‘’) ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ ื ืจืฆืข ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ื“ืข”ื› ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ืื“ื•ื ื•, ืœื ืžืฆืื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืœืœืžื“ื• ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉื ืจืื” ืœืขื ื™ื• ื›ืžืชื•ืง ื•ื›ืขืจื‘ ืืœื ืข”ื™ ืฉื ืื›ื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™’ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชื• ืจืง ืื– ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ “ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื”.

ืื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ “ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืฉืชืขื‘ื“ ืœืงื•ื ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื•, ืืข”ืค ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืœืคื•ื ืฆืขืจื ืื’ืจื.

ื•ืืืžื•”ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืืจ ื“ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื”, ื“ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ื•ืคืช ื‘ืกืœื•, ื”ืจื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืงืœ ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืœืžืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื• (ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื”ืชื•ืก’).

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Harav Hagaon Elimelech Reznick Shlita

Earn Your Name!

Parshas Chayei Sarah

Harav Hagaon Elimelech Reznik shlita

In this weekโ€™s parashah, Efron sold Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah to Avraham Avinu, and Chazal are extremely critical of him for the way he went about it. At the beginning he said, โ€œIโ€™ll give it to you as a gift,โ€ but at the end he took 400 shekel for the plot, which was a tremendous amount of money, and was paid in ืขึนื‘ึตืจ ืœึทืกึผึนื—ึตืจ currency. On the words: ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืงึนืœ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืœึฐืขึถืคึฐืจึนืŸ, Rashi comments that Efronโ€™s name is spelled without a vav because he promised a lot and did not do even a little: ืœืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืขืฉื”.

How much was the 400 shekel he charged Avraham worth? I saw the following calculation: In Parashas Vayishlach Yaakov Avinu bought a field from Chamor, the father of Shechem, for 100 kesitah. This was probably a big plot of land, since it had to accommodate Yaakov, his family, and all of his sheep and cattle. Rashi says that kesitah is the same as maโ€™ah, so that means Yaakov Avinu paid 100 maโ€™ah for that field. The Gemara says there were 24 maโ€™ah to a shekel, so Yaakov Avinu paid approximately 4 shekel for that land. Presumably, Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah was not bigger than that plot of land, yet Efron charged Avraham a hundred times the price.

Chazal say that Efron wasื ึดื‘ึฐื”ึธืœ ืœึทื”ื•ึนืŸ โ€” he ran after money. But why did that result in his losing a letter from his name? What connection is there between the loss of the vav and his failure to control his middos and withstand the nisayon? The Vilna Gaon, cited in the Likkutim from the Sifrei Hagaon, notes that later in the parashah the Torah says that Avraham gave gifts to the children of the pilagshim, and Rashi says that those gifts were the money that Avimelech gave Avraham to compensate for what he had done to Sarah. Avraham didnโ€™t want to keep that money, so he gave it to the children of the pilagshim. How much was that? In last weekโ€™s parashah the Torah says that Avimelech gave Avraham 1000 kesef. Avraham Avinu, says the Gaon, was planning on using that 1000 kesef to pay Efron for Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah. Had Efron not named a price, Avraham Avinu would have given him 1000 shekel. But because Efron set this tremendous price of 400 shekel, thatโ€™s what Avraham Avinu gave him. It turns out that he actually lost 600 shekel, because had he kept quiet he would have gained another 600! Since he was ื ึดื‘ึฐื”ึธืœ ืœึทื”ื•ึนืŸ, and greedily demanded 400 shekel, in the end he lost 600, as alluded to in the vav (which has a gematria of six) that was dropped from his name.

Whatโ€™s in a Name?

The loss of the vav has deeper significance as well. The sefarim teach that a personโ€™s name reflects his essence and his tafkid in this world. When a person fulfills his mission here in Olam Hazeh, then his name becomes fulfilled as well. The Ri Bar Yakar says that at a bris milah, when we say ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, itโ€™s not just an announcement of the name, itโ€™s a brachah to the baby that he should live up to his name.

The Shelah advises that at the end of Shemoneh Esrei a person should say a passuk that starts with the first letter of his name and ends with the last letter of his name. Someone who has two names should say two pesukim. (Rav Chaim Kanievsky is quoted as saying that a person with two names should say three pesukim โ€” one for each name, and a third passuk that starts with the first letter of his first name and ends with the last letter of his second name โ€” because itโ€™s possible that two names are essentially one name.) The reason for this, explains the Shelah, is that after 120, when people stand before the beis din shel maalah and their name is called out, they are unable to answer, because they forget their name, which is a great bushah. Saying a passuk for your name at the end of Shemoneh Esrei is a segulah to remember your name up in Shomayim.

What does it mean that a person forgets his name? When a personโ€™s name is called in beis din shel maalah, they are calling the person who fully carried out the tafkid contained in that name. If a person did not fulfill that job, he doesnโ€™t recognize his name: โ€œThatโ€™s me? I didnโ€™t live up to that!โ€

Getting back to us, every person has to know that they have a tafkid here in Olam Hazeh. What was Efronโ€™s tafkid? What was he sent to this world to do? He was sent here to sell the field of Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah to Avraham Avinu. And indeed, as soon as the Bnei Cheis heard that Avraham Avinu was interested in the field, they appointed Efron as the sar vโ€™shofet, to enable the sale of the field. Had Efron done that, it would have gone down in history, in the Torah Hakedoshah, that Efron was the one who sold the field, just as we find that Mamrei, the friend of Avraham, was recorded in the Torah as having given Avraham good advice โ€” Hashem appeared to Avraham in his property, in ืึตืœึนื ึตื™ ืžึทืžึฐืจึตื.

Mamrei fulfilled what he was sent to this world to do: to give Avraham a good eitzah. Efron, in contrast, didnโ€™t read the map right. He was overcome by greed when he saw Avrahamโ€™s money, and he tried to rip off Avraham by demanding an astronomical sum, instead of fulfilling his tafkid. Therefore, he lost a letter from his name โ€” his name in the Torah is not complete, indicating that he did not accomplish what he was sent to this world to do.

This is amazing, rabbosai! Efron lost his name because he was greedy for money. Every person has a tafkid in this world, and you never know where your opportunity is and what you were sent here to do. We are certainly not here to use everything as an opportunity to earn more money and more kavod.

The Chasam Sofer gives an intriguing psak in Yoreh Deโ€™ah siman 330. Someone wrote him a shailah complaining that the Chevrah Kaddisha had charged a huge sum of money for the kevurah of his parent and asking whether the Chevrah Kaddisha had a right to do that. The Chasam Sofer answered that if they were willing to purchase any kever, then the Chevrah Kadisha was indeed obligated to give it to them for a fair price, but if they wanted a specific kever, then the Chevrah Kaddisha was entitled to charge any price, as per the principle of ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืื” ื‘ืงืจืงืขื•ืช. A chashuveh kever is worth all the money in the world, and the children of the niftar could not have any complaints against the Chevrah Kaddisha.

As proof, the Chasam Sofer noted that the subject of purchasing a gravesite appears twice in the Torah: once regarding Efron and Avraham, and once regarding the burial of Yitzchak. At the time of Yitzchakโ€™s burial, Yaakov and Eisav argued over who should receive the last place in Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah, and it says that Yaakov gave Eisav a ื›ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ โ€” a tremendous amount of money โ€” in exchange for his portion in Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah.

The Chasam Sofer notes that while Chazal disparage Efron for charging Avraham a fortune for Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah, applying to him the passuk in Mishlei that says: ื ึดื‘ึฐื”ึธืœ ืœึทื”ื•ึนืŸ ืึดื™ืฉื ืจึทืข ืขึธื™ึดืŸ, we donโ€™t find that Chazal similarly disparage Eisav for taking an astronomical sum from Yaakov for the same Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah. Why is that?

The Chasam Sofer explains that Efron was unaware of the chashivus of this plot of land; to him, it was a simple piece of land with a cave, so he had no reason to charge Avraham so much money. By the time Eisav sold his portion in that plot, however, Avraham and Sarah and Yitzchak and Rivka were already buried there, making it the most chashuveh gravesite in the world and therefore priceless. Therefore, Eisav was entitled to take any amount of money for it. Accordingly, ruled the Chasam Sofer, if a person wants a chashuveh kever the Chevrah Kaddisha can charge him all the money in the world.

Beware of Behalah

I had a kasha on this insight of the Chasam Sofer. The Midrash Rabbah, on the passuk: ืึดื ื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ืชึผึทืœึฐื•ึถื” ืึถืช ืขึทืžึผึดื™, applies the description of ื ึดื‘ึฐื”ึธืœ ืœึทื”ื•ึนืŸ to both Efron and Eisav: first the Midrash says ื ื‘ื”ืœ ืœื”ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืคืจื•ืŸ, and then it says ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื ื‘ื”ืœ ืœื”ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•. Efron is faulted for taking 400 shekel from Avraham for Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah, and Eisav is faulted for taking a ื›ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ from Yaakov and selling his portion in Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah.

If so, how can the Chasam Sofer say that Chazal did not disparage Eisav for taking an astronomical sum for Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah? He may have known the value of the gravesite and been entitled to sell it for any price, but Chazal do fault him nonetheless!

I believe I have a truthful answer, though. If we look carefully at what the Midrash is saying, we see that Chazal have a different complaint against Eisav than they have against Efron. Chazal criticize Efron for being greedy and chasing after Avrahamโ€™s money, but they do not criticize Eisav for the amount of money he took from Yaakov. Their criticism of Eisav was: If you know that this is the makom kevurah of the Avos hakedoshim, and you have the opportunity to be buried here, how can you sell this plot, even for all the money in the world? Eisavโ€™s willingness to sell his portion in Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah demonstrated that money was more important to him than having a connection with the Avos. Heโ€™s called ื ึดื‘ึฐื”ึธืœ ืœึทื”ื•ึนืŸ not because of the amount of money he took โ€” on the contrary, the more money he took the better, because that shows that at least he appreciated the value of the place โ€” but because he was willing to sell such a priceless plot for money.

The Chasam Sofer says that the description ืจึทืข ืขึธื™ึดืŸ refers specifically to Efron, not Eisav. Efron possessed an ayin raโ€™ah, and desired the money of others. Eisav, on the other hand, was right to demand that amount of money for Meโ€™aras Hamachpeilah. The description ื ึดื‘ึฐื”ึธืœ ืœึทื”ื•ึนืŸ applies to both, but each of them experienced a different downfall as a result of being bahul for money. Because Efron was bahul for money he lost himself and ran after Avrahamโ€™s money. Eisav wasnโ€™t running after other peopleโ€™s money; the deal was right, except that he shouldnโ€™t have gone through with it. He went through with the deal only because he was bahul for money, as Chazal say that ื”ืงื ืื” ื•ื”ืชืื•ื” ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื. Kinah, taavah, and kavod can cause many nisyonos, and when a person is faced with these nisyonos he is liable to lose his seichel hayashar and become unable to control himself. We have to know to prepare ourselves for situations like these. For example, when a person learns mussar and he sees how repugnant certain middos are, he can recognize what a middah can cause and prepare himself for that time in life when he is tested with a nisayon in that area.

They say that before Rav Wolbe would enter a meeting with other gedolim about matters concerning the klal, he would sit down for an hour before and prepare himself by thinking of different middos that might come up during the meeting that could affect his ability to think clearly and make sensible decisions. A person has to be prepared not to lose his judgment and became bahul, because at the time of a nisayon โ€” whether it involves taavah, mamon, kinah, or kavod โ€” a person can completely lose his ability to make good decisions.

We should all be zocheh to make the proper decisions and fulfill our tafkid in Olam Hazeh.

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