Acharei MosVayikra

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

Finkel, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Aryeh ztโ€l

ื•ืฉืžืจืชื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ื (ื™ื—, ื”)
ืจืฉืดื™: “ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ืฉืื ืชืืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืœื ืกื•ืคื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชืด.

ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืจืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืดื› ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื‘, ืฉื–ื• ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื•ื›ืžืฉ”ื› ื‘ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื (ืคืดื) “ืฉื”ืื“ื ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ืืœื ืœื”ืชืขื ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืณ ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ื• ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื•” – ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื‘. ืœื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืื“ื ืžื‘ื˜ื• ื•ืžื’ืžืชื• ื‘ืขืžืœื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื•.

ื”ื’ืžืณ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”.) ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ืคืก’ “ืจื’ื–ื• ื•ืืœ ืชื—ื˜ืื• ืืžืจื• ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื‘ื›ื ื•ื“ื•ืžื• ืกืœื”” ืฉืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืื“ื ื™ืฆืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืžื˜ื” ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื‘, ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืฆื—, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืงื‘ืดื”. ืžื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉ ื™ืฆืจ ืจืข ืฉืžื˜ื” ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืœืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื–, ื•ืข”ื– ืื™ืชื “ื”ืจ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ืืดืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืœืงื™ืฉ, ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืจื’ื™ื– ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข”, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืขื•ืœื.

ืดืื ื ืฆื—ื• ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ืื ืœืื• ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืืžืจื• ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื, ืื ื ืฆื—ื• ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ืื ืœืื• ื™ืงืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื‘ื›ื. ืื ื ืฆื—ื• ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ืื ืœืื• ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื• ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืชื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื“ื•ืžื• ืกืœื”” – ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื”ืดื–, ืจืง ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช. ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื‘.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืขืฆื” ืฉื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื• ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืชื”, ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืจืง ืœืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ื”ืดื‘, ื•ืœื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื• ื•ืžื’ืžืชื•, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ื–ื“ืจื– ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืดื˜ ื•ื™ื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ. ืืš ืžื™ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืžื’ืžืชื• ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื– ื•ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืจื™ ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื›ืฉื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืชื” ืฉืงืจื‘, ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื“ืจื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ื”ืดื– ืœืชืื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ื ืื•ืชื™ื• ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืดื”.

ืžืจืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ื” ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

Levovitz, Maran Hamashgiach Hagaon Harav Yeruchem ztโ€l

ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ”ืก ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืชื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืฅ ื–ืฆืœืœื””ื”

ืžืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช. ืขื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ื ืกืข ืœืจืื“ื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื“ืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”’ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื’. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืฉ”ืก ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ื“’ ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื—.

ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืืฉืจ ื ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ืขื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืคื™ืจื ืกื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืžืกืขื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืคืชื—ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื ืกื”, ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืืžืจื” ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช.

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ ื”’ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื’ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืก”ื“ ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื•. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืจ’ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืื•ืœื ืžืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืคืชื—ื• ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื—ืœื• ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืœื‘ืช ืืฉ ื•ื—ืœื—ืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื•. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืฉื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคืš ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“, ืื•ืœื ืจ’ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืชื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ “ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ืจืื• ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืจืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืžื™ื“ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.”

ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืจืื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื›ื—ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจืฆื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืกื•ื—ืคืช ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฆืจ ืืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื “ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•” ืฉืœ ื”’ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื’. ืจ’ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”’ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื’ ื•ืจื—ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืขืจืฆื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ืชืคืจื•ืฅ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื ืกืข ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื”

Shpitzer, Harav Hagaon Meir Tzvi Shlita

ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื

ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื ืชืื›ืœ ื“ื

ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื•”ืข ืœืžืœื•ื— ืชื•ืš ื’’ ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื“ืืœ”ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื ืงืจืฉ ื”ื“ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืžืœื™ื—ื”.

ื•ืข’ ืขืจื•ื””ืฉ ืก”ื˜ ืข”ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื’’ ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกืžืš ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื’ื•ื ื”, ื•ืฉื ืก”ื˜ ืข”ื˜ ื”ื› ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืงืคื•ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘”ืฉ ืžืชื™ืจ ื‘ืขื’ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจ ื’’ ื™ืžื™ื ืื ื ืงืจืฉ ื‘ืงืจื—. ื•ืข’ ืื—ื™ืขื–ืจ ื—”ื“ ืœ’ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ

ื•ื›ืขื™”ื– ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืชื•”ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ’ ืื•ืช ื™”ื.

ื•ืข’ ืฉ”ืš ืก”ื˜ ื ”ื ืื—ืจ ื’’ ื™ืžื™ื ืื ืฆืœื” ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉืžื ืœื ื™ืฆื ื›ืœ ื“ืžื• ื•ืœื ื“ืžื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื“ื”ืชื ืžืกืชืžื ื ืคืœื˜ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฆืœื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืคืœื˜ ื‘ืฆืœื™ื™ื” ืœื ื™ืคืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.

ื•ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ ืื—ืจ ื’’ ื™ืžื™ื ืข’ ืขืจื•ื””ืฉ ืกืง”ืข ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ืžื”ืฉ”ืš ื“ื’ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืืกื•ืจ ืื—”ื› ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ื›”ื› ืคืœืชื™ ืข”ื’ ื”’, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืœืคื™ ืชื•ืก’ ื ืจืื” ื“ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™.

ืžื™ื”ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืค”ืช ื“ืืฃ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉ”ืš ื“ืืกื•ืจ ืื—”ื› ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ื’’ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœืฆืœื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ืฉืœ ืื—”ื›.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ ืงืคื•ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ ืฆืœื™ื™ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืฆืœื• ืื—ืจ ื’’ ื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ ืฆืœื™ื™ื” ื›ื ”ืœ, ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ืงืคื•ื ืื—ืจ ื’’ ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื ”ืœ, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื””ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•

Shmulevitz, Maran Rosh Hayeshiva Hagaon Harav Refoel ztโ€l

ื. ืฆื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™”ื˜ ื™”ื—) ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืื™ืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืื“ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ ืข”ื– ื”ืจืžื‘”ืŸ (ืฉื ื™”ื–), ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื˜ืขื ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš, ย ื”ืคืœื’ื”, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืืช ื ืคืฉื•, ื•ืขื™”ืฉ ืฉื ืจ’ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืคื™’ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื• ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื™ื”ื ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ื•ืขื™’ ื‘ืคื™’ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ ืืช ืจืขืš, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื’ื•ืคื•, ืืœื ืืžืจ ืœืจืขืš, ืคื™’ ืฉื™ืื”ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืžื• ืœื ืคืฉื•.

ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืงืœื, (ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืกื™’ ืค’), ืฉืขืžื“ ืข”ื– ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš, (ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”) ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืžื—ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื” ืืœื ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื™, ื›ืš ื™ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืื– ืชื”ื ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœื™ืžื”.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉื ืืช ืžื” ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช “ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชืš”, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืชืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืื“ื ืžืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ ืข”ื– ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช, ื–ื” ื”ื–ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื”, ืืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ืคื™ื•, ื“ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืงื”. ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืช ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉืžื— ืœืคืจื ืก ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•.

ื‘. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื—ืกื“ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ืื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืขืจ ื’’ ืื•ืช ืœ”ื•, ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื ืชืงืคื•ืฅ ืืช ื™ื“ืš ื•ืœื ืชืืžืฅ ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ืš, ื•ื–”ืœ ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืงืคื•ืฅ ืืช ื™ื“ื•, ื•ื™ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ ื•ืœื ืžื“ืจืš ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื›ื•’, ืข”ื› ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื ืชืืžืฅ ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ืš ืข”ื›. ื”ืจื™ ื“ืืคื™’ ื ืชืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ืื ื ืชืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื“ืจืš ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื ืชืืžืฅ. ื•ื ืžืฆื ืœืคื™”ื“ ื”ืจ’ ื™ื•ื ื”, ื“ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ืœื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™’ ืžืืžืฅ ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœ”ืช ื–ื”. ื•ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืž”ืง ืžืฆื•ื” ื›’, ‘ื•ืœื ืชืืžืฅ’, ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืžื” ืœื ื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืคืœื•ื ื™, ืื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆืจื›ื•, ืช”ืœ ืœื ืชืืžืฅ, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื ืชืืžืฅ ืขื›”ืœ. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื–ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจ”ื™, ื“ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™, ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื ืชืืžืฅ.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™’ ืžื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื ื”ืœืื• ืฉืœ ืœื ืชืืžืฅ. ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจ”ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืช ื›’ ื›”ื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืื ื›ืกืฃ ืชืœื•ื” ืืช ืขืžื™, ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืŸ “ืื” ืืข”ืค ื“ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืœืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืžืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ืฆื”, ื•ืื ื”ืœื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืœืš, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื”, ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•, ื™) “ื•ืœื ื™ืจืข ืœื‘ื‘ืš ื‘ืชืชืš ืœื•”.

ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•.

ื’. ืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื“ื™ืขืฉื” ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื, ื“ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืž”ืž ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื”, ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื•ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื, ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืื ืžื–ื‘ื— ืื‘ื ื™ื ืชื‘ื ื” ืœื™, ืœืฉื•ืŸ “ืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื• ืจืฉื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื“”ืื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžื–ื‘ื—, ืฉื–ื”ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžื›ื— ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื• ืžืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ืื– ื ืงืจื ‘ืขื•ื‘ื“’, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจื—, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื”, ืืœื ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ื’”ื› ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืžื™ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืื ื™ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื™ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื”.

ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ย (ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืจ ื—’) ื“ื”ื ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ”ื™ ื‘ืกื•”ืค ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, [ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืฉื], ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืื“ื ื ืคืฉื™ ืงืฆื” ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ื—ื–ื™ืจ, ืื™ ืืคืฉื™ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืœืื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืืžืจ ืืคืฉื™ ื•ืžื” ืืขืฉื” ื•ืื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™, ืช”ืœ ื•ืื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืืชื›ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ ืฉืชื”ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœืชื›ื ืžื”ื ืœืฉืžื™ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื.

ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื (ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืค”ื•), ืฉืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–”ืœ: “ืืœ ื™ืืžืจ ืื“ื ืื™ ืืคืฉื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘, ืืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืืคืฉื™ ื•ืžื” ืืขืฉื” ื•ืื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™”, ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช [ื—ื•ืงื™ื], ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ ืืคืฉื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืข ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืžืขืœืชื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžืขืœืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืชืื•ื” ืœืจืข ื•ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื ืคืฉื•, ื™ืขื•”ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื›ื™ ืืžื ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ “ืื™ ืืคืฉื™”, ื•ืื ื™ืืžืจ ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืื ื™ ืœืจืฆื•ื— ื•ืœื’ื–ื•ืœ ื•ืžื” ืืขืฉื” ืฉื”ืงื‘”ื” ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™, ื•ื“ืื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ืขืชื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืืช ื”ืงื‘”ื”, ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืžืœืจืฆื•ื— ื•ืœื’ื–ื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื• ื™ืช’, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื™ืชื ื™ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื”. ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ืื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ื ื— ืœืคื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืื›ืœ ืžืื•ืก ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื• ืžื—ืžืช ืžื™ืื•ืกื•, ื•ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืกื ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื• ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืช, ื•ื›ื™ ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื›ืœ ืžื—ืžืช ืžื™ืื•ืกื•, ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื• ืกื ื”ืžื•ืช, ืคื•ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžืช ืกื ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•, ืฉืืขืค”ื™ ืฉื’ื ืœื•ืœื ืกื ื”ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื›ืœ, ืž”ืž ืขืชื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืช. [ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ืกืค”ื—, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื‘ืŸ ื ื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ื–’ ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืข”ื™ ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืฉืืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืจืข ื”ื“ืขืช, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื’ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื ืžื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ืžื—ื›ืžื™ื”ื”, ืขื›”ืœ. ื•ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื–’ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืž”ืž ืœื ื—ื™ืœืง ื”ืจืžื‘”ื ื‘ื”ื ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื” ื”ืงื‘”ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืจืข ื”ื“ืขืช, ื•ืื ื‘ื ื›ืจื™ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”].

ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื“ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™, ืืš ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืจื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื• ื™ืช’, ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื”.

ื“. ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืืžื•”ืจ ื–ืฆ”ืœ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืฉืคื ื™ื ื” ื ืขื ืฉื”, ืืข”ื’ ื“ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื™ืขืกื” ืืช ื—ื ื” ื•ื ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉืชืชืคืœืœ ื•ืชื™ื•ืฉืข, ื•ืฆื“ืงืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื”, ืž”ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืืฉ ื‘ื•ืขืจืช, ื•ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืก ื™ื“ื• ืœืืฉ ื ื›ื•ื•ื” ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืืœื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข, [ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœ”ื˜ื‘ืข” ืžืžืฉ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ”ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ื ืขื ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ืกื•ื’ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ื ืฉ ื–ื”, ื•ืž”ืž ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืจ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ ืฉืžื™ื].

ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืืืžื•”ืจ ื•ื›ื™ ืจื•ืคื ื”ืงื•ื˜ืข ืจื’ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื•, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื™ื™ืขื ืฉ ืข”ื–, ื•ืื™ื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ื™. ืืš ื ืจืื” ื“ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ, ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœืฆืขืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ืืœื ื“ืข”ื™ ืงื˜ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืงื˜ืข ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื•, ืœื ืคื’ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•. ืื‘ืœ ื—ื ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืขืจื”, ืืœื ื“ืฆืขืจ ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื” ื”ื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืข”ื’ ื“ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื ืจืื”, ื“ื—ื ื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื” ืœืฆืขืจ ืืช ื—ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ืชื“ืข ืฉืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ื•ืข”ื› ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืขืฆื ืฆืขืจื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื ืœื•, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืขืจื• ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”, ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœืœ ืžื™ ืขืฉื” ืœื• ืฆืขืจ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืœื ืขืฆื ื”ืฆืขืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ื™ืจื• “ืžืชืขืœืœ” ื‘ื•.

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Friedman, Harav Hagaon Moshe Ahron Shlita

The Most Precious Commodity

Parashas Acharei Mos/Kedoshim

Harav Hagaon Moshe Aharon Friedman shlita

The Magen Avraham (Hilchos Yom Kippur 621) cites the Zoharโ€™s statement, in Parashas Acharei Mos, that anyone who is pained by the deaths of Aharonโ€™s sons and sheds tears over them, his sins are forgiven and his children do not die in his lifetime. The Magen Avraham adds that this is brought by the Arizal in his Sefer Kavanos as well.

The mefarshim discuss whether this segulah applies specifically on Yom Kippur, which the Shelah and the Pri Megadim seem to indicate, or whether it applies the whole year. Perhaps it is specifically applicable on Rosh Chodesh Nissan, which was the eighth day of the Miluโ€™im, and the date when Nadav and Avihu died? Or maybe the week of Parashas Acharei Mos is an auspicious time to feel pain and shed tears over their deaths?

Over the past few weeks, so many families in Klal Yisrael have lost siblings. Itโ€™s not for nothing that time and again, brothers and sisters are taken away. Someone who feels pain and cries over this should have his sins forgiven and should not lose his children during his lifetime. But the main thing is that there should be increased brotherhood among us. Hakadosh Baruch Hu is hinting to us that we should feel that weโ€™re all brothers. Thatโ€™s the idea of crying over the deaths of Aharonโ€™s sons.

Delving deeper into the reason they died, thereโ€™s a contradiction in the pesukim regarding what exactly their sin was, and there are also diverging statements in Chazal to this effect.

The Baal Haturim comments, in Parashas Shemini, regarding the passuk ื•ึทืชึตึผืฆึตื ืึตืฉื ืžึดืœึดึผืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”’ ื•ึทืชึนึผืื›ึทืœ ืื•ึนืชึธื, that the word ืื•ึนืชึธื is spelled malei, with a vav, alluding to six misdeeds by Nadav and Avinu: (1) they brought an eish zarah, foreign fire; (2) they issued a halachic ruling before their rebbi; (3) they entered the Mishkan after drinking wine; (4) they did not have children; (5) they sought leadership positions; and (6) they did not seek guidance.

The Chidah notes that the words ืืฉ ื–ืจื” are an acronym for five misdeeds: alef stands for ืึตืฉื ื–ึธืจึธื”, shin stands for ืฉืชื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืŸ, zayin stands for ื–ืจืข (not engaging in procreation), reish stands for ืจื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื (entering the Mishkan without washing their hands and feet from the kiyor), and hei stands for ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืจื‘ื.

Other sources point to different misdeeds that led to the deaths of Nadav and Avihu, but we can explain that the common denominator among all of them is that they sought a madreigah that was beyond them. Already at Mattan Torah, the passuk says ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึฐืื•ึผ ืึตืช ืึฑืœึนืงึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ, and already then this decree against them was made. According to some, their deaths were a punishment for Aharonโ€™s role in cheit haโ€™eigel, a fulfillment of ื™ึฐืฉึทืืœึตึผื ืฉึฐืื ึทื™ึดื ืœึฐืจึตืขึตื”ื•ึผ, and cheit haโ€™eigel was also, according to many mefarshim, essentially a quest for a higher madreigah.

Entering the Mishkan after drinking wine was an attempt to attain a lofty madreigah. But their mistake was failing to realize that ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ื ื“ึนึผื“ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึดื™ึธึผื™ึดืŸ; the Sfas Emes explains that ื“ึนึผื“ึถื™ืšึธ connotes the command of Hashem. Thatโ€™s more important than striving for a lofty level by entering the Mikdash after drinking wine. And in the end, thatโ€™s the madreigah that they attained, as the passuk states, ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ืžื•ึนืช ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืงึธืจึฐื‘ึธืชึธื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”’ ื•ึทื™ึธึผืžึปืชื•ึผ. The Ohr Hachaim discusses how the Bnei Aharon did reach such a level.

Similarly, R’ Shimshon of Ostropolia teaches that Moshe Rabbeinu wondered why Nadav and Avihu had not been taken from this world alive, like Chanoch and Eliyahu, and Hakadosh Baruch Hu answered that they were on an even higher level than Chanoch and Eliyahu. They reached such a high level of kirvas Hashem that they died; the only way to attain such a level is through death.

Iyovโ€™s Fear

The Midrash applies to the deaths of Nadav and Avihu the passuk in Iyov (37:1), ืึทืฃ ืœึฐื–ึนืืช ื™ึถื—ึฑืจึทื“ ืœึดื‘ึดึผื™ ื•ึฐื™ึดืชึทึผืจ ืžึดืžึฐึผืงื•ึนืžื•. Why was Iyovโ€™s heart frightened over their deaths?

The answer can be found in the following Gemara (Sanhedrin 52a):

ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืœื›ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœื• ื ื“ื‘ ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื: ืื™ืžืชื™ ื™ืžื•ืชื• ืฉื ื™ ื–ืงื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืื ื™ ื•ืืชื” ื ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ? ืืžืจ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื™ ืงื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื™.

Nadav asked Avihu, โ€œWhen will these two elders die, and you and I will lead the generation?โ€ We might have thought that since it was Nadav who said this, only he deserved to die. Yet Avihu was punished as well, because he remained silent and did not protest. This is the message that frightened Iyov, who remained silent when Bilam gave his nefarious advice to Pharaoh. Yisro ran away and was rewarded, but Iyov was punished for his silence. He could have claimed that he was undeserving of punishment, since he had not actually done anything, but the fact that both Nadav and Avihu were punished โ€” even though Avihu said nothing โ€” conveyed to him that he, too, was held accountable for remaining silent and failing to take a stand.

This incident serves as a hakdamah to the avodah of Yom Kippur and the idea of the Kohen Gadol entering the Kodesh Hakodashim. The Torah is stressing that when the Kohen Gadol enters the Kodesh Hakodashim on Yom Kippur, he must enter with reverence, and be careful to avoid the mistakes of Nadav and Avihu.

More Precious than Pearls

The following insight is brought down from R’ Shlomo Heiman, citing R’ Chaim Ozer, citing R’ Yisrael Salanter.

The Gemara expounds the passuk ื™ึฐืงึธืจึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึดื™ื ึดื™ื (Mishlei 3:15) to mean that the Torah is more valuable than the Kohen Gadol who went lifnai vโ€™lifnim. The holiest person in Klal Yisrael was the Kohen Gadol โ€“ thatโ€™s the category of adam. Yom Kippur is the holiest day โ€” thatโ€™s the category of zman. And the Kodesh Hakodashim is the holiest place โ€” thatโ€™s the category of makom. So you have the holiest person, on the holiest day, entering the holiest place, and yet nevertheless, the Torah is more precious. A Yid sitting by his shtender learning a blatt Gemara surpasses the Kohen Gadol entering the Kodesh Hakodashim on Yom Kippur.

Why do Chazal have to interpret the word ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึดื™ื ึดื™ื as a reference to lifnai vโ€™lifnim, instead of simply reading it to mean pearls? Someone explained, I think it was R’ Shalom Schwadron, that however valuable a pearl is, no comparison can be drawn between it and the Torah. Theyโ€™re simply not comparable. It must be that ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึดื™ื ึดื™ื represents something spiritual, and therefore Chazal say that it refers to the Kohen Gadol entering the Kodesh Hakodashim. This is the pinnacle of spiritual achievement, and yet learning Torah is more valuable than that.

The story continues that someone approached him and said, โ€œWith all due respect, I donโ€™t think you understand what the value of a pearl or precious stone can be. Sometimes itโ€™s extremely precious.โ€

โ€œWith all due respect,โ€ he retorted, โ€œI donโ€™t think you understand the value of a blatt Gemara.โ€

A Shtick Beis Hamikdash

The Rambam teaches (Hilchos Bias Mikdash 1:3) that just as a kohen may not enter the Beis Hamikdash in a state of inebriation, a person may not issue a halachic ruling after imbibing wine. Why does this halachah appear among the laws related to the Beis Hamikdash? Doesnโ€™t it belong in Hilchos Talmud Torah?

We can derive from here that when a person is learning Torah, and especially when he is issuing a horaah, he is a shtick Beis Hamikdash. We already established that the Torah is more precious than the Kohen Gadol who goes lifnai vโ€™lifnim, and the Rambam is hinting that just as a kohen may not enter the Beis Hamikdash after drinking wine, a person may not pasken after drinking wine โ€” and the primary reason is not out of concern that the psak will be incorrect, but that the state of giving a horaah is a state of Beis Hamikdash. Just as you canโ€™t enter the Beis Hamikdash after drinking wine, you canโ€™t give a horaah after drinking wine.

The Smallest Divergence Matters

On Yom Kippur we bring two se’irim, one for Hashem and one for azazel. At the outset, these two goats are identical in age, size, and appearance, yet one goes in one direction and one goes in the other. They started off exactly the same, but this small divergence leads to one being thrown off a cliff and falling to the depths, while the other becomes sanctified for Hashem.

This is a profound lesson for us, similar to the lesson of the matzah we just ate on Pesach. The difference between chametz and matzah is just a hairsbreadth, as indicated by the letters of these two words. They both contain a mem and a tzadi, and the hei of matzah and the ches of chametz differ only negligibly.

This lesson is echoed in Parashas Shemini, where the distinction between tamei and tahor in shechitah is also negligible โ€” the status of a slaughtered animal depends on whether only half the windpipe and esophagus was severed or whether the majority of the two was severed. The difference is a hairsbreadth, but that tiny difference can have a resounding impact.

This parashah also tells us ื•ึธื—ึทื™ ื‘ึธึผื”ึถื, and we must realize what the stakes are in every single decision we make, and at every junction in our avodas Hashem. Even a small divergence can have a major effect.

We should be zocheh to have clarity, to achieve kirvas Hashem, and to acquire the Torah, which is ื™ึฐืงึธืจึธื” ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึดื™ื ึดื™ื.

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